ABSTRACT
Objetivo: o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar sobre a forma de mapa conceitual o consenso de asma na Pediatria. Métodos: foi realizada a revisão do consenso GINA e apresentaram-se conjuntos de ideias e conceitos sobre o tema sob a forma de um mapa conceitual. Resultados: a asma é definida como doença inflamatória crônica de via aérea inferior. Seu diagnóstico em crianças é clínico e deve basear-se em história de sintomas característicos, exame físico e evidência de limitação variável do fluxo aéreo expiratório. A avaliação da asma baseia-se no controle dos sintomas após o tratamento adequado e na minimização dos riscos futuros que contribuem para a ocorrência de exacerbações e gravidade da sintomatologia. De acordo com nível de controle pode ser classificada em controlada, parcialmente controlada e fora de controle. O tratamento visa ao controle dos sintomas e à redução dos riscos futuros, mormente exacerbações ("crises"). O componente terapêutico não farmacológico fundamenta-se em tentar controlar os fatores de risco potencialmente evitáveis e o tratamento farmacológico é dividido em etapas que variam de um a cinco, com utilização de broncodilatadores de curta ação nas crises além corticoides inalatórios associados ou não a broncodilatadores de longa duração, antagonistas de leucotrienos e ainda anti-IgE na etapa 5. Conclusões: o médico, ao se deparar com uma criança com asma, deve acompanhar periodicamente a sua evolução, verificar os problemas e dificuldades existentes para o tratamento de maneira individualizada, adequando e analisando a resposta terapêutica passo a passo.(AU)
Objective: the present study aims to present in the form of a conceptual map consensus of asthma in Pediatrics. Methods: the GINA consensus review was performed. Issues and concepts about the theme were presented in the form of a map. Results: Asthma is defined chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airway. The diagnosis of asthma in children is clinical and must be based on a history of characteristic symptoms, physical examination, and evidence of expiratory air flow limitation. The evaluation of asthma is based on symptoms controls after proper treatment and the decrease of future risks that contribute to the occurrence of exacerbations and severity of symptoms. According to level of control can be classified into controlled, partly controlled and out of control. Treatment aims to control symptoms and reduce future risks; non-pharmacological treatment is based on trying to control the potentially avoidable risk factors; The pharmacological treatment is divided into steps ranging from 1 to 5 with use of short-acting bronchodilators for exacerbations, inhaled corticosteroids associated or not with the long-acting bronchodilators; leukotriene antagonists and also anti IgE in step 5. Conclusions: The doctor when faced with a child with asthma should periodically monitor its progress, check the problems and difficulties for the treatment analyzing therapeutic response step by step(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Asthma/diagnosis , Concept Formation/drug effects , Asthma/prevention & control , Asthma/drug therapy , Bronchodilator Agents/therapeutic use , Leukotriene Antagonists/therapeutic use , Omalizumab/therapeutic useABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis is the most used illicit drug worldwide, however only a few studies have examined cognitive deficits related to its use. Clinical manifestations associated with those deficits include a motivational syndrome, impairment in cognitive flexibility, inattention, deficits in abstract reasoning and concept formation, aspects intimately related to the executive functions, which potentially exert a central role in substance dependence. The objective was to make a review about consequences of cannabis use in executive functioning. METHOD: This review was carried out on reports drawn from MedLine, SciELO, and Lilacs. DISCUSSION: In studies investigating acute use effects, higher doses of tetrahydrocannabinol are associated to impairments in performance of nonsevere users in planning and control impulse tasks. However, chronic cannabis users do not show those impairments. Although demonstration of residual effects of cannabis in the executive functioning is controversial, persistent deficits seem to be present at least in a subgroup of chronic users after 28 days of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological studies found did not have as a main aim the evaluation of executive functioning. A criterial selection of standardized neuropsychological tests, more appropriate study designs as well as concomitant investigations with structural and functional neuroimaging techniques may improve the understanding of eventual neurotoxicity associated with cannabis use.
Subject(s)
Cannabinoids/pharmacology , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Cognition/drug effects , Marijuana Abuse/psychology , Marijuana Smoking/adverse effects , Attention/drug effects , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Concept Formation/drug effects , Decision Making , Dronabinol/toxicity , Frontal Lobe/drug effects , Humans , Impulsive Behavior/chemically induced , Impulsive Behavior/physiopathology , Impulsive Behavior/psychology , Marijuana Smoking/physiopathology , Marijuana Smoking/psychology , Neuropsychological TestsABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: A maconha é a droga ilícita mais consumida no mundo, porém ainda existem poucos estudos examinando eventuais prejuízos cognitivos relacionados ao seu uso. As manifestações clínicas associadas a esses déficits incluem síndrome amotivacional, prejuízo na flexibilidade cognitiva, desatenção, dificuldade de raciocínio abstrato e formação de conceitos, aspectos intimamente ligados às funções executivas, as quais potencialmente exercem um papel central na dependência de substâncias. O objetivo do estudo foi fazer uma revisão a respeito das implicações do uso da maconha no funcionamento executivo. MÉTODO: Esta revisão foi conduzida utilizando-se bases de dados eletrônicas (MedLine, Pubmed, SciELO and Lilacs). DISCUSSÃO: Em estudos de efeito agudo, doses maiores de tetrahidrocanabinol encontram-se associadas a maior prejuízo no desempenho de usuários leves em tarefas de controle inibitório e planejamento; porém, este efeito dose-resposta não ocorre em usuários crônicos. Embora haja controvérsias no que se refere a efeitos residuais da maconha, déficits persistentes parecem estar presentes após 28 dias de abstinência, ao menos em um subgrupo de usuários crônicos. CONCLUSÕES: Os estudos encontrados não tiveram como objetivo principal a avaliação das funções executivas. A seleção de testes padronizados, desenhos de estudos mais apropriados e o uso concomitante com técnicas de neuroimagem estrutural e funcional podem auxiliar na melhor compreensão das conseqüências deletérias do uso crônico da maconha no funcionamento executivo.
OBJECTIVE: Cannabis is the most used illicit drug worldwide, however only a few studies have examined cognitive deficits related to its use. Clinical manifestations associated with those deficits include amotivational syndrome, impairment in cognitive flexibility, inattention, deficits in abstract reasoning and concept formation, aspects intimately related to the executive functions, which potentially exert a central role in substance dependence. The objective was to make a review about consequences of cannabis use in executive functioning. METHOD: This review was carried out on reports drawn from MedLine, SciELO, and Lilacs. DISCUSSION: In studies investigating acute use effects, higher doses of tetrahydrocannabinol are associated to impairments in performance of nonsevere users in planning and control impulse tasks. However, chronic cannabis users do not show those impairments. Although demonstration of residual effects of cannabis in the executive functioning is controversial, persistent deficits seem to be present at least in a subgroup of chronic users after 28 days of abstinence. CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological studies found did not have as a main aim the evaluation of executive functioning. A criterial selection of standardized neuropsychological tests, more appropriate study designs as well as concomitant investigations with structural and functional neuroimaging techniques may improve the understanding of eventual neurotoxicity associated with cannabis use.