Tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis aguda no complicada / Outpatient Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Diverticulitis

Introducción: La diverticulitis aguda es la complicación más frecuente de la enfermedad diverticular del colon y causa de ingresos hospitalarios. Su tratamiento ha sido evaluado en los últimos años y muestra una tendencia a limitar el tratamiento quirúrgico y potenciar el de tipo conservador. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sobre la aplicabilidad, la seguridad y la eficacia del tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis aguda no complicada en pacientes seleccionados. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en fuentes de información disponibles en las bases de datos SciELO, Medline (Pubmed), así como Google académico, donde se escogieron un total de 36 referencias. Desarrollo: Históricamente los pacientes diagnosticados de diverticulitis aguda han sido internados en centros hospitalarios para estudio y tratamiento dietético, antibiótico y analgésico. En los últimos años ha crecido la tendencia en el mundo a tratar estos pacientes de forma ambulatoria una vez comprobado que no se encuentra complicada, lo que ha demostrado con nivel de evidencia, que estos logran presentar una evolución favorable sin necesidad de ingreso, con menos gastos para el sistema de salud. Conclusiones: El tratamiento ambulatorio de la diverticulitis aguda no complicada no solo es eficaz y seguro, sino también aplicable en la mayoría de los pacientes, siempre que toleren la ingesta oral y dispongan de un entorno familiar adecuado(AU)

Introduction: Acute diverticulitis is the most frequent complication of diverticular colon disease and cause of hospitalizations. Its treatment has been assessed in recent years; there is a tendency to limit surgical treatment and promote conservative treatment instead. Objective: To review the applicability, safety and efficacy of outpatient treatment of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis in selected patients. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in sources of information available in the SciELO and Medline (Pubmed) databases, as well as in Google Scholar, by means of which a total of 36 references were selected. Development: Historically speaking, patients diagnosed with acute diverticulitis have been admitted to hospitals for study and dietary, antibiotic and analgesic treatment. In recent years, there has been a growing tendency worldwide to treat these patients on an outpatient basis once it has been proven that the condition is not complicated, which has shown, with level of evidence, that patients present a favorable evolution without the need for admission, with less expenses for the health system. Conclusions: Outpatient treatment of acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is not only effective and safe, but also applicable in most patients, given that they can tolerate oral intake and have an adequate family environment(AU)

Relato de caso: trombose de veia porta e mesentérica em paciente com retocolite ulcerativa ativa / Case report: mesenteric and portal vein thrombosis in a patient with active ulcerative colitis

Introdução: A retocolite ulcerativa (RCU) é uma doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) crônica caracterizada por episódios recorrentes de inflamação, que acomete predominantemente a camada mucosa do cólon. Em até 10% dos casos a apresentação ocorre com manifestações extraintestinais (MEI). Entre elas, as mais comuns são a sacroileíte e a artrite periférica. Manifestações oculares, cutâneas e vasculares são raramente vistas. Entre as manifestações vasculares, está o surgimento de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Objetivo: Relatar caso de paciente diagnosticado com retocolite ulcerativa que se apresentou com trombose de veia porta e mesentérica como MEI da DII. Metodologia: Trata-se do relato do caso de um paciente atendido no Serviço de Gastroenterologia do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal de São Paulo (HSPM). Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal (HSPM), visto cumprir os requisitos da Resolução 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, quanto aos aspectos éticos e legais das pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos. Conclusão: A MEI de trombose portal e mesentérica em caso de retocolite ulcerativa apresentada pelo paciente descrito é muito rara, com incidência ainda incerta. A RCU manifestando-se com trombose de veia porta e mesentérica tem relação com a extensão da doença, além de fatores ambientais e genéticos. Mais estudos clínicos são necessários para estabelecer, de forma mais concreta, o manejo e o prognóstico dos pacientes com essa manifestação. Palavras-Chave: Retocolite Ulcerativa, Trombose Venosa Mesentérica, Anticoagulantes.

Evaluation of the serrated lesions detection rate and its role as a colonoscopy quality criteria

Objectives: To evaluate the serrated lesion detection rate in colonoscopy at a specialized clinic and its role as quality criteria for endoscopic examination. Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study with all patients that underwent colonoscopy between October 2018 and May 2019, performed by an experimented physician. A questionnaire was answered before the examination by the patient, and another questionnaire after the colonoscopy was answered by themedical team. All polyps identified were removed and sent to the same pathologist for analysis. Results: A total of 1,000 colonoscopies were evaluated. The average age of the patients was 58.9 years old, and most of them were female (60.6%). In 62.5% of the procedures, polyps were removed, obtaining a total of 1,730 polyps, of which 529 were serrated lesions, being 272 sessile serrated lesions (SSL). This data resulted in a serrated lesion detection rate (SDR) of 29.2%, and of 14% when considering only the SSL detection rate (SSLDR). The right colon had higher rates, with 22.3% SDR and 15.3% SSLDR. Screening colonoscopies also presented a higher serrated detection rate, of 20%, followed by diagnostics and follow-up exams. Smoking was the only risk factor associated with higher serrated detection rate. Conclusions: The serrated lesion detection rate is higher than the ones already previously suggested and the have the higher rates were stablished in the right colon and on screening exams. (AU)

Rectal damage control: when to do and not to do.

