ABSTRACT
In the ever-evolving landscape of public relations (PR), the significance of professional ethics has become increasingly pronounced, particularly in the digital age. This article embarks on a journey to synthesize the dynamic evolution of professional ethics in public relations and underscores the pressing need for its application in contemporary communication landscapes. Exploring the core values and principles that underpin ethical practices, the study extends to the alignment of these principles with fundamental human rights. A focal point of this article is an examination of the findings derived from research conducted among Armenian public relations practitioners, offering valuable insights into the challenges posed by the digital age. In this era of rapid digitalization, the traditional ethical codes that once governed the realm of public relations are facing unprecedented challenges. The classic ethical standards, while foundational, are now confronted with a shifting landscape shaped by the proliferation of social networks and online communication platforms. This article scrutinizes the practitioners' perspectives on the development of ethical standards, exploring questions of geographical and contextual relevance in the face of technological advancements. As the digital age transforms the dynamics of communication, the limitations of traditional PR ethics become increasingly apparent. The discussion highlights the intricacies of professional ethics within the realm of social networks, shedding light on the nuanced ethical considerations that emerge in this digitalized era. Amidst this exploration, a crucial issue emerges - the imperative for the preservation of ethical standards in public relations. The article contends that the challenges posed by digitalization necessitate a revision of the conventional PR ethical code. While the foundations remain relevant, there is a pressing need for an updated ethical framework that can effectively navigate the complex ethical terrain presented by social networks and digital communication channels. In conclusion, the article endeavors to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of professional ethics in public relations, emphasizing the transformative impact of digitalization. By examining the standpoints of Armenian public relations practitioners, it sheds light on the challenges faced in this digital age and advocates for a proactive approach to adapt and enhance ethical standards in response to the dynamic communication landscape.
Subject(s)
Ethics, Professional , Humans , Public Relations , Codes of EthicsABSTRACT
Indications that corruption mitigation in infrastructure systems delivery can be effective are found in the literature. However, there is an untapped opportunity to further enhance the efficacy of existing corruption mitigation strategies by placing them explicitly within the larger context of engineering ethics, and relevant policy statements, guidelines, codes and manuals published by international organizations. An effective matching of these formal statements on ethics to infrastructure systems delivery facilitates the identification of potential corruption hotspots and thus help establish or strengthen institutional mechanisms that address corruption. This paper reviews professional codes of ethics, and relevant literature on corruption mitigation in the context of civil engineering infrastructure development, as a platform for building a structure that connects ethical tenets and the mitigation strategies. The paper assesses corruption mitigation strategies against the background of the fundamental canons of practice in civil engineering ethical codes. As such, the paper's assessment is grounded in the civil engineer's ethical responsibilities (to society, the profession, and peers) and principles (such as safety, health, welfare, respect, and honesty) that are common to professional codes of ethics in engineering practice. Addressing corruption in infrastructure development continues to be imperative for national economic and social development, and such exigency is underscored by the sheer scale of investments in infrastructure development in any country and the billions of dollars lost annually through corruption and fraud.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Engineering , Ethics, Professional , Humans , Engineering/ethics , Social Responsibility , Crime/prevention & controlABSTRACT
In their role as providers of pharmaceutical products to society, pharmacists must demonstrate professionalism if they are to gain the trust of the community. The Japan Pharmaceutical Association has published the Pharmacist Platform in Japan and the Japanese Code of Ethics for Pharmacists; these resources provide clear guidelines for pharmacists and are an important component of the profession. Becoming a pharmacist involves joining a professional community and thereby pledging to accept a set of ethical standards. This concept of the pharmacy profession is shared by other countries, and the International Pharmaceutical Federation has indicated that professionalism is an issue that should be addressed in every country. This review introduces the Pharmacist Platform in Japan, the Japanese Code of Ethics for Pharmacists established by the Japan Pharmaceutical Association, and the background of each establishment.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Ethics, Pharmacy , Pharmacists , Professionalism , Humans , Japan , Pharmacists/ethics , Professionalism/ethics , Societies, Pharmaceutical/ethicsABSTRACT
A crucial domain of professional identity in nursing is the area of values and ethics. Comprising a set of core values and principles, values and ethics are used to guide nurse conduct. Professional development specialists can use the nursing code of ethics and organizational structure and examples to teach nurses the values and ethics domain of professional identity in nursing. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2024;55(6):279-281.].
