Time to Awakening and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies After Cardiac Arrest.

OBJECTIVES: Withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies for perceived poor neurologic prognosis (WLST-N) is common after resuscitation from cardiac arrest and may bias outcome estimates from models trained using observational data. We compared several approaches to outcome prediction with the goal of identifying strategies to quantify and reduce this bias. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Two academic medical centers ("UPMC" and "University of Alabama Birmingham" [UAB]). PATIENTS: Comatose adults resuscitated from cardiac arrest. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: As potential predictors, we considered clinical, laboratory, imaging, and quantitative electroencephalography data available early after hospital arrival. We followed patients until death, discharge, or awakening from coma. We used penalized Cox regression with a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator penalty and five-fold cross-validation to predict time to awakening in UPMC patients and then externally validated the model in UAB patients. This model censored patients after WLST-N, considering subsequent potential for awakening to be unknown. Next, we developed a penalized logistic model predicting awakening, which treated failure to awaken after WLST-N as a true observed outcome, and a separate logistic model predicting WLST-N. We scaled and centered individual patients' Cox and logistic predictions for awakening to allow direct comparison and then explored the difference in predictions across probabilities of WLST-N. Overall, 1,254 patients were included, and 29% awakened. Cox models performed well (mean area under the curve was 0.93 in the UPMC test sets and 0.83 in external validation). Logistic predictions of awakening were systematically more pessimistic than Cox-based predictions for patients at higher risk of WLST-N, suggesting potential for self-fulfilling prophecies to arise when failure to awaken after WLST-N is considered as the ground truth outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with traditional binary outcome prediction, censoring outcomes after WLST-N may reduce potential for bias and self-fulfilling prophecies.

Therapeutic Hypothermia Is Associated With a Decrease in All-cause Mortality in Cardiac Arrest Due to Shockable Rhythm.

BACKGROUND: The benefits of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) in comatose patients postcardiac arrest remain uncertain. While some studies have shown benefit, others have shown equivocal results. We pooled data from randomized controlled trials to better study the outcomes of TH. METHODS: Electronic research databases were queried up till September 21, 2021. Randomized controlled trials comparing TH (32-34 °C) with control (normothermia or temperature ≥36 °C) in comatose postcardiac arrest patients were included. RESULTS: The study included 10 randomized controlled trials with 3988 subjects (1999 in the TH arm and 1989 in the control arm). There was no difference in all-cause mortality between TH and control (odds ratio [OR], 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66-1.05; P = 0.08; I2 = 41%). There was no difference in the odds of poor neurological outcomes (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.61-1.01; P = 0.07; I2 = 43%). Subgroup analysis showed a decrease in all-cause mortality and poor neurological outcomes with TH in shockable rhythms (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.80; P = 1.00; I2 = 0% and OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.32-0.72; P = 0.92; I2 = 0%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: TH may be beneficial in reducing mortality and poor neurological outcomes in comatose postcardiac arrest patients with shockable rhythms.

The effect of passive mobilization associated with blood flow restriction and combined with electrical stimulation on cardiorespiratory safety, neuromuscular adaptations, physical function, and quality of life in comatose patients in an ICU: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Intensive care unit-acquired atrophy and weakness are associated with high mortality, a reduction in physical function, and quality of life. Passive mobilization (PM) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation were applied in comatose patients; however, evidence is inconclusive regarding atrophy and weakness prevention. Blood flow restriction (BFR) associated with PM (BFRp) or with electrical stimulation (BFRpE) was able to reduce atrophy and increase muscle mass in spinal cord-injured patients, respectively. Bulky venous return occurs after releasing BFR, which can cause unknown repercussions on the cardiovascular system. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of BFRp and BFRpE on cardiovascular safety and applicability, neuromuscular adaptations, physical function, and quality of life in comatose patients in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: Thirty-nine patients will be assessed at baseline (T0-18 h of coma) and randomly assigned to the PM (control group), BFRp, or BFRpE groups. The training protocol will be applied in both legs alternately, twice a day with a 4-h interval until coma awake, death, or ICU discharge. Cardiovascular safety and applicability will be evaluated at the first training session (T1). At T0 and 12 h after the last session (T2), muscle thickness and quality will be assessed. Global muscle strength and physical function will be assessed 12 h after T2 and ICU and hospital discharge for those who wake up from coma. Six and 12 months after hospital discharge, physical function and quality of life will be re-assessed. DISCUSSION: In view of applicability, the data will be used to inform the design and sample size of a prospective trial to clarify the effect of BFRpE on preventing muscle atrophy and weakness and to exert the greatest beneficial effects on physical function and quality of life compared to BFRp in comatose patients in the ICU. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Universal Trial Number (UTN) Registry UTN U1111-1241-4344. Retrospectively registered on 2 October 2019. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBec) RBR-2qpyxf . Retrospectively registered on 21 January 2020, http://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-2qpyxf/.