Rectal trauma is uncommon, but it is usually associated with injuries in adjacent pelvic or abdominal organs. Recent studies have changed the paradigm behind military rectal trauma management, showing better morbidity and mortality. However, damage control techniques in rectal trauma remain controversial. This article aims to present an algorithm for the treatment of rectal trauma in a patient with hemodynamic instability, according to damage control surgery principles. We propose to manage intraperitoneal rectal injuries in the same way as colon injuries. The treatment of extraperitoneal rectum injuries will depend on the percentage of the circumference involved. For injuries involving more than 25% of the circumference, a colostomy is indicated. While injuries involving less than 25% of the circumference can be managed through a conservative approach or primary repair. In rectal trauma, knowing when to do or not to do it makes the difference.

El trauma de recto es poco frecuente, pero generalmente se asocia a lesiones de órganos adyacentes en la región pélvica y abdominal. Estudios recientes han cambiado los paradigmas del manejo tradicional derivados del trauma militar, mostrando mejores resultados en la morbilidad y mortalidad. Sin embargo, las técnicas de control de daños en el trauma rectal aún son controvertidas. El objetivo de este articulo es proponer el algoritmo de manejo del paciente con trauma rectal e inestabilidad hemodinámica, según los principios de la cirugía de control de daños. Se propone que las lesiones del recto en su porción intraperitoneal sean manejadas de la misma manera que las lesiones del colon. Mientras que el manejo de las lesiones extraperitoneales del recto dependerá del compromiso de la circunferencia rectal. Si es mayor del 25% se recomienda realizar una colostomía. Si es menor, se propone optar por el manejo conservador o el reparo primario. Saber que hacer o que no hacer en el trauma de recto marca la diferencia.

Quercetin associated with dimethylsulfoxide has a curative effect on experimental colon anastomosis injury

Purpose To examine the effects of quercetin on healing of experimental colon anastomosis injury in early and late period. Methods Eighty male Wistar-Albino rats were divided into 8 groups. For all groups, left colons of the rats were resected and for the rest end-to-end anastomosis was performed. Two of the groups for which the experiment protocol was ended on the 3rd and 7th day following the anastomosis were not administered with either quercetin or dimethylsulfoxide DMSO, whereas two other groups were administered with DMSO only, and four other groups were administered with quercetin dissolved in DMSO in doses of 20 and 100 mg/kg during the protocol. At the end of the study, anastomosis line was resected, histopathological evaluation was performed and bursting pressure, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and hydroxyproline levels were measured. Results Quercetin significantly increased hydroxyproline, superoxide dismutase, catalase levels, histopathological healing score, bursting pressure values and decreased malondialdehyde level in early period. It also significantly increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and hydroxyproline levels and decreased malondialdehyde level in late period. Conclusion It was seen that quercetin speeds up the injury healing process and reveals an antioxidant effect, specifically in early period.(AU)

Resultados terapéuticos en pacientes con traumas de colon y recto tratados con sutura primaria o colostomía / Therapeutic Results in patients with Colon and Rectal Traumas Treated with Primary Suture or Colostomy