Subject(s)
Ethics, Nursing , Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Education, Nursing, Continuing/organization & administration , Codes of Ethics , Social Identification , Curriculum , Nurse's Role/psychology , Nursing Staff, Hospital/psychology , Nursing Staff, Hospital/ethics , Social ValuesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Given the imperative for dental practitioners to be familiar with the existing ethical principles and laws governing their practice, this study aimed to evaluate awareness and practice of the dentists (code of ethics) regulations 2014 and consumer protection act 2019 among dental practitioners in Andhra Pradesh state, India. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 384 dental practitioners in Andhra Pradesh state, India. A questionnaire consisting of 25 items was used to assess awareness and practice of the dentists (code of ethics) regulations and consumer protection act. The data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. RESULTS: Only 53(13.8%) dental practitioners in the study were aware that the dentists (code of ethics) regulations had been revised in 2014. About 190 (49.5%) practitioners were aware of the precise period for mandatory preservation of patient records. Most dental practitioners (278, 72.4%) accepted commissions in the form of gifts or cash from laboratories, radiologists, or pharmacists and 306 (79.7%) dental practitioners used unregistered dental lab technicians as employees in their practice. Furthermore, 297 (77.3%) practitioners were found to provide or sell drugs to patients in their clinic/office. The new regulations under consumer protection act 2019 were unknown to 194 (50.5%) dental practitioners. CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that the awareness of dental practitioners towards the dentists (code of ethics) regulations 2014 and consumer protection act 2019 is inadequate. It highlights the need for training programmes and curriculum changes with a focus on ethical and legal issues in clinical dental practice.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Dentists , Ethics, Dental , Humans , India , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dentists/ethics , Dentists/legislation & jurisprudence , Surveys and Questionnaires , Male , Female , Adult , Practice Patterns, Dentists'/ethics , Practice Patterns, Dentists'/statistics & numerical data , Practice Patterns, Dentists'/standards , Practice Patterns, Dentists'/legislation & jurisprudence , AwarenessABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Codes of ethics provide guidance to address ethical challenges encountered in clinical practice. The harmonization of global, regional, and national codes of ethics is important to avoid gaps and discrepancies. METHODS: We compare the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) and the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) Codes of Ethics, addressing main key points, similarities, and divergences. RESULTS: The WPA and EPA codes are inspired by similar fundamental values but do show a few differences. The two codes have a different structure. The WPA code includes 4 sections and lists 5 overarching principles as the basis of psychiatrists' clinical practice; the EPA code is articulated in 8 sections, lists 4 ethical principles, and several fundamental values. The EPA code does not include a section on psychiatrists' education and does not contain specific references to domestic violence and death penalty. Differences can be found in how the two codes address the principle of equity: the EPA code explicitly refers to the principle of universal health care, while the WPA code mentions the principle of equity as reflected in the promotion of distributive justice. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that both WPA and EPA periodically update their ethical codes to minimize differences, eliminate gaps, and help member societies to develop or revise national codes in line with the principles of the associations they belong to.Minimizing differences between national and international codes and fostering a continuous dialogue on ethical issues will provide guidance for psychiatrists and will raise awareness of the importance of ethics in our profession.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Psychiatry , Societies, Medical , Humans , Psychiatry/ethics , Psychiatry/standards , EuropeABSTRACT
Australia II became the first foreign yacht to win the America's Cup in 1983. The boat had a revolutionary wing keel and a better underwater hull form. In official documents, Ben Lexcen is credited with the design. He is also listed as the sole inventor of the wing keel in a patent application submitted on February 5, 1982. However, as reported in New York Times, Sydney Morning Herald, and Professional Boatbuilder, the wing keel was in fact designed by engineer Peter van Oossanen at the Netherlands Ship Model Basin in Wageningen, assisted by Dr. Joop Slooff at the National Aerospace Laboratory in Amsterdam. Based on telexes, letters, drawings, and other documents preserved in his personal archive, this paper presents van Oossanen's account of how the revolutionary wing keel was designed. This is followed by an ethical analysis by Martin Peterson, in which he applies the American NSPE and Dutch KIVI codes of ethics to the information provided by van Oossanen. The NSPE and KIVI codes give conflicting advice about the case, and it is not obvious which document is most relevant. This impasse is resolved by applying a method of applied ethics in which similarity-based reasoning is extended to cases that are not fully similar. The key idea, presented in Peterson's book The Ethics of Technology (Peterson, The ethics of technology: A geometric analysis of five moral principles, Oxford University Press, 2017), is to use moral paradigm cases as reference points for constructing a "moral map".
