Infancias y política

Reflexión alrededor de las infancias como constructo social, que en cada época y contexto histórico es permeable a múltiples sentidos. La infancia es considerada una producción nacida del Estado moderno, de las políticas sociales por él generadas, y de las instituciones que operaron como piezas en dicho momento histórico: la familia y la escuela principalmente.

Changes in the office for civil rights enforcement policy on telehealth remote communications in response to COVID-19.

The novel coronavirus, the cause of COVID-19, has sent shockwaves throughout the world, shuttered many businesses essentially overnight, and has left billions living worldwide in quarantine. Not surprisingly, the health care industry has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This article focuses on how COVID-19 has influenced the Office for Civil Rights' (OCR's) enforcement of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy and Security Rules as they relate to telehealth remote communications, and opines about whether the COVID-19-related changes to HIPAA Privacy Rule and Security Rule enforcement might last beyond the current crisis.

The State of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health.

In the 25 years since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, significant progress has been made in adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (ASRHR). Trend analysis of key ASRHR indicators at global, national, and subnational levels indicates that adolescent girls today are more likely to marry later, delay their first sexual experience, and delay their first childbirth, compared with 25 years ago; they are also more likely to use contraceptives. Despite overall progress, however, unequal progress in many ASRHR outcomes is evident both within and between countries, and in some locations, the state of adolescents' lives has worsened. Population growth in countries with some of the worst shortfalls in ASRHR mean that declining rates, of child marriage, for example, coexist with higher absolute numbers of girls affected, compared with 25 years ago. Emerging trends that warrant closer attention include increasing rates of ovarian and breast cancer among adolescent girls and sharp increases in the proportion of adolescents who are overweight or obese, which has long-term health implications.

The Political, Research, Programmatic, and Social Responses to Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in the 25 Years Since the International Conference on Population and Development.

Among the ground-breaking achievements of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) was its call to place adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) on global health and development agendas. This article reviews progress made in low- and middle-income countries in the 25 years since the ICPD in six areas central to ASRH-adolescent pregnancy, HIV, child marriage, violence against women and girls, female genital mutilation, and menstrual hygiene and health. It also examines the ICPD's contribution to the progress made. The article presents epidemiologic levels and trends; political, research, programmatic and social responses; and factors that helped or hindered progress. To do so, it draws on research evidence and programmatic experience and the expertise and experiences of a wide number of individuals, including youth leaders, in numerous countries and organizations. Overall, looking across the six health topics over a 25-year trajectory, there has been great progress at the global and regional levels in putting adolescent health, and especially adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights, higher on the agenda, raising investment in this area, building the epidemiologic and evidence-base, and setting norms to guide investment and action. At the national level, too, there has been progress in formulating laws and policies, developing strategies and programs and executing them, and engaging communities and societies in moving the agenda forward. Still, progress has been uneven across issues and geography. Furthermore, it has raced ahead sometimes and has stalled at others. The ICPD's Plan of Action contributed to the progress made in ASRH not just because of its bold call in 1994 but also because it provided a springboard for advocacy, investment, action, and research that remains important to this day.

A Package of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Interventions-What Does It Mean for Adolescents?

This article analyzes the relevance of the comprehensive definition of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) to adolescents and identifies adolescent-specific implications for the implementation of an essential package of SRHR interventions. The delivery of a comprehensive approach to SRHR targeting adolescents is underpinned by five principles-equity, quality, accountability, multisectorality, and meaningful engagement. All SRHR interventions included in the package are relevant to adolescents, given the diversity of adolescents' SRHR needs and considering their specific attributes, circumstances, and experiences. Ensuring that this package is available, accessible, and acceptable to adolescents requires an approach that looks at adolescents as being biologically and socially distinct from other age groups and acknowledges that they face some specific barriers when accessing SRHR services. This article provides cross-cutting strategies for the implementation of a comprehensive approach to SRHR for adolescents and specific considerations in delivering each intervention in the package of essential SRHR interventions. To further implement the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action, a prerequisite for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, SRHR interventions must be adolescent responsive, delivered through multiple platforms, leveraging multisectoral collaboration, and strengthening accountability and participation.