RESUMEN Introducción: El trauma de abdomen tiene alta incidencia y con frecuencia afecta el colon y el recto, se aboga por el tratamiento mediante sutura primaria. Objetivo: Identificar diferencias en las características clínico-quirúrgicas y resultados terapéuticos de pacientes con lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto, tratados con sutura primaria y técnicas derivativas. Método: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico descriptivo ambispectivo para determinar características clínico-quirúrgicas y resultados terapéuticos en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto en los hospitales Carlos J. Finlay, Joaquín Albarrán, Calixto García y Enrique Cabrera de La Habana, en el periodo 2010-2015. El universo estuvo conformado por todos los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por trauma de colon y/o recto. Resultados: La colostomía fue el proceder más frecuente (53,1 por ciento). Los pacientes en edades medias de la vida (promedio: 43,5 años), sexo masculino (71,4 por ciento), evolución hasta el tratamiento quirúrgico menor de 12 horas (73,4 por ciento); causadas por empalamientos y otros (49 por ciento) y heridas con arma blanca (38,8 por ciento). La magnitud del daño de colon y recto fue baja, con mayor afectación de colon izquierdo. La frecuencia de complicaciones graves y mortalidad fue alta en la colostomía. Conclusiones: La sutura primaria muestra mejores resultados terapéuticos y debe ser la técnica de elección en las lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto intraperitoneal(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Abdominal trauma presents high incidence and often affects the colon and rectum; primary suture is the preferred treatment. Objective: To identify differences between the clinical-surgical characteristics and the therapeutic outcomes in patients with traumatic lesions of the colon and rectum, treated with primary suture and derivative techniques. Method: A multicentric, descriptive and ambispective study was carried out to determine the clinical-surgical characteristics and the therapeutic outcomes in patients with traumatic colon and rectal lesions in Carlos J. Finlay, Joaquín Albarrán, Calixto García and Enrique Cabrera Hospitals in Havana, in the period from 2010 to 2015. The study population was made up of all patients surgically intervened for colon and/or rectal trauma. Results: The colostomy was the most frequent procedure (53.1 percent). Patients in middle ages of life (average: 43.5 years), male sex (71.4 percent), evolution to surgical treatment under 12 hours (73.4 percent); caused by impalement and others (49 percent) and cutting wounds (38.8 percent). The magnitude of colon and rectum damage was low, with greater involvement of the left colon. The frequency of serious complications and mortality was high in the colostomy. Conclusions: Primary suture shows better therapeutic results and should be the technique of choice in traumatic lesions of the intraperitoneal colon and rectum(AU)

Abdominal trauma: experience of 4961 cases in Western Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: Trauma is a leading cause of morbimortality in the world. Intraabdominal compartment is the third most affected anatomical region and bleeding from this origin is difficult to identify, therefore the importance to predict possible lesions to the abdominal cavity. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the sociodemographic profile and injuries found in patients with abdominal trauma in a western hospital in Mexico. METHOD: Consecutive patients included in the local registry GDL-SHOT were analyzed. RESULTS: From 4961 patients, 91.4% were men, with a mean age of 28.7 years. Regarding the mechanism of trauma, 39.7% were stab wounds, 33% blunt abdominal trauma and 27.3% gunshots. The most affected organs were: small bowel (20.9%), liver (18.2%), and colon (14.2%). The mean hospital stay was 6.95 days with a mortality of 6.74%. CONCLUSION: In Mexico, abdominal trauma represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in young patients. We found an important amount of penetrating trauma.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trauma es una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en el mundo. El abdomen es, en frecuencia, la tercera región anatómica más afectada, y el compartimento intraabdominal es un sitio de hemorragia difícil de identificar, por lo que cobra importancia el conocimiento de las posibles lesiones tras un traumatismo. OBJETIVOS: Describir y analizar el perfil sociodemográfico y las lesiones encontradas en pacientes con trauma abdominal en un hospital de referencia del occidente de México. MÉTODO: Se seleccionaron para su análisis los pacientes incluidos en el registro hospitalario local GDL-SHOT. RESULTADOS: De 4961 pacientes, el 91.4% fueron hombres, con un promedio de edad de 28.7 años. Respecto al mecanismo, el 39.7% correspondió a arma blanca, el 33% a trauma cerrado y el 27.3% a arma de fuego. Los órganos más afectados fueron el intestino delgado (20.9%), el hígado (18.2%) y el colon (14.2%). La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de 6.95 días, con una mortalidad del 6.74%. CONCLUSIONES: En México, el trauma abdominal representa una causa importante de morbimortalidad, en especial en pacientes jóvenes, y predomina el mecanismo penetrante; el manejo más común es no conservador. La frecuencia de lesiones encontradas es discordante con la literatura de otros países y predominan las de vísceras huecas, probablemente por la diferencia en los mecanismos implicados.

