Critical Perspectives to Advance Educational Equity and Health Justice.

A robust body of research supports the centrality of K-12 education to health and well-being. Critical perspectives, particularly Critical Race Theory (CRT) and Dis/ability Critical Race Studies (DisCrit), can deepen and widen health justice's exploration of how and why a range of educational inequities drive health disparities. The CRT approaches of counternarrative storytelling, race consciousness, intersectionality, and praxis can help scholars, researchers, policymakers, and advocates understand the disparate negative health impacts of education law and policy on students of color, students with disabilities, and those with intersecting identities. Critical perspectives focus upon and strengthen the necessary exploration of how structural racism, ableism, and other systemic barriers manifest in education and drive health disparities so that these barriers can be removed.

Prostitución, trabajo sexual, justicia y dignidad / Prostitution, sex work, justice and dignity

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Examining Pediatric Residency Voting Practices.

OBJECTIVE: Voting is one of our civic duties, yet many Americans do not vote, and physician voter participation is even lower than that of the general public. We aimed to explore pediatric residents' attitudes and behaviors in regard to voting and assess the impact of interventions aimed at increasing resident participation. METHODS: Pediatric residents were given preelection surveys regarding interest in voting, plans to vote in the November 2016 national election, and barriers to participation. Voting registration, election dates, and registration deadlines were disseminated before the election. Postelection surveys were distributed after the 2016 national election to pediatric residents regarding their voter participation, barriers to voting, and the effectiveness of our interventions. RESULTS: Fifty-one residents completed the presurvey and 49 completed the postsurvey (61% and 59% of total residents, respectively). Eighty-nine percent of residents surveyed planned to vote and 83% were registered to vote. The postsurveys indicated that only 69% of responding residents voted in the national election, far fewer than the 89% who planned to vote (z = 2.5, P < 0.05). The most common reasons for not voting were "no time off," "didn't get absentee ballot," and "not registered in state of residence." In total, 19 of 33 (58%) respondents indicated that interventions encouraged them to vote. CONCLUSIONS: Intention to vote among participants was higher than voting participation; however, participants in this study voted at higher rates (69%) than the average citizen rates (61.4%). More than half of the residents who did vote indicated that the study interventions encouraged them to vote.

Christian and Political Conservatism Predict Opposition to Sexual and Gender Minority Rights through Support for Christian Hegemony.

Although significant strides have been made for sexual and gender minority (SGM) rights in the United States, there continues to be opposition to SGM rights from many conservative Christians and political conservatives. In this study, we investigate this opposition by examining support for Christian hegemony (i.e., the idea that Christianity should be the norm and Christians should be in power in the United States) and unawareness of Christian privilege (i.e., unearned advantages for Christians) as religiopolitical variables that help to explain the association between Christian and political conservatism and opposition to a host of SGM rights (same-sex marriage, same-sex adoption, nondiscrimination policies in jobs and housing for SGMs, and bills regarding transgender public bathroom use). Based on structural equation modeling analysis with heterosexual cisgender Christian (n = 688) and Areligious (n = 327) students, we demonstrate that support for Christian hegemony and unawareness of Christian privilege help to explain the association between Christian and political conservatism and opposition to SGM rights. These findings advance our understanding of a new type of religious-based variable focused on religious power and privilege to help understand conservative religious and political opposition to SGM rights. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research also are discussed.

EU regulation of blood donation and the importation of blood and blood products / La regulación comunitaria de la donación de sangre y la importación de hemoderivados / La regulació comunitària de la donació de sang i la importació d'hemoderivats

The European Union recommends unpaid blood donation because it deems this to be the safest way of collecting blood and the best way of respecting the dignity of the donor as well as certain ethical principles relating to the availability of human-origin products. However, the risk of suffering shortages of blood has led EU law to authorize the importation and consequent circulation across EU territory of blood from countries where the law allows donors to be paid. This paper analyses the inconsistency this represents and mentions the alternative of blood donation becoming a civic duty. This would allow the necessary amounts of blood to be collected in a more consistent way for EU regulation than the situation as it currently stands