Acute Effects of Lung Expansion Maneuvers in Comatose Subjects With Prolonged Bed Rest.

BACKGROUND: Patients with decreased consciousness are prone to prolonged bed rest and respiratory complications. If effective in reducing atelectasis, lung expansion maneuvers could be used to prevent these complications. In comatose, bedridden subjects, we aimed to assess the acute effect on regional lung aeration of 2 lung expansion techniques: expiratory positive airway pressure and the breath-stacking maneuver. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the influence of these lung expansion techniques on regional ventilation distribution, regional ventilation kinetics, respiratory pattern, and cardiovascular system. METHODS: We enrolled 10 subjects status post neurosurgery, unable to follow commands, and with prolonged bed rest. All subjects were submitted to both expansion techniques in a randomized order. Regional lung aeration, ventilation distribution, and regional ventilation kinetics were measured with electrical impedance tomography. RESULTS: Lung aeration increased significantly during the application of both expiratory positive airway pressure and breath-stacking (P < .001) but returned to baseline values seconds afterwards. The posterior lung regions had the largest volume increase (P < .001 for groups). Both maneuvers induced asynchronous inflation and deflation between anterior and posterior lung regions. There were no significant differences in cardiovascular variables. CONCLUSIONS: In comatose subjects with prolonged bed rest, expiratory positive airway pressure and breath-stacking promoted brief increases in lung aeration. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02613832.).

Relationship Between Duration of Targeted Temperature Management, Ischemic Interval, and Good Functional Outcome From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

OBJECTIVES: Tailoring hypothermia duration to ischemia duration may improve outcome from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We investigated the association between the hypothermia/ischemia ratio and functional outcome in a secondary analysis of data from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo Study trial. DESIGN: Cohort study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients screened for Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo Study. SETTING: Multicenter study across North America. PATIENTS: Adult, nontraumatic, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients screened for Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium-Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo Study who survived to hospital admission and received targeted temperature management between May 2012 and October 2015. INTERVENTIONS: Targeted temperature management in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. We defined hypothermia/ischemia ratio as total targeted temperature management time (initiation through rewarming) divided by calculated total ischemia time (approximate time of arrest [9-1-1 call or emergency medical services-witnessed] to return of spontaneous circulation). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary outcome was hospital survival with good functional status (modified Rankin Score, 0-3) at hospital discharge. We fitted logistic regression models to estimate the association between hypothermia/ischemia ratio and the primary outcome, adjusting for demographics, arrest characteristics, and Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium enrolling site. A total of 3,429 patients were eligible for inclusion, of whom 36.2% were discharged with good functional outcome. Patients had a mean age of 62.0 years (SD, 15.8), with 69.7% male, and 58.0% receiving lay-rescuer cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Median time to return of spontaneous circulation was 21.1 minutes (interquartile range, 16.1-26.9), and median duration of targeted temperature management was 32.9 hours (interquartile range, 23.7-37.8). A total of 2,579 had complete data and were included in adjusted regression analyses. After adjustment for patient characteristics and Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium site, a greater hypothermia/ischemia ratio was associated with increased survival with good functional outcome (odds ratio, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.82-2.23). This relationship, however, appears to be primarily driven by time to return of spontaneous circulation in this patient cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Although a larger hypothermia/ischemia ratio was associated with good functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in this cohort, this association is primarily driven by duration of time to return of spontaneous circulation. Tailoring duration of targeted temperature management based on duration of time to return of spontaneous circulation or patient characteristics requires prospective study.