Gum arabic and red propolis protecteting colorectal preneoplastic lesions in a rat model of azoxymethane

Purpose:To evaluate red propolis, gum arabic and L-lysine activity on colorectal preneoplastic lesions induced by azoxymethane (AOM).Methods:The study featured 4 control groups (I-IV) and 4 experimental groups (V-VIII), totaling 48 rats. Once a week for 2 weeks, animals on control groups received saline, while animals in experimental groups received azoxymethane (15 mg/kg i.p.). The follow up along 16 weeks included daily oral gavage to administer water (I and V), L-lysine (150 mg/kg)(II and VI), própolis (100mg/5ml/kg)(III and VII), or gum arabic (5ml/kg)(IV and VIII). Was performed surgery on the animals in the end of this time in order to collect blood for biological assays (TBARS, GSH), followed by their sacrifice to tissue extract.Results:Oxidative stress (TBARS) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in distal colon were lower using própolis (p<0.01 for both parameters). Gum arabic reduced preneoplastic lesions (ACF ≤ 4 crypts) on distal colon and on the entire colon (p<0.05).Conclusions:Red propolis reduced AOM-induced oxidative stress (TBARS) and total number of ACF in the distal colon. L-lysine neither protected against nor enhanced AOM-induced ACF. Gum arabic reduced the number of ACF.(AU)

Colonoscopy complications: experience with 8968 consecutive patients in a single institution. / Complicações em colonoscopia: experiência uni-institucional com 8968 pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the incidence, epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and evolution of patients who returned to the emergency care units of the Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo/SP with signs and symptoms suggestive of colonoscopy complications up to 30 days after the procedure. METHODS: we conducted a retrospective, uni-institutional study of patients submitted to colonoscopy in 2014 who returned to the Emergency department (ED) within 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: 8968 patients underwent colonoscopies, 95 (1.06%) of whom had complaints related to possible complications. Most of the procedures were elective ones. Minor complications (nonspecific abdominal pain/distension) were frequent (0.49%) and most of the patients were discharged after consultation at the ED. Severe complications were less frequent: perforation (0.033%), lower gastrointestinal bleeding (0.044%), and intestinal obstruction (0.044%). ED consultations in less than 24 hours after the procedure was associated with a higher index of normal colonoscopies (p=0.006), more diagnosis of fever (p=0.0003) and dyspeptic syndrome (p=0.043), and less diagnosis of colitis/ileitis (p=0.015). The observation of fever in patients treated at the ED was associated with the diagnosis of polyps at colonoscopy (p=0.030). CONCLUSION: the data corroborate the safety of the colonoscopy exam and points to a reduction in major complications rates.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a incidência, características epidemiológicas, diagnóstico e evolução dos pacientes que retornaram às unidades de pronto atendimento (UPA) do Hospital Albert Einstein em São Paulo/SP com sinais e sintomas sugestivos de complicações até 30 dias após realização de colonoscopia. MÉTODOS: estudo retrospectivo uni-institucional de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia em 2014 e que retornaram, em até 30 dias após o procedimento, a uma UPA. RESULTADOS: foram realizadas colonoscopias em 8968 pacientes, dos quais 95 (1,06%) tiveram queixa relacionada à possível complicação. A maioria dos procedimentos foi realizada eletivamente. Complicações menores (dor abdominal inespecífica/distensão) foram frequentes (0,49%) e a maioria dos pacientes recebeu alta após consulta na UPA. Complicações graves foram menos frequentes: perfuração (0,033%), hemorragia digestiva baixa (0,044%) e obstrução intestinal (0,044%). A procura à UPA em menos de 24 horas após o procedimento associou-se a maior índice de colonoscopias normais (P=0,006), mais diagnóstico de febre (P=0,0003) e síndrome dispéptica (P=0,043) e menos diagnóstico de colite/ileíte (P=0,015). A presença de febre em pacientes atendidos na UPA associou-se ao diagnóstico de pólipos na colonoscopia (P=0,030). CONCLUSÃO: os dados do presente estudo corroboram as evidências de segurança do exame de colonoscopia e apontam para redução nos índices de complicações mais graves deste exame.

Uso de la colostomía en el tratamiento de lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto / Colostomy in the treatment of traumatic lesions of the colon and the rectum

Introducción: El trauma de abdomen tiene una incidencia que varía según las publicaciones, pero el colon y el recto son estructuras anatómicas generalmente comprometidas. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico-quirúrgicas y los resultados terapéuticos en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto tratados con técnicas derivativas. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y multicéntrico en hospitales clínico-quirúrgicos seleccionados de La Habana, desde 2010 hasta 2015. El universo estuvo conformado por todos los pacientes ingresados en las instituciones con trauma rectocolónico único o múltiple tratados quirúrgicamente por colostomía. Resultados: Los pacientes estudiados se caracterizaron por edades: jóvenes (menos de 30), sexo masculino (69,2 por ciento), evolución hasta el tratamiento quirúrgico mayor de 12 horas (46,2 por ciento); causadas por empalamientos y otros (53,8 por ciento) y heridas con arma blanca (23,1 por ciento). Se aplicaron principalmente las técnicas quirúrgicas de colostomía en asa y de Hartman. Tanto el tiempo quirúrgico como la estadía fueron prolongados. La frecuencia de complicaciones graves y la mortalidad fue alta. Los costos fueron elevados. Conclusiones: La colostomía aun es una alternativa quirúrgica viable, pero su selección debe estar basada en la evaluación individualizada de los casos y en los índices pronósticos(AU)