La Unión Europea recomienda la donación no remunerada de sangre por considerar que este tipo de donación es el método más seguro para obtener sangre y sustancias derivadas de la misma, y el que mejor respeta la dignidad del donante así como algunos principios éticos relativos a la disposición de productos de origen humano. Sin embargo, el riesgo de sufrir escasez de sangre y de otros hemoderivados, ha hecho que el Derecho comunitario autorice la importación, y consiguiente circulación por el territorio comunitario, de productos sanguíneos provenientes de países en los cuales la ley permite remunerar a los donantes. Ante esta situación, se analiza la incoherencia que supone y se alude a la alternativa de que la donación de sangre sea considerada un deber cívico a cargo de los ciudadanos, lo que permitiría obtener las cantidades necesarias de sangre y derivados de forma más coherente y menos problemática para la regulación comunitaria que la situación en la que se encuentra en la actualidad

La Unió Europea recomana la donació no remunerada de sang per considerar que aquest tipus de donació és el mètode més segur per a obtenir sang i substàncies derivades d'aquesta, i el que millor respecta la dignitat del donant així com alguns principis ètics relatius a la disposició de productes d'origen humà. No obstant això, el risc de sofrir escassetat de sang i d'altres hemoderivats, ha fet que el Dret comunitari autoritzi la importació, i consegüent circulació pel territori comunitari, de productes sanguinis provinents de països en els quals la llei permet remunerar als donants. Davant aquesta situació, s'analitza la incoherència que suposa i s'al·ludeix a l'alternativa que la donació de sang sigui considerada un deure cívic a càrrec dels ciutadans, la qual cosa permetria obtenir les quantitats necessàries de sang i hemoderivats de forma més coherent i menys problemàtica per a la regulació comunitària que la situació actual

Historical perspective on physical employment standards.

BACKGROUND: When one thinks of jobs with physical employment standards, the first thoughts typically center around firefighting, law enforcement, and military jobs. However, there are 100s of arduous jobs that exist in the public and private sectors that range from moderately demanding to strenuous. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that 28% of the workforce in the United States performs physically demanding jobs that involve construction, machinery installation and repair, public safety, and other professions. OBJECTIVE: This paper provides a historical perspective of physical employment standards for hiring workers into these arduous jobs, how we arrived at our current knowledge base, and the challenges faced today when determining and implementing physical employment standards. METHOD: This narrative review draws on evidence from 62 published sources. RESULTS: This paper focuses on the need for a multidisciplinary approach to identifying job requirements, the professions (e.g., medical, psychology, physiology) that underpin the methodologies, and the knowledge used by current researchers. Descriptions of test and cut score development, legal issues, and challenges for the future also are highlighted.

Voter participation among people attending mental health services in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: People with mental illness experience social and political exclusion but there is limited understanding of voting behaviour in this population. AIMS: This study assessed voter participation and attitudes towards voting among people attending mental health services in Dublin, Ireland. METHODS: Psychiatry outpatients and inpatients were studied over2 months following Ireland's 2016 general election (n = 117). Characteristics of participants who did and did not vote were compared and reasons for voting choices explored. RESULTS: Over half of participants (52.1%) voted (national rate 65.1%) although more (83.8%) were registered. Forty-one percent had insufficient information about voting: the most common information deficits related to voting rights (31.6%) and voting in hospital (18.8%). Inpatients (20.0%) were substantially less likely to vote than outpatients (63.2%). Majorities endorsed the importance of people with mental illness voting. The most common reasons for not voting were being in hospital (32.1%) and not being registered (30.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Politicians should note that a majority of people with mental illness are outpatients and a significant proportion vote. Voting among inpatients has improved since 2011 but more information and support are needed to optimise voting rates in this population.

A Review of Legal Decisions Relevant to Technical Standards Used in Pharmacy School Admissions.