Forward, Together: A Collaborative Path to Comprehensive Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Our Time.

The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development established a basis for the advancement of adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights (ASRHR) that endures today. Twenty-five years later, our vision for the future warrants reflection based on a clear understanding of the opportunities and challenges before us. Inclusion of adolescents on global, regional, and national agendas; increased investment in ASRHR policies and programs; renewed commitments to universal health coverage; increased school enrollment; and advances in technology are all critical opportunities we can and must leverage to catalyze progress for adolescents. At the same time, a range of significant challenges remain, have newly emerged, or can be seen on the horizon, including persistent denial of adolescent sexuality; entrenched gender inequality; resistance to meaningfully engaging adolescents and young people in political and programmatic processes; weak systems, integration, and multisectoral coordination; changes in population dynamics; humanitarian and climate crises; and changes in family and community structures. To achieve as much progress toward our vision for ASRHR as possible, the global ASRHR community must take strategic and specific steps in the next 10 years within five areas for action: (1) mobilize and make full use of political and social support for ASRHR policies and programs; (2) increase and make effective use of external and domestic funding for ASRHR; (3) develop, communicate, apply, and monitor enabling and protective laws and policies for ASRHR; (4) use and improve available ASRHR data and evidence to strengthen advocacy, policies, and programs; and (5) manage the implementation of ASRHR strategies at scale with quality and equity.

"Acá yo soy un pibe normal" - Narrativas sobre la espera y el acceso a derechos entre varones trans en Argentina / "Aqui eu sou um cara normal" - narrativas sobre a espera e o acesso a direitos entre homens trans na Argentina / "I'm a normal guy here" - narratives about waiting and access to rights between trans men in Argentina

Resumen Este artículo interpreta narrativas de varones trans acerca del acceso al acompañamiento médico especializado, y de la búsqueda de rectificación de registros civiles en Argentina; obtenidas a partir de una investigación realizada entre 2017 y 2018. Partiendo de una breve contextualización del escenario argentino, en términos de los derechos trans después la aprobación y regulación de la Ley de Identidad de Género, se presenta parte del material de campo producido a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a varones trans, argentinos y brasileños, que viven en Argentina. El texto busca traer elementos empíricos para dar continuidad a las reflexiones que he realizado acerca de la espera como una categoría analítica fundamental para interpretar las experiencias trans en la actualidad.

Resumo Neste trabalho, interpreto narrativas de homens trans a respeito do acesso ao acompanhamento médico especializado e da busca pela retificação de registros civis na Argentina, a partir de uma pesquisa realizada entre 2017 e 2018. A partir de uma breve contextualização do cenário argentino em termos dos direitos trans após a aprovação e regulamentação da Lei de Identidade de Gênero, apresento parte do material de campo produzido a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas junto a homens trans argentinos e também brasileiros que vivem na Argentina. O texto busca trazer elementos empíricos para dar continuidade a reflexões que tenho levantado a respeito da espera como uma categoria analítica fundamental para interpretar as experiências trans, na atualidade.

Abstract In this work, I interpret narratives of trans men about access to specialized medical attention and the search for rectification of civil documents in Argentina, based on an investigation conducted between 2017 and 2018. From a brief contextualization of the Argentine scenario in terms of trans rights after the approval and regulation of the Gender Identity Law, I present part of the field material produced from semi-structured interviews conducted with Argentinean and Brazilian men living in Argentina. The text seeks to bring empirical elements to give continuity to the reflections that I have raised regarding waiting as a fundamental analytical category to interpret trans experiences, nowadays.