Introduction: Abdominal trauma has an incidence that varies, according to publications; but the colon and the rectum are generally compromised anatomical structures. Objective: To determine the clinical-surgical characteristics and the therapeutic results in patients with traumatic lesions of the colon and the rectum treated with derivative techniques. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and multicenter study was conducted in selected clinical-surgical hospitals in Havana, from 2010 to 2015. The total sample consisted of all patients admitted with single or multiple rectocolonic trauma and treated with colostomy. Results: The patients studied were characterized by age: young (less than 30), male (69.2 percent), evolution until surgical treatment over 12 hours (46.2 percent); caused by impalements and others (53.8 percent) and stab wounds (23.1 percent). The surgical techniques of loop colostomy and Hartman colostomy were applied, mainly. Both surgical time and stay were prolonged. The frequency of serious complications and mortality was high. The costs were high. Conclusions: Colostomy is still a viable surgical alternative, but its selection must be based on the individualized evaluation of the cases and the prognostic rates(AU)

Colecistectomizados, litiasis vesicular y ácidos biliares totales elevados en heces como factores de riesgo para lesiones colónicas / Cholecystectomized patients, vesicular lithiasis and elevated total bile acids in faces as risk factors for colon lesions

Introducción: Evidencias científicas avalan que niveles elevados de ácidos biliares en la luz intestinal se asocian con lesiones inflamatorias, premalignas y malignas de colon. Objetivo: Argumentar científicamente la condición de niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, litiasis vesicular y colecistectomizado como factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Método: Se realizó una investigación analítica en el Instituto de Gastroenterología y el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde 2002 hasta 2015. En el estudio se incluyeron adultos con sintomas digestivos bajos. Se desarrollaron dos momentos: la determinación del riesgo relativo de la presencia de lesiones colónicas diagnosticadas por endoscopía y la identificación por histología. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos como la prueba chi cuadrado de Pearson, determinación del riesgo relativo, regresión logística, entre otros. Resultados: Se observó mayor probabilidad de presentar algún diagnóstico endoscópico e histológico positivo para todas las edades y sexo, en pacientes con niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces y los colecistectomizados. Los riesgos relativos comunes y más altos se relacionaron con adenomas tubulares de alto grado de displasia y tubulovellosos. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron pólipos y adenomas. Conclusiones: Los resultados avalan que los niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, la litiasis vesicular y estar colecistectomizado, constituyen factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Se recomienda incluir estas tres condiciones de riesgo en los programas de pesquisa para el cáncer colorrectal(AU)

Introduction: Scientific evidence supports that elevated levels of bile acids in the intestinal lumen are associated with inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon. Objective: To scientifically support the condition of elevated levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular and cholecystectomized lithiasis as risk factors for colonic lesions. Method: An analytical research was carried out in the Gastroenterology Institute and the National Center for Minimally-Invasive Surgery, from 2002 to 2015. The study included adults with low digestive symptoms. Two moments were developed: the determination of the relative risk for the presence of colonic lesions diagnosed by endoscopy and the identification by histologic study. Statistical methods were used, such as the Pearson chi-square test, the relative risk determination, logistic regression, among others. Results: Higher probability was observed for all ages and sexes to present a positive endoscopic and histological diagnosis, in patients with high levels of total bile acids in feces and in cholecystectomized patients. The common and higher relative risks were related to tubular adenomas of high degree of dysplasia and tubulovillous. The most frequent diagnoses were polyps and adenomas. Conclusions: The results support that high levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular lithiasis and being cholecystectomized constitute risk factors for colonic lesions. These three risk conditions are recommended to be included in screening programs for colorectal cancer(AU)

Uso de la colostomía en el tratamiento de lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto / Colostomy in the treatment of traumatic lesions of the colon and the rectum