Trastornos prolongados de conciencia postinjuria cerebral aguda / Prolonged disorders of consciousness after an acute brain injury

Only a fraction of patients in coma secondary to a primary acute brain injury develop a vegetative state (VS). At least 20% of patients show late transitions to a minimally conscious states (MCS). They are particularly common in young adults with traumatic brain injury. The main problems faced by clinicians are the diagnostic accuracy of VS and MCS as well as the usefulness of sophisticated paraclinical investigations. Specific therapies are of limited effectiveness. This population is vulnerable to misdiagnosis and limited access to medical care and rehabilitation, thus generating ethical problems.

Disorders of Consciousness: Practical Management in an Emergency Room

Lowering of the level of consciousness is a very common presentation at the emergency room, often without any history that helps finding an etiology. This emergency requires quick empirical measures to reduce neuronal mortality, with additional protection against sequelae. According to the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines, there are current emergency neurological support protocols, such as the Emergency Neurological Life Support (ENLS) created by the Neurocritical Care Society. The present paper shows how to approach unconscious patients, highlighting possible etiologies and proposed treatments.

Real and illusory perceptions of patients in induced coma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify, in the scientific literature, real and illusory perceptions of adult patients in induced coma. METHODS: This is an integrative review of 15 primary studies from the Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. RESULTS: The main memories reported after induced coma were thirst, cold, and pain. In some studies, patients reported they were unable to tell whether they were awake or dreaming, whether it was real or unreal. Satisfactory memories were reported by patients related to the care received and the use of bedside journals. CONCLUSION: Evidence showed a number of studies aiming to identify delirium, but without a focus on analyzing real or illusory perceptions of patients after induced coma. Thus, this integrative review identified scientific evidence of memories related to perceptions of sedated patients in the intensive care unit.

Real and illusory perceptions of patients in induced coma / Percepciones reales e ilusorias de pacientes en coma inducido / Percepções reais e ilusórias de pacientes em coma induzido

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify, in the scientific literature, real and illusory perceptions of adult patients in induced coma. Methods: This is an integrative review of 15 primary studies from the Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL and SCOPUS databases. Results: The main memories reported after induced coma were thirst, cold, and pain. In some studies, patients reported they were unable to tell whether they were awake or dreaming, whether it was real or unreal. Satisfactory memories were reported by patients related to the care received and the use of bedside journals. Conclusion: Evidence showed a number of studies aiming to identify delirium, but without a focus on analyzing real or illusory perceptions of patients after induced coma. Thus, this integrative review identified scientific evidence of memories related to perceptions of sedated patients in the intensive care unit.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar, a partir de la literatura científica, percepciones reales e ilusorias de pacientes adultos en coma inducido. Método: Revisión integrativa de 15 estudios primarios alojados en las bases de datos Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL y SCOPUS. Resultados: Los recuerdos más reportados luego del coma inducido son sed, frío y dolor. Existen estudios en los que los pacientes afirmaron no distinguir si estaban despiertos o soñando, si era real o irreal. Se identificaron relatos de recuerdos satisfactorios relacionados al cuidado recibido y al uso diario de cabecera. Conclusión: Las evidencias mostraron un abanico de estudios cuyo objetivo era identificar el delirium, aunque con menor enfoque en la identificación real o ilusoria del paciente luego del coma inducido. Así, esta revisión integrativa consiguió identificar evidencias científicas acerca de los recuerdos relativos a la percepción del paciente sedado e internado en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar, a partir da literatura científica, percepções reais e ilusórias de pacientes adultos em coma induzido. Método: Revisão integrativa de 15 estudos primários localizados nas bases de dados Medline, Web of Science, LILACS, CINAHL e SCOPUS. Resultados: As principais memórias relatadas após o coma induzido são sede, frio e dor. Há estudos em que os pacientes afirmaram não distinguir se estavam acordados ou sonhando, se o que acontecia era real ou irreal. Identificaram-se relatos de memórias satisfatórias relacionadas ao cuidado recebido e ao uso de diários de cabeceira. Conclusão: As evidências mostraram um leque de estudos direcionados a identificar o delirium, porém com menor foco na identificação da percepção real ou ilusória do paciente após coma induzido. Desse modo, esta revisão integrativa proporcionou a identificação de evidências científicas sobre as memórias relativas à percepção do paciente sedado e em estadia na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva.