Os direitos de pessoas LGBT na ONU (2000-2016) / The rights of LGBT people in the UN (2000-2016) / Los derechos de las personas LGBT en la ONU (2000-2016)

Resumo Neste artigo, pretendemos seguir o curso da ideia de 'direitos LGBT' na ONU, tomados como direitos humanos relacionados com a orientação sexual e com a identidade de gênero. Nosso argumento consiste em que esses direitos são acionados pelos atores políticos como 'direitos morais' e a ONU tem dado uma contribuição importante para torná-los direitos postos. Pressupomos que, justamente por tais direitos não estarem consagrados no direito internacional, ações e reações no debate acerca de 'direitos LGBT' se dão nas fissuras deste arcabouço. Neste artigo, assinalamos quais são essas fissuras e abordamos como os atores políticos as têm explorado. Os dados analisados aqui foram coletados mediante pesquisa documental e bibliográfica.

Abstract In this article, we intend to follow the course of the idea of 'LGBT rights' in the UN, understood as human rights related to sexual orientation and gender identity. Our argument is that these rights are used by political actors as 'moral rights', and the UN has given an important contribution to establish them in the international framework. We assume that, precisely because such rights are not established in international law, actions and reactions in the debate about 'LGBT rights' occur in the fissures of this framework. In this article, we highlight these fissures and discuss how they have been explored by political actors. The analyzed data was collected through document and bibliographic research.

Resumen En este artículo, pretendemos seguir el curso de la idea de 'derechos LGBT' en la ONU, tomados como derechos humanos relacionados con orientación sexual e identidad de género. Nuestro argumento consiste en que esos derechos son accionados por los actores políticos como 'derechos morales' y la ONU ha dado una contribución importante para hacerlos derechos puestos. Suponemos que, justamente por tales derechos no estén consagrados en el derecho internacional, acciones y reacciones en el debate acerca de 'derechos LGBT' se dan en las fisuras del ordenamiento. En este artículo, señalamos cuáles son esas fisuras y abordamos cómo los actores políticos las han explorado. Los datos analizados aquí fueron recolectados mediante investigación documental y bibliográfica.

Nanotecnología e inseguridad jurídica: análisis de los criterios sostenidos por la Unión Europea a la luz del principio de precaución / Nanotechnology and legal insecurity: analysis of the criteria supported by the European Union in light of the precautionary principle

En estos últimos años, la Unión Europea se ha visto forzada a determinar con la máxima precisión posible cuál es el ámbito de actuación de la nanotecnología, debido a que de esta concreción depende su regulación, y por ende, uno de los principios básicos en derecho, la seguridad jurídica. Sin embargo, este incipiente proceso de normativización se está topando con innumerables problemas, debido, entre otras causas, a que los criterios empleados para acotar este campo del conocimiento, como el tamaño, el número de partículas o sus propiedades, se han seleccionado sin seguir criterios estrictamente científicos. Prueba de esta incertidumbre es que en muy poco tiempo diferentes instituciones de la UE han cambiado varias veces de criterio, reflejándose en reglamentos y directivas. Pues bien, en el presente trabajo analizamos críticamente la normativa y recomendaciones de la Unión Europea en lo referente a la nanotecnología, con objeto de mostrar los retos que presenta para la bioética a la luz del principio de precaución

In recent years, the European Union has been compelled to determine, with the highest possible accuracy, what the scope of nanotechnology is. Indeed, a clear definition is necessary in order to develop a regulatory framework that ensures legal certainty. The incipient process of regulation of nanotechnology is already facing innumerable problems, given that the criteria used to delimit its scope (such as its properties, size or numbers of particles) have been selected without following strict scientific criteria. Evidence of the current legal uncertainty is that within a short timeframe, EU institutions have used varying criteria, which has resulted in notable differences among regulations and directives. This work undertakes a critical analysis of the regulations and recommendations of the European Union on nanotechnology. Our goal is to identify the challenges that nanotechnology and its undefined scope entail for bioethics, in light of the precautionary principle