Introducción: El trauma de abdomen tiene una incidencia que varía según las publicaciones, pero el colon y el recto son estructuras anatómicas generalmente comprometidas. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico-quirúrgicas y los resultados terapéuticos en pacientes con lesiones traumáticas de colon y recto tratados con técnicas derivativas. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y multicéntrico en hospitales clínico-quirúrgicos seleccionados de La Habana, desde 2010 hasta 2015. El universo estuvo conformado por todos los pacientes ingresados en las instituciones con trauma rectocolónico único o múltiple tratados quirúrgicamente por colostomía. Resultados: Los pacientes estudiados se caracterizaron por edades: jóvenes (menos de 30), sexo masculino (69,2 por ciento), evolución hasta el tratamiento quirúrgico mayor de 12 horas (46,2 por ciento); causadas por empalamientos y otros (53,8 por ciento) y heridas con arma blanca (23,1 por ciento). Se aplicaron principalmente las técnicas quirúrgicas de colostomía en asa y de Hartman. Tanto el tiempo quirúrgico como la estadía fueron prolongados. La frecuencia de complicaciones graves y la mortalidad fue alta. Los costos fueron elevados. Conclusiones: La colostomía aun es una alternativa quirúrgica viable, pero su selección debe estar basada en la evaluación individualizada de los casos y en los índices pronósticos(AU)

Introduction: Abdominal trauma has an incidence that varies, according to publications; but the colon and the rectum are generally compromised anatomical structures. Objective: To determine the clinical-surgical characteristics and the therapeutic results in patients with traumatic lesions of the colon and the rectum treated with derivative techniques. Method: A descriptive, retrospective and multicenter study was conducted in selected clinical-surgical hospitals in Havana, from 2010 to 2015. The total sample consisted of all patients admitted with single or multiple rectocolonic trauma and treated with colostomy. Results: The patients studied were characterized by age: young (less than 30), male (69.2 percent), evolution until surgical treatment over 12 hours (46.2 percent); caused by impalements and others (53.8 percent) and stab wounds (23.1 percent). The surgical techniques of loop colostomy and Hartman colostomy were applied, mainly. Both surgical time and stay were prolonged. The frequency of serious complications and mortality was high. The costs were high. Conclusions: Colostomy is still a viable surgical alternative, but its selection must be based on the individualized evaluation of the cases and the prognostic rates(AU)

Colecistectomizados, litiasis vesicular y ácidos biliares totales elevados en heces como factores de riesgo para lesiones colónicas / Cholecystectomized patients, vesicular lithiasis and elevated total bile acids in faces as risk factors for colon lesions

Introducción: Evidencias científicas avalan que niveles elevados de ácidos biliares en la luz intestinal se asocian con lesiones inflamatorias, premalignas y malignas de colon. Objetivo: Argumentar científicamente la condición de niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, litiasis vesicular y colecistectomizado como factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Método: Se realizó una investigación analítica en el Instituto de Gastroenterología y el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso desde 2002 hasta 2015. En el estudio se incluyeron adultos con sintomas digestivos bajos. Se desarrollaron dos momentos: la determinación del riesgo relativo de la presencia de lesiones colónicas diagnosticadas por endoscopía y la identificación por histología. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos como la prueba chi cuadrado de Pearson, determinación del riesgo relativo, regresión logística, entre otros. Resultados: Se observó mayor probabilidad de presentar algún diagnóstico endoscópico e histológico positivo para todas las edades y sexo, en pacientes con niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces y los colecistectomizados. Los riesgos relativos comunes y más altos se relacionaron con adenomas tubulares de alto grado de displasia y tubulovellosos. Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron pólipos y adenomas. Conclusiones: Los resultados avalan que los niveles elevados de ácidos biliares totales en heces, la litiasis vesicular y estar colecistectomizado, constituyen factores de riesgo para lesiones de colon. Se recomienda incluir estas tres condiciones de riesgo en los programas de pesquisa para el cáncer colorrectal(AU)

Introduction: Scientific evidence supports that elevated levels of bile acids in the intestinal lumen are associated with inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the colon. Objective: To scientifically support the condition of elevated levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular and cholecystectomized lithiasis as risk factors for colonic lesions. Method: An analytical research was carried out in the Gastroenterology Institute and the National Center for Minimally-Invasive Surgery, from 2002 to 2015. The study included adults with low digestive symptoms. Two moments were developed: the determination of the relative risk for the presence of colonic lesions diagnosed by endoscopy and the identification by histologic study. Statistical methods were used, such as the Pearson chi-square test, the relative risk determination, logistic regression, among others. Results: Higher probability was observed for all ages and sexes to present a positive endoscopic and histological diagnosis, in patients with high levels of total bile acids in feces and in cholecystectomized patients. The common and higher relative risks were related to tubular adenomas of high degree of dysplasia and tubulovillous. The most frequent diagnoses were polyps and adenomas. Conclusions: The results support that high levels of total bile acids in faeces, vesicular lithiasis and being cholecystectomized constitute risk factors for colonic lesions. These three risk conditions are recommended to be included in screening programs for colorectal cancer(AU)