Subject(s)
Engineering , Engineering/ethics , Humans , Codes of Ethics/history , Ethical Analysis , Netherlands , Equipment Design/ethics , Ships , Australia , Inventions/ethics , Inventions/historyABSTRACT
Values-based medicine (VsBM) is an ethical concept, and bioethical framework has been developed to ensure that medical ethics and values are implemented, pervasive, and powerful parameters influencing decisions about health, clinical practice, teaching, medical industry, career development, malpractice, and research. Neurosurgeons tend to adopt ethics according to their own values and to what they see and learn from teachers. Neurosurgeons, in general, are aware about ethical codes and the patient's rights. However, the philosophy, concept, and principles of medical ethics are rarely included in the training programs or in training courses. The impact of implementing, observing the medical ethics and the patients' value and culture on the course, and outcome of patients' management should not underestimate. The main principles of medical ethics are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, dignity, and honesty, which should be strictly observed in every step of medical practice, research, teaching, and publication. Evidence-based medicine has been popularized in the last 40-50 years in order to raise up the standard of medical practice. Medical ethics and values have been associated with the medical practice for thousands of years since patients felt a need for treatment. There is no conflict between evidence-based medicine and values-based medicine, as a medical practice should always be performed within a frame of ethics and respect for patients' values. Observing the principles of values-based medicine became very relevant as multicultural societies are dominant in some countries and hospitals in different corners of the world.
Subject(s)
Brassicaceae , Moral Obligations , Humans , Awareness , Beneficence , Codes of EthicsABSTRACT
This project explored what constitutes "ethical practice of mathematics". Thematic analysis of ethical practice standards from mathematics-adjacent disciplines (statistics and computing), were combined with two organizational codes of conduct and community input resulting in over 100 items. These analyses identified 29 of the 52 items in the 2018 American Statistical Association Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice, and 15 of the 24 additional (unique) items from the 2018 Association of Computing Machinery Code of Ethics for inclusion. Three of the 29 items synthesized from the 2019 American Mathematical Society Code of Ethics, and zero of the Mathematical Association of America Code of Ethics, were identified as reflective of "ethical mathematical practice" beyond items already identified from the other two codes. The community contributed six unique items. Item stems were standardized to, "The ethical mathematics practitioner ". Invitations to complete the 30-min online survey were shared nationally (US) via Mathematics organization listservs and other widespread emails and announcements. We received 142 individual responses to the national survey, 75% of whom endorsed 41/52 items, with 90-100% endorsing 20/52 items on the survey. Items from different sources were endorsed at both high and low rates. A final thematic analysis yielded 44 items, grouped into "General" (12 items), "Profession" (10 items) and "Scholarship" (11 items). Moreover, for the practitioner in a leader/mentor/supervisor/instructor role, there are an additional 11 items (4 General/7 Professional). These results suggest that the community perceives a much wider range of behaviors by mathematicians to be subject to ethical practice standards than had been previously included in professional organization codes. The results provide evidence against the argument that mathematics practitioners engaged in "pure" or "theoretical" work have minimal, small, or no ethical obligations.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Mathematics , Humans , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States , Ethics, ProfessionalABSTRACT
Generative artificial intelligence and Large Language Models are reshaping labor dynamics and occupational health practices. As AI continues to evolve, there's a critical need to customize ethical considerations for its specific impacts on occupational health. Recognizing potential ethical challenges and dilemmas, stakeholders and physicians are urged to proactively adjust the practice of occupational medicine in response to shifting ethical paradigms. By advocating for a comprehensive review of the International Commission on Occupational Health ICOH code of Ethics, we can ensure responsible medical AI deployment, safeguarding the well-being of workers amidst the transformative effects of automation in healthcare.