Locura, salud mental y ciudadanía: del individualismo posesivo al neoliberalismo / Madness, mental health and citizenship: from possessive individualism to neoliberalism

Desde que apareció como rama de la medicina en la estela de la ilustración y la Revolución Francesa, la psiquiatría ha experimentado importantes transformaciones en el marco de diferentes cambios socioeconómicos y políticos ocurridos en las sociedades occidentales. En este contexto más amplio, puede observarse una tensión recurrente entre el interés del individuo y el del cuerpo social en su conjunto. Esta fricción está íntimamente relacionada con una serie de dinámicas contrapuestas que han marcado el desarrollo de la psiquiatría y la atención a la salud mental: humanización versus disciplina, emancipación versus coerción, inclusión versus exclusión y ciudadanía democrática versus sometimiento político. Este artículo aporta un análisis conceptual y una panorámica histórica de las ambivalentes relaciones entre la psiquiatría y la atención a la salud mental, por un lado, y la política, más en concreto, el desarrollo de la noción moderna de ciudadanía, por otro

Since its emergence as a branch of medicine in the wake of the Enlightenment and French Revolution, psychiatry has experienced significant transformations against the background of different socio-economic and political changes In Western societies. In this wider context we see a recurring tension between the interest of the individual and that of the social body as a whole. This friction is closely related to opposing dynamics in psychiatry and mental health care: humanisation versus disciplining, emancipation versus coercion, inclusion versus exclusion, and democratic citizenship versus political subjection. This article provides a conceptual analysis and an historical overview on the ambivalent relations between on the one hand psychiatry and mental health care and on the other politics, and, more particularly, the development of the modern understanding of citizenship

Collaborative family health care, civil rights, and social determinants of health.

Social and economic disadvantage and civil rights infringement, worsens overall health (Adler, Glymour, & Fielding, 2016; McGowan, Lee, Meneses, Perkins, & Youdelman, 2016; Teitelbaum, 2005). While addressing these challenges is not new, there is reason to believe that the administration of Donald Trump and a republican majority in congress will exacerbate these challenges and their effects. How can collaborative family health care (CFHC) practitioners and our field help? The editors pondered this question and also asked a selection of leaders in the field. The editors will first share their ideas about the potential of CFHC to make a difference in daily interactions with patients. Next, they will identify key areas of risk and vulnerability. Finally, using the contributions of respected colleagues, they will propose a partial agenda for CFHC clinicians and the field. (PsycINFO Database Record

The Consequences of Official Labels: An Examination of the Rights Lost by the Mentally Ill and Mentally Incompetent Since 1989.

This study presents a survey of state statutes which restrict the civil rights of persons with a mental illness or who have been declared mentally incompetent. Five civil rights (voting, holding public office, jury service, parenting, and marriage) are examined. The results of this study are compared with the results of studies conducted in 1989 and 1999 to determine what changes have occurred over time in the restriction of civil rights of those suffering from mental health problems. This comparison reveals that states continue to restrict the rights of the mentally ill and incompetent, and that there is a trend towards increased restriction of political rights, including the right to vote and hold public office.

Trans* necropolitics: gender identity law in Argentina / Necropolíticas trans*: ley de identidad de género en Argentina / Necropolíticas trans*: lei de identidade de gênero na Argentina

On May 9th, 2012, the Argentinean Senate converted into law the long collective process, driven by trans* activism, towards the legal recognition of gender identity. The Gender Identity Act (GIA) meant a large contribution to the field of civil and sexual rights interationally, especially in the matter of trans* policy. Nevertheless, what was at stake in the approval of the GIA was not just a step forward in legal terms and at a personal level for trans* people, but a whole set of representations, desires and social stakes on trans* lives and population. Thus, as regards to the scope and achievements of the GIA and its social and parliamentary debates, we can assert that in that realm a specific trans* life does not qualify as a living life. This article addresses the specific ways of presentation and apprehension of trans* lives in parliamentary debates about the GIA, and in social disputes within trans* activism. A biopolitical analysis of gender identity leads us to rethink the social conditions that sustain life and, by the same token, the interpretative frameworks of death.