Neurological Prognostication After Cardiac Arrest in the Era of Target Temperature Management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this study is to provide an updated review on neurological prognostication in comatose patients after cardiac arrest in light of current targeted temperature management (TTM) strategies. RECENT FINDINGS: With improved pre-hospital and hospital care, death due to cardiac arrest is decreasing. Yet, most survivors have poor neurological outcomes. While TTM has demonstrated to improve neurological outcomes, it may cloud our prognostic accuracy. A multimodal approach is currently used to diminish prognostic uncertainty. The neurological examination remains the mainstay for prognosis after cardiac arrest. The combination electroencephalogram, somatosensory evoked potentials, and neuron-specific enolase improve prognostic accuracy, mostly in patients who underwent TTM. Quantitative analysis of pupillary reaction and EEG background variability, neuroimaging (CT perfusion and DWI-MRI), and middle/long-latency evoked potentials are promising methods that may further improve the precision of outcome prognostication.

[Prolonged disorders of consciousness after an acute brain injury]. / Trastornos prolongados de conciencia postinjuria cerebral aguda.

Only a fraction of patients in coma secondary to a primary acute brain injury develop a vegetative state (VS). At least 20% of patients show late transitions to a minimally conscious states (MCS). They are particularly common in young adults with traumatic brain injury. The main problems faced by clinicians are the diagnostic accuracy of VS and MCS as well as the usefulness of sophisticated paraclinical investigations. Specific therapies are of limited effectiveness. This population is vulnerable to misdiagnosis and limited access to medical care and rehabilitation, thus generating ethical problems.

[Myxedema coma]. / Coma mixedematoso.

Hypothyroidism is a frequently diagnosed and simply treated disease. If not recognised, however, in time it may develop into the most severe manifestation of hypothyroidism known as myxedema coma. The term "myxedema coma" is generally seen as misleading since most patients do not initially present in a coma. The typical progression is lethargy evolving into stupor and, eventually, into coma with respiratory failure and hypothermia. It mainly affects elderly women, often occurring in winter and is relatively rare. It can be considered a form of decompensated hypothyroidism often triggered by a variety of non-thyroid conditions or diseases provoking an extremely severe condition of multiple system failure with lethal consequences unless an early diagnosis is made and an aggressive treatment is administered.

Coma mixedematoso / Myxedema coma

El hipotiroidismo es una enfermedad frecuente, de diagnóstico y tratamiento simples. Si no es detectada a tiempo puede progresar a la forma más grave conocida como coma mixedematoso. El término "coma mixedematoso" es considerado generalmente engañoso, ya que la mayoría de los pacientes no se presenta inicialmente en estado de coma. La progresión típica es la letargia, evolucionando al estupor y eventualmente al coma, con insuficiencia respiratoria e hipotermia. Es relativamente infrecuente, afecta fundamentalmente a mujeres ancianas, y a menudo ocurre en invierno. Esta entidad debe ser considerada una forma de hipotiroidismo descompensado, desencadenada a partir de una variedad de enfermedades o condiciones no tiroideas que provocan un compromiso sistémico generalizado de extrema gravedad, con desenlace fatal de no mediar un diagnóstico precoz y un tratamiento intensivo.

Hypothyroidism is a frequently diagnosed and simply treated disease. If not recognised, however, in time it may develop into the most severe manifestation of hypothyroidism known as myxedema coma. The term "myxedema coma" is generally seen as misleading since most patients do not initially present in a coma. The typical progression is lethargy evolving into stupor and, eventually, into coma with respiratory failure and hypothermia. It mainly affects elderly women, often occurring in winter and is relatively rare. It can be considered a form of decompensated hypothyroidism often triggered by a variety of non-thyroid conditions or diseases provoking an extremely severe condition of multiple system failure with lethal consequences unless an early diagnosis is made and an aggressive treatment is administered.