The implementation of an effective and legally sound technical standards procedure for pharmacy schools requires a proactive approach by admissions officers. Applicants with disabilities are accorded significant rights that must not be infringed during the admissions process in order to ensure compliance with applicable law. This article provides a review of applicable state cases, federal cases, and OCR decisions and guidance to help pharmacy schools identify procedures and implement technical standards into their admissions processes as required by ACPE Standards 2016.

Legislating for advocacy: The case of whistleblowing.

BACKGROUND: The role of nurses as patient advocates is one which is well recognised, supported and the subject of a broad body of literature. One of the key impediments to the role of the nurse as patient advocate is the lack of support and legislative frameworks. Within a broad range of activities constituting advocacy, whistleblowing is currently the subject of much discussion in the light of the Mid Staffordshire inquiry in the United Kingdom (UK) and other instances of patient mistreatment. As a result steps to amend existing whistleblowing legislation where it exists or introduce it where it does not are underway. OBJECTIVE: This paper traces the development of legislation for advocacy. CONCLUSION: The authors argue that while any legislation supporting advocacy is welcome, legislation on its own will not encourage or enable nurses to whistleblow.

The Legal System and Alzheimer's Disease: Social Workers and Lawyers' Perceptions and Experiences.

The expected increase in the number of people living with Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide will be accompanied by an increase in the number of cases involving persons with AD brought up to the courts. This study examined the perceptions and experiences of social workers and lawyers regarding these cases. Three focus groups including social workers and lawyers (n = 26) were conducted. Two main themes were raised by the participants: (a) the role of social workers and lawyers in court cases regarding AD, and (b) the need for improving legal encounters involving persons with AD. Similarities and differences were found in both professionals' interpretations of these shared themes. Results of this study emphasize the need for increasing the knowledge and interprofessional training provided to social workers and lawyers involved in legal cases dealing with issues involving persons with Alzheimer's disease.

Civil society: the catalyst for ensuring health in the age of sustainable development.

Sustainable Development Goal Three is rightly ambitious, but achieving it will require doing global health differently. Among other things, progressive civil society organisations will need to be recognised and supported as vital partners in achieving the necessary transformations. We argue, using illustrative examples, that a robust civil society can fulfill eight essential global health functions. These include producing compelling moral arguments for action, building coalitions beyond the health sector, introducing novel policy alternatives, enhancing the legitimacy of global health initiatives and institutions, strengthening systems for health, enhancing accountability systems, mitigating the commercial determinants of health and ensuring rights-based approaches. Given that civil society activism has catalyzed tremendous progress in global health, there is a need to invest in and support it as a global public good to ensure that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be realised.

What Political Framework Is Necessary to Reduce Malnutrition? A Civil Society Perspective.

Around 800 million people worldwide are still starving. Around 2 billion are somehow able to allay their hunger yet remain malnourished because their food does not contain sufficient nutrients. There are many reasons for this: for people living in poverty and precarious conditions, the priority is to fill their stomach, and the quality of food seems less important. Since the 1960s, global food production has been focused on increasing yield, not food quality. Mass-produced convenience food with high fat and carbohydrate contents but containing few nutrients is on the rise and - as a result of price wars - often replaces healthier locally grown products. To overcome global hunger and malnutrition, civil society organizations urge governments to turn towards sustainable and human rights-based development, including sustainable agricultural and fishing policies, to contribute to the eradication of poverty. This development is first and foremost guided by the right to food. In a policy that enables farmers to produce enough food that is healthy and rich in nutrients, the following principles should be fulfilled. Governments should assume responsibility for the international impacts of their agricultural policy decisions. The food sovereignty of other countries should be respected. Policies should enable self-supply of the population with healthy food and should promote the protection of resources, the climate, biodiversity and animal welfare. Strengthening rural structures, local economies, labor rights and small-scale food producers, establishing public programs that provide locally produced food, applying stringent standards for food labeling and the regulation of unhealthy products and paying special attention to the first 1,000 days of life as the starting point of a good and healthy well-being are core elements of such a political framework.