El 9 de Mayo de 2012, el Senado Argentino convirtió en ley lo que fuera un largo proceso colectivo impulsado por el activismo trans*, la llamada Ley de Reconocimiento a la Identidad de Género. La Ley de Identidad de Género (LIDG) significó un gran aporte de escala internacional en materia de derechos sexuales y civiles, y en particular, en materia de política trans*. No obstante, lo que estaba en juego en la aprobación de la LIDG significaba no sólo un avance de carácter personal y global en términos jurídicos, sino también un conjunto de representaciones, deseos y apuestas sociales sobre la población y la vida trans*. A tenor de los alcances y logros de la LIDG y sus respectivos debates, tanto sociales como parlamentarios, puede sostenerse que en ellos una vida concreta, una vida trans*, no califica como vida viva. El artículo propone una reflexión crítica sobre los modos específicos de presentación y aprehensión de una vida trans*, sea en los distintos debates parlamentarios en torno a la LIDG, sea en las disputas sociales del activismo trans*. Desde un análisis biopolítico sobre la identidad de género, el texto busca repensar las condiciones sociales que sostienen la vida y, por lo mismo, aquellos marcos interpretativos de la muerte.

Em 9 de maio de 2012, o Senado argentino converteu em lei o que fora um longo processo coletivo impulsionado pelo ativismo trans*, a chamada Lei de Reconhecimento da Identidade de Gênero. A Lei de Identidade de Gênero (LIDG) significou uma grande contribuição de escala internacional em matéria de direitos sexuais e civis e, em particular, em matéria de política trans*. No entanto, o que estava em jogo na aprovação da LIDG significava não só um avanço de caráter pessoal e global em termos jurídicos, mas além disso um conjunto de representações, desejos e apostas sociais sobre a população e a vida trans*. Nesse sentido, se nos ativermos aos alcances e êxitos da LIDG e aos seus respectivos debates tão sociais como parlamentares, poderemos sustentar que neles uma vida concreta, uma vida trans*, não se qualifica como vida viva. O presente artigo se propõe a uma reflexão crítica sobre os modos específicos de apresentação e de apreensão de uma vida trans*, seja nos distintos debates parlamentares em torno da LIDG, seja nas disputas sociais do ativismo trans*. A partir de uma análise biopolítica sobre a identidade de gênero, vamos repensar as condições sociais que sustentam a vida e, pela mesma razão, aqueles marcos interpretativos da morte.

America's progress in achieving the legalization of same-gender adoption: analysis of public opinion, 1994 to 2012.

The struggle to achieve the legalization of same-gender adoption is ongoing. Notably, not until 2011 was adoption by a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender individual legalized in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and adoption by same-gender couples is still illegal in many states. Anti-adoption forces are ever-present: From 2011 to 2013, at least five states passed laws granting faith-based agencies the right to refuse service to same-gender couples or to give preference to heterosexual couples. The aim of this article is, first, to examine the challenges confronting the legalization of same-gender adoption; second, to report the current legal status of same-gender adoption for each state; third, to report on Americans' attitudes toward the legalization of same-gender adoption from 1994 to 2012, drawing from previously published surveys of a cross section of Americans; and, fourth, to explore the implications for social work practice, including social advocacy and social policy implementation.

Os ciúmes do direito: o desejo pelas uniões homoafetivas e a repulsa a Amor Divino e Paixão Luz / The jealousy of the law: the desire for homoaffective unions and the repulse to Amor Divino and Paixão Luz / Los celos del derecho: el deseo por las uniones homoafectivas y el repudio a Amor Divino y Paixão Luz

Este artigo analisa as sinuosas relações de poder que atravessam a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro a respeito do reconhecimento jurídico das uniões homoafetivas. Relaciona essa decisão a um acórdão do próprio Supremo Tribunal Federal que negou a Joana da Paixão Luz o direito à pensão decorrente do falecimento de seu companheiro, Waldemar do Amor Divino. O Tribunal alegou que Amor Divino era casado com outra mulher à época de seu relacionamento com Joana e que, portanto, a união dos dois não seria estável. Ponderam-se neste texto os preços cobrados pela estabilidade e pelo essencialismo, ao tempo em que se investiga a reprodução sexualizada da propriedade privada.