Estimulação multissensorial em pacientes comatosos: uma revisão da literatura / Estímulo multi-sensorial en pacientes comatosos: encuesta sobre la literatura / Multisensorial stimulation in comatose patients: a literature survey

O estado de coma é uma situação que se caracteriza pelo extremo rebaixamento do nível de consciência, em que o indivíduo permanece com os olhos fechados, sem percepção alguma do meio externo, incapaz de se comunicar, responder a comandos e emitir comportamentos elaborados. O nível de consciência, ou seja, o estado de alerta comportamental que nos mantém despertos, depende do Sistema Ativador Reticular Ascendente (SARA), que é localizado na região pontomesencefálica do tronco encefálico. O coma pode ser gerado por diversas etiologias, causando prejuízos na ação de ativação cortical desempenhada pelo Sistema Ativador Reticular Ascendente. Com intuito de facilitar a recuperação do estado de coma, foram criados programas de estimulação multissensorial, visando a estimular o Sistema Ativador Reticular Ascendente e, assim, auxiliar na recuperação do nível de consciência de pacientes comatosos. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o que a literatura mostra sobre a influência da estimulação multissensorial sobre o nível de consciência de pacientes em estado de coma. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicos Medline, Cochrane, Scielo e Lilacs, nos sites de pesquisas Pubmed e Highwire. Foram selecionados artigos científicos de 1983 a 2007. Os descritores utilizados foram: coma, estimulação sensorial, percepção e reabilitação. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos enfocando a estimulação multissensorial em pacientes comatosos, e foram excluídos artigos que estudaram outras formas de tratamento realizadas em pacientes em coma que não objetivaram o aumento do nível de consciência. Foram analisados vinte artigos científicos que apresentaram resultados controversos em relação ao tipo de estimulação, tempo de duração da terapia e resultados alcançados após a aplicação do programa de estimulação multissensorial em comatosos. Apesar de indícios clínicos apontarem melhora no nível de consciência com a utilização da...

A coma is a situation of extreme degradation of the level of consciousness where the individual remains with closed eyes, with no perception of the external world, incapable of communicating, answering to commands and having elaborated behaviors. The level of consciousness, that is, the alert state that keeps us awaken, depends on Ascendant Reticular Activating System, which is located at the core of the brainstem between the myelencephalon and the mesencephalon.Coma may be generated by several etiologies, causing damages in ARAS’s cortical activation. With the intention of facilitating the recovery from coma, programs of multisensorial stimulation (MS) were created aiming to stimulate ARAS and thus to assist in the recovery of the level of conscience of comatose patients. In view of this, the objective of this work was to analyze what the literature shows about the influence of multisensorial stimulation on the level of consciousness of coma patients. We did a literature survey in the electronic databases Medline, Cochrane, Scielo and Lilacs and in Pubmed and Highwire search sites. Articles selected cover the period 1983- 2007. Keywords used were: coma, sensorial stimulation, perception and rehabilitation. We included clinical assays focusing in MS for comatose patients, and excluded articles that had studied other forms of treatment in comatose patients that did not aimed at increasing the level of consciousness. Twenty scientific articles were analyzed that presented controversial results regarding the type of stimulation, time of duration of the therapy and results reached after the application of the multisensorial stimulation program in comatose patients. Although clinical indications pointed to improvements in the level of consciousness with the use of multisensorial stimulation, there is no scientific evidence of its effectiveness. No randomized clinical assay was located that really established the improvement of the level of...

El coma es una situación de la degradación extrema del nivel de conciencia (NC) donde el individuo permanece con los ojos cerrados, sin ninguna percepción del mundo externo, incapaz de comunicarse, contestar a los comandos ni de tener comportamientos elaborados. El nivel de conciencia, es decir, el estado de alerta que nos mantiene despiertos, depende del Sistema Activador Reticular Ascendente (SARA), que está situado en la base del tronco cerebral entre la parte trasera del cerebro y el mesencéfalo. El coma se puede generar por varias etiologías, causando daños en la activación cortical de ARAS. Con la intención de facilitar la recuperación del coma, se crearan programas de estímulo multi-sensorial (EM) para estimular el Sistema Activador Reticular Ascendente y asistir así a la recuperación del nivel de conciencia de pacientes comatosos. En vista de esto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar qué la literatura muestra acerca de la influencia del EM en el nivel de conciencia de pacientes comatosos. Hicimos una encuesta sobre la literatura en las bases de datos electrónicas Medline, Cochrane, Scielo y Lilacs y en los sitios de búsqueda de Pubmed y de Highwire. Los artículos seleccionados cubren el período 1983- 2007. Las palabras claves usadas fueran: coma, estímulo sensorio, percepción y rehabilitación. Incluimos los análisis clínicos que se enfocaban en el estímulo multi-sensorial para pacientes comatosos, y excluimos los artículos que estudiaran otras formas de tratamiento en los pacientes comatosos que no tienen como objetivo aumentar el nivel de conciencia. Veinte artículos científicos fueran analizados porque presentaron resultados polémicos respecto al tipo de estímulo, la época de duración de la terapia y los resultados alcanzados después del uso del programa del estímulo multi-sensorial en pacientes comatosos. Aunque las indicaciones clínicas señalaron mejoras en el nivel de conciencia con el uso del estímulo multi-sensorial, no hay...