Complicações em colonoscopia: experiência uni-institucional com 8968 pacientes / Colonoscopy complications: experience with 8968 consecutive patients in a single institution

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a incidência, características epidemiológicas, diagnóstico e evolução dos pacientes que retornaram às unidades de pronto atendimento (UPA) do Hospital Albert Einstein em São Paulo/SP com sinais e sintomas sugestivos de complicações até 30 dias após realização de colonoscopia. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo uni-institucional de pacientes submetidos à colonoscopia em 2014 e que retornaram, em até 30 dias após o procedimento, a uma UPA. Resultados: foram realizadas colonoscopias em 8968 pacientes, dos quais 95 (1,06%) tiveram queixa relacionada à possível complicação. A maioria dos procedimentos foi realizada eletivamente. Complicações menores (dor abdominal inespecífica/distensão) foram frequentes (0,49%) e a maioria dos pacientes recebeu alta após consulta na UPA. Complicações graves foram menos frequentes: perfuração (0,033%), hemorragia digestiva baixa (0,044%) e obstrução intestinal (0,044%). A procura à UPA em menos de 24 horas após o procedimento associou-se a maior índice de colonoscopias normais (P=0,006), mais diagnóstico de febre (P=0,0003) e síndrome dispéptica (P=0,043) e menos diagnóstico de colite/ileíte (P=0,015). A presença de febre em pacientes atendidos na UPA associou-se ao diagnóstico de pólipos na colonoscopia (P=0,030). Conclusão: os dados do presente estudo corroboram as evidências de segurança do exame de colonoscopia e apontam para redução nos índices de complicações mais graves deste exame.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the incidence, epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and evolution of patients who returned to the emergency care units of the Albert Einstein Hospital in São Paulo/SP with signs and symptoms suggestive of colonoscopy complications up to 30 days after the procedure. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, uni-institutional study of patients submitted to colonoscopy in 2014 who returned to the Emergency department (ED) within 30 days after the procedure. Results: 8968 patients underwent colonoscopies, 95 (1.06%) of whom had complaints related to possible complications. Most of the procedures were elective ones. Minor complications (nonspecific abdominal pain/distension) were frequent (0.49%) and most of the patients were discharged after consultation at the ED. Severe complications were less frequent: perforation (0.033%), lower gastrointestinal bleeding (0.044%), and intestinal obstruction (0.044%). ED consultations in less than 24 hours after the procedure was associated with a higher index of normal colonoscopies (p=0.006), more diagnosis of fever (p=0.0003) and dyspeptic syndrome (p=0.043), and less diagnosis of colitis/ileitis (p=0.015). The observation of fever in patients treated at the ED was associated with the diagnosis of polyps at colonoscopy (p=0.030). Conclusion: the data corroborate the safety of the colonoscopy exam and points to a reduction in major complications rates.

Tratamiento conservador en perforaciones postpolipectomía colonica / Conservative treatment in colon postpolypectomy perforations

Introduccion: La videocolonoscopía es el principal método de diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento en patologías colorectales. La perforación colónica en endoscopía terapeútica es una complicación infrecuente pero debe ser evaluada y tratada rapidamente cuando aparece ya que puede presentar una morbimortalidad elevada. Objetivo: Valorar resultado de tratamiento conservador no quirúrgico en perforaciones colónicas post polipectomía endoscópica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo observacional descriptivo sobre base de datos prospectiva en el Sanatorio del Salvador y en el centro privado Unidad Digestiva Baistrocchi de la ciudad de Córdoba, desde enero del año 2012 a diciembre del 2017. Resultados: Sobre un total de 1606 procedimientos intervencionistas, se presentaron 9 perforaciones. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor abdominal, seguido de distensión, defensa muscular, reacción peritoneal y fiebre. Se realizaron radiografía de abdomen y tomografía computada a todos los casos con diagnóstico presuntivo para corroborar los hallazgos clínicos. Se realizó internación, reposo gástrico, control estricto de parámetros clínicos y antibioticoterapia para flora colónica. Se analizó diariamente evolución decidiendo conducta a seguir. El tratamiento conservador fue satisfactorio en un 87% de los casos. Conclusión: La perforación colónica postpolipectomía es una complicación inevitable, de menor incidencia en especialistas entrenados. Conociendo los síntomas de presentación, realizando un correcto examen físico y seguimiento clínico puede realizarse tratamiento conservador exitoso en aquellos pacientes clínicamente estables y de riesgo moderado. (AU)