Subject(s)
Artificial Intelligence , Occupational Medicine , Artificial Intelligence/ethics , Occupational Medicine/ethics , Humans , Codes of Ethics , Occupational Health/ethicsABSTRACT
The Code of Ethics and Professional Standards of Conduct for Emergency Management Professionals (2022) was recently created to further delineate the ethical boundaries and conduct expectations for professional emergency management practice. Significantly, the code of ethics provides an essential foundation toward recognition as a profession with hallmarks of monopoly, autonomy, and authority. The code and standards of conduct establish a clear definition of the role emergency management has in overseeing a complex, diverse risk portfolio that protects lives, livelihoods, and quality of life. The document captures the intent, challenges, dimensions, and significance of emergency management practice in a rapidly changing world and brings ethics to the forefront of decisions. This article speaks to the discursive dialogue toward, methodological development of, and future tools for integrating into practice the Code of Ethics and Professional Standards of Conduct for Emergency Management Professionals.
Subject(s)
Codes of Ethics , Quality of Life , Humans , Ethics, ProfessionalSubject(s)
Clinical Trials as Topic , Disclosure , Humans , Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics , Goals , Codes of EthicsABSTRACT
The World Medical Association (WMA), the global representation of the medical profession, first adopted the International Code of Medical Ethics (ICoME) in 1949 to outline the professional duties of physicians to patients, other physicians and health professionals, themselves and society as a whole. The ICoME recently underwent a major 4-year revision process, culminating in its unanimous adoption by the WMA General Assembly in October 2022 in Berlin. This article describes and discusses the ICoME, its revision process, the controversial and uncontroversial issues, and the broad consensus achieved among WMA constituent members, representing over 10 million physicians worldwide. The authors analyse the ICoME, including its response to contemporary changes and challenges like ethical plurality and globalisation, in light of ethical theories and approaches, reaching the conclusion that the document is a good example of international ethical professional self-regulation.
Subject(s)
Medicine , Physicians , Self-Control , Humans , Codes of Ethics , Societies, Medical , Ethics, Medical , Ethics, ProfessionalABSTRACT
@#The road to publication can seem long and daunting. Further, access to published work is often limited to larger institutions that can afford expensive journal subscription fees. Gold open-access publications aimed to change the landscape of evidence-based science, allowing papers to be widely accessible without a subscription, often requiring an article processing fee paid by the author or institution. Regardless of the access model, reputable journals are expected to adhere to the publishing code of ethics and provide transparency in the peer review process. While the latter can significantly increase the length of processing time through multiple revisions, editors and peer reviewers provide expert opinions and valuable feedback, thereby safeguarding the integrity of the journal and the scientific process.
Subject(s)
Publishing , Codes of Ethics , FeedbackABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Considering ethical issues in midwifery care is essential for improving the quality of health services and the client's satisfaction. This study aimed to develop and validate the code of ethics for Midwives in Iran (ICEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a mixed sequential study that was performed in three phases including a qualitative study, a review, and the content validity assessment. The first phase was a qualitative study with a content analysis approach. The data were collected by conducting in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with 14 midwifery and ethics experts. The purposive sampling method was used to recruit the participants and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis described by Graneheim and Lundman. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to confirm the trustworthiness of the data. Then, a narrative review of the selected national and international codes of ethics for Midwives was performed to complete the items of the ICEM. For validity assessment, the face and content validity of the items of ICEM was assessed by 15 experts to calculate the content validity ratio (CVR) and index (CVI). RESULTS: Fourteen experts were interviewed in the qualitative phase, and 207 codes were extracted from a content analysis which were categorized into 23 sub-categories and 6 main categories. The extracted codes were considered as the items for ICEM that were completed by a review of the selected national and international code of ethics for Midwives. The content validity and ratio assessment of the items demonstrated an average CVI = 0.92 and CVR = 0.85. Then, the final version of ICEM was developed with 92 items in 6 domains about; 1) "professional Commitments" with 30 items; 2) "providing midwifery services to the client and her companions" with 26 items; 3) "relationship with colleagues" with 11 items; 4) "herself" with 6 items; 5) "education and research" with 8 items; and, 6) "management" with 11 items. CONCLUSION: ICEM was prepared with 92 items in six sections that facilitate its use for midwives who are working in the different fields of care, counseling, education, research, and management. In this new version of the ICEM, the items related to recent social-, scientific, and technical improvements were considered for providing ethical midwifery care.