This article analyzes the entanglement of power relations shaping the Federal Supreme Court decision on the legal recognition of homoaffective (same sex) unions in Brazil. The decision is seen under the light of another ruling by the same Court, denying Joana da Paixão Luz pension rights derived from her partner's death. The Court claimed that the latter, Waldemar do Amor Divino, was married to another woman all along his relationship with Joana. For that reason, according the Court, the relationship between Paixão Luz and Amor Divino would not qualify as a stable union. A critique of that argument suggests that a high price is paid for the value of stability and essentialism, justifying an inquiry into the sexualized reproduction of private property.

Este artículo analiza las sinuosas relaciones de poder que atraviesan la decisión del Supremo Tribunal Federal brasilero respecto del reconocimiento jurídico de las uniones homoafectivas. Esta decisión está relacionada con un Acuerdo del propio Supremo Tribunal Federal que negó a Joana da Paixão Luz el derecho a la pensión derivado del fallecimento de su companero, Waldemar do Amor Divino. El Tribunal alegó que Amor Divino estaba casado con otra mujer en el momento de su relación con Joana y que, por lo tanto, la unión de ambos no sería estable. Se ponderan en el texto el alto precio exigido por la estabilidad y el esencialismo, al tiempo que indaga acerca de la reproducción sexualizada de la propiedad privada.

Informe Anual 2012

Informe anual y rendición de cuentas del presupuesto ejecutado correspondiente al año 2012. Se sintetiza la labor desarrollada por la Defensora del Pueblo, sus adjuntos, y el conjunto de las direcciones, áreas y oficinas de la institución, así como los diversos programas que desarrolla este órgano.

Are they animals or machines? Measuring dehumanization

The present research deals with two forms of dehumanization: 1) denying uniquely human attributes to others (seeing them as animals); 2) denying human nature to others (seeing them as machines or automata). Studies 1 and 2 explored these two forms of dehumanization, analyzing whether people associated their ingroup more with human-related words (vs. animal- vs. machinerelated words) than two different outgroups. A paper and pencil procedure was used to find out which words were associated with the surnames of the ingroup (Spaniards) or the outgroup (Germans, Gypsies). Results showed that participants were more ready to link ingroup than outgroup surnames to human words. They also linked more Gypsy surnames to animal-related words and German surnames with machine-related words. Studies 3 and 4 used the Implicit Association Test to analyze the same ideas and replicated the results of Studies 1 and 2 (AU)

La investigación que se presenta trata sobre dos formas de deshumanización: 1) Negar a los demás cualidades exclusivamente humanas (viéndolos como animales); 2) negarles la naturaleza humana (viéndolos como máquinas o autómatas). En los estudios 1 y 2 se examinaron ambas formas de deshumanización analizando si la gente asociaba más al endogrupo con palabras relativas a humanos (vs. animales o máquinas) en comparación con dos exogrupos diferentes. Se utilizó un procedimiento de papel y lápiz para saber qué palabras se asociaban más con los apellidos del endogrupo (españoles) o con los apellidos del exogrupo (alemanes, gitanos). Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que los participantes relacionaron en mayor medida los apellidos del endogrupo con las palabras relativas a humanos. Además también vincularon los apellidos gitanos con palabras vinculadas a animales y los apellidos alemanes con palabras de máquinas. En los estudios 3 y 4 se utilizó el Test de Asociación Implícita (IAT) para probar las mismas ideas y los resultados corroboraron los encontrados en los estudios 1 y 2 (AU)