Background: Videocolonoscopy has become the main tool for diagnostic and treatment of colorrectal diseases. Perforation after therapeutic colonoscopy is an uncommon complication but it must be treated quickly beacause of it´s high rate of morbidity and mortality. Aims: To evaluate rate of success of non quirurgical treatment in postpolipectomy perforations. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed over a prospective database of 11062 colonoscopy fulfilled between january 2012 and december 2017. Results: We had 9 perforations. The most common symptom was abdominal pain, followed by distension, peritonism and fever. All pacients with presumpitve diagnoses were studied with computed tomography and plain chest radiography. The management was conservative in all cases. The standard treatment was endovenous antibiotics, nil-by-mouth regimen, fluids and hospitalization in common floor. Conservative treatment was successful in 87% of our cases. Conclusions: postpolipectomy perforation is inevitable, nevertheless, has lower incidence in specialized physicians. Knowledge about symptoms and having a close follow up of potencial patients may allow us to improve rates of success in conservative management. (AU)

Colorectal injury by compressed air: the rule of conservative therapy / Lesão colorretal por ar comprimido: a regra da terapia conservadora

ABSTRACT We are reporting a case of colorectal injury caused by a jet of compressed air directed from a distance towards the anus. The patient mentioned that it happened accidentally while his colleague was cleaning his clothes using compressed air. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain and distension. A contrast CT study did not show any free air or leakage. The patient was treated conservatively, progressed well and was discharged from the hospital on the fourth day.

RESUMO Descrevemos um caso de lesão colorretal causada por um jato de ar comprimido direcionado para o ânus, a certa distância. O paciente mencionou que o ocorrido foi acidental, enquanto um colega estava limpando suas roupas com ar comprimido. O paciente se apresentou com dores abdominais agudas e distensão. Um estudo de TC contrastado não demonstrou ar livre, nem vazamento. O paciente foi tratado conservadoramente, teve boa evolução e recebeu alta hospitalar no quarto dia.

Trauma de Cólon: experiência de um centro de referência em Porto Alegre/RS / Colon trauma: the experience of a reference center in Porto Alegre/RS

Introdução: As lesões de cólon são comuns em pacientes vítimas de trauma. Seu tratamento é bastante variável e muito discutido. Objetivo: Analisar a experiência com trauma de cólon de um centro de referência em trauma por aproximadamente 4 anos, avaliando o perfil dos pacientes, mecanismo de trauma, lesões, evolução e desfecho. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídos todos os pacientes com trauma de cólon no período de setembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram identificadas 101 vítimas com trauma de cólon, sendo 92 casos (91%) devido a trauma penetrante. Os ferimentos abdominais foram preponderantes (85,1%), seguidos por ferimentos em dorso em 15,8% e em transição toracoabdominal em 9,9%. Apenas 6,9% apresentavam-se com PAS < 90 mmHg e 23,8% com FC > 100 bpm na admissão. Noventa e nove por cento dos pacientes foram levados ao bloco cirúrgico para laparotomia exploradora imediatamente após o atendimento na sala de emergência. Setenta e três (72,3%) apresentaram lesões de outros órgãos abdominais associadas, a mais comum foi de intestino delgado (49,5%). A mortalidade da série foi de 1%, e as complicações mais frequentes foram a pneumonia em 16,8%, a infecção de ferida operatória em 11,9% e a infecção urinária em 7,9%. Conclusões: O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce das lesões de cólon são fundamentais para uma boa evolução e para prevenção das complicações, principalmente infecciosas, que são responsáveis pela morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. Os dados apresentados estão de acordo com os encontrados na literatura atual(AU)

Background: Colon lesions are common in trauma patients. Their treatment is very variable and much discussed. Objective: To analyze the experience with colon trauma of a reference center for trauma for about 4 years, evaluating patient profile, mechanism of trauma, injury, evolution and outcome. Methods: A retrospective study which included all patients with colon trauma from September 2009 to December 2013. Results: A series of 101 victims with colon trauma were identified, of which 92 cases (91%) were due to penetrating trauma. Abdominal injuries were prevalent (85.1%), followed by back (15.8%) and thoracoabdominal transition (9.9%) injuries. Only 6.9% presented with SBP 100 bpm at admission. Ninety-nine percent of patients were taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy immediately after evaluation in the emergency room. Seventythree (72.3%) had associated injuries to other abdominal organs, the most common being small intestine (49.5%). The mortality in this series was 1%, and the most frequent complications were pneumonia in 16.8%, wound infection in 11.9%, and urinary infection in 7.9%. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and treatment of colon lesions are critical for a good outcome and prevention of complications, mainly infectious diseases, which are responsible for morbidity and mortality in these patients. The data presented are consistent with the current literature(AU)