Toxic clonidine ingestion in children.

OBJECTIVES: We performed a prospective case series to seek dosage or clinical parameters to better identify patients who need direct medical evaluation. STUDY DESIGN: All clonidine ingestions in children younger than 12 years of age reported to 6 poison centers were followed for a minimum of 24 hours. Exclusion criterion was polydrug ingestion. RESULTS: The study included 113 patients, of whom 63 were male. Mean age was 3.8 years (+/-2.4 SD). Clinical effects were common, but severe adverse effects occurred in <10% of patients. The dose ingested was reported for 90 patients (80%); 61 (68%) children ingested <0.3 mg and none had coma, respiratory depression, or hypotension. The lowest dose ingested by history with coma and respiratory depression was 0.3 mg (0.015 mg/kg). Prior clonidine therapy did not affect outcome. Onset of full clinical effects in all cases was complete within 4 hours of ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend direct medical evaluation for (1) all children 4 years of age and younger with unintentional clonidine ingestion of >or=0.1 mg, (2) ingestion of >0.2 mg in children 5 to 8 years of age, and (3) ingestion of >or=0.4 mg in children older than 8 years of age. Observation for 4 hours may be sufficient to detect patients who will develop severe effects.

Estado actual del manejo del traumatismo craneoencefálico Grave en los hospitales de atención al adulto en Cuba / s. t

OBJETIVOS. Estudiar las prácticas actuales en el monitoreo y manejo de pacientes adultos con Trauma Cráneo Encefálico Grave en Cuba. MÉTODO. Se le realizó una encuesta por vía telefónica a especialistas dedicados al manejo de pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico grave, de los diecisiete hospitales que realizan tratamiento definitivo de traumatismos craneoencefálicos graves en la población adulta de todo el país. Se relacionaron datos acerca de las características generales de cada unidad, características asistenciales en esta patología, técnicas de monitoreo, cuidados generales y monitoreo y control de la Hipertensión Intracraneal , a los datos obtenidos se les determinó distribución de frecuencia. RESULTADOS. El 100 por ciento de las unidades fueron centros de tratamiento definitivo para pacientes con trauma craneoencefálico grave, estos pacientes son atendidos solo en un 5.88 por ciento en una unidad traumatológica, en el 58,83 por ciento de los centros existe disponibilidad de TAC y en el 70,59 por ciento de las unidades existe personal médico con especial dedicación al neurointensivismo. En el 70,59 por ciento de las unidades se monitorea la presión intracraneal, aunque solo un 52,95 por ciento lo hace en más del 50 por cienot de los pacientes, en el 64,7 por ciento de los centros se monitorea la saturación de oxihemoglobina venosa yugular y solo un 35,29 por ciento pueden monitorearse la actividad eléctrica cerebral en la terapia intensiva. En el control de la presión intracraneal el manitol se utiliza en el 100 por ciento de los centros, el coma barbitúrico en el 35,29 por ciento, la furosemida ya no se utiliza en el 41.18 por ciento y solo utilizan corticoesteroides un 11.76 por ciento de las unidades. CONCLUSIONES. Existe una considerable variación en los criterios de monitoreo y manejo de pacientes con Trauma Cráneo Encefálico grave en Cuba. El establecimiento de lineamientos basados sobre las buenas evidencias y el uso racional de los recursos puede resultar en una mejoría en la calidad del cuidado brindado a estos enfermos(AU)