"Social malaise... demonic agitation:" anarchism according to the criminology of the French physician Alexandre Lacassagne. / "Mal-estar social... uma agitação demoníaca": o anarquismo segundo a criminologia do médico francês Alexandre Lacassagne.

This article analyzes the way anarchism and its followers were understood in L'assassinat du président Carnot, by the French physician Alexandre Lacassagne. A few months before the book was published, in June 1894, the president of France, Sadi Carnot, had been killed by the Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio. Lacassagne was called upon to perform the autopsy of Carnot's body and a psychiatric examination of Caserio. The results of these two analyses were published in the aforementioned book. He made his observations on the anarchist in the broader context of criminological debates pursued in the late nineteenth century, which were not restricted solely to the authors of Italian criminology.

O artigo analisa a maneira como o anarquismo e os seus adeptos foram compreendidos na obra do médico Alexandre Lacassagne L'assassinat du président Carnot (1894). Poucos meses antes da circulação do livro, em junho, o presidente da França, Sadi Carnot, foi morto pelo anarquista italiano Sante Geronimo Caserio. Em razão desse atentado, Lacassagne foi convocado para realizar a autópsia do corpo de Carnot e um exame psiquiátrico de Caserio. Os resultados dessas duas análises foram publicados na referida obra. As suas observações sobre o ácrata estavam inseridas nos debates criminológicos promovidos no final do século XIX, os quais não se restringiram unicamente aos autores da criminologia italiana.

"I would not wait for them to commit crime": Cesare Lombroso's criminal anthropology in Croatia.

Croatia is a Central European and Mediterranean country with a long maritime border with Italy. Throughout history, it was not only goods but also knowledge and medical practices that were exchanged over its borders. Following archival sources, individual informal networks, professional publications, daily newspapers, and public lectures, we aimed to present main channels by which Croatian intellectuals embraced Lombroso's criminal anthropology at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. We illuminated the fact that the adoption of Cesare Lombroso's concepts stimulated the joint engagement and communication of medical and legal realms in Croatia. Our analysis exposed the traces of Lombroso's ideas within the reform of the penal code, thus influencing forensic psychiatric practice. We showed how those ideas were translated into policy, politically exploited, and pitched into discussions employing rhetorical techniques, which led to the stigmatization of certain groups of people, particularly patients suffering from epilepsy. Our results also showed that, contrary to other countries that formed Austria-Hungary, the discussions about Lombroso's criminology waned in Croatia after the First World War. We believe that our results can close the gap on this topic, adding the evidence about the spread and influence of Lombroso's concepts within Austria-Hungary in the analyzed period.

Missing fingers

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Analysis of the crime scene model using three objects from the collection of the Hans Gross Museum of Criminology of the University of Graz.

As part of the collection in the Hans Gross Museum of Criminology in Graz there are still three crime scene reliefs; two of which were made by Hans Gross himself. The practical purpose of these criminal landscape models is something one could speculate about, but such models may have been useful in two fields: in the criminal lab and in the courtroom. To see the reliefs in a scientific experimental context as well as under the aspects of artwork and topography is as essential as emphasizing their genuine military character.

[Archaeology and criminology--Strengths and weaknesses of interdisciplinary cooperation]. / Archäologie und Kriminalwissenschaft Vom Nutzen und Nachteilinterdisziplinärer Kooperation.

Interdisciplinary cooperation of archaeology and criminology is often focussed on the scientific methods applied in both fields of knowledge. In combination with the humanistic methods traditionally used in archaeology, the finding of facts can be enormously increased and the subsequent hermeneutic deduction of human behaviour in the past can take place on a more solid basis. Thus, interdisciplinary cooperation offers direct and indirect advantages. But it can also cause epistemological problems, if the weaknesses and limits of one method are to be corrected by applying methods used in other disciplines. This may result in the application of methods unsuitable for the problem to be investigated so that, in a way, the methodological and epistemological weaknesses of two disciplines potentiate each other. An example of this effect is the quantification of qualia. These epistemological reflections are compared with the interdisciplinary approach using the concrete case of the "Eulau Crime Scene".

[Psychiatry and criminology in Criminal Justice: Jury Trial Courts and Appellate Courts in the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro, during the 1930s]. / Psiquiatria e criminologia na Justiça Penal: os Tribunais do Júri e de Apelação do Distrito Federal, década de 1930.

As part of a research study on the 1930s and 1940s medical-criminological debate in Brazil, this research paper analyzes some of the uses and criticisms of arguments of a psychiatric and criminological nature, among certain jurists who carried out important work in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1930s. In this context, these magistrates, tended to have significant psychiatric and criminological knowledge, in spite of all the heterogeneity, plurality and differences in perspectives that existed among them. We selected two principal areas to conduct an analysis of the activities of these jurists: the Appellate Court of the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro and Jury Trial Courts.

Psiquiatria e criminologia na Justiça Penal: os Tribunais do Júri e de Apelação do Distrito Federal, década de 1930 / Psychiatry and criminology in Criminal Justice: Jury Trial Courts and Appellate Courts in the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro, during the 1930s

Parte de uma pesquisa sobre o debate médico-criminológico no Brasil dos anos de 1930 e 1940, esta nota de pesquisa analisa alguns usos e críticas, entre certos juristas de importante atuação na cidade do Rio de Janeiro nos anos 1930, de argumentos de natureza psiquiátrica e criminológica. Tais magistrados, nesse contexto, tenderam a ter significativa erudição psiquiátrica e criminológica, apesar de toda heterogeneidade, pluralidade e diferenças de perspectivas existentes entre eles. Selecionamos dois espaços principais para análise da atuação desses juristas: o Tribunal de Apelação do Distrito Federal e o Tribunal do Júri.

As part of a research study on the 1930s and 1940s medical-criminological debate in Brazil, this research paper analyzes some of the uses and criticisms of arguments of a psychiatric and criminological nature, among certain jurists who carried out important work in the city of Rio de Janeiro during the 1930s. In this context, these magistrates, tended to have significant psychiatric and criminological knowledge, in spite of all the heterogeneity, plurality and differences in perspectives that existed among them. We selected two principal areas to conduct an analysis of the activities of these jurists: the Appellate Court of the Federal District of Rio de Janeiro and Jury Trial Courts.

The birth of modern criminology and gendered constructions of homosexual criminal identity.

There is a dearth of engagement with LGBTQ populations, and sexual orientation and gender identity more broadly, in the field of criminology. This article analyzes the treatment of sexual orientation and gender identity at the birth of the discipline around the 1870 s. Through an analysis of Cesare Lombroso's writings, the article argues that a multifaceted stigma of deviance attached to homosexuality and gender nonconformity in early criminological theory. The article explains this multifaceted stigma in terms of broader political, social, cultural, and legal developments before and during the late nineteenth century that shaped modern Western conceptions of sexual orientation and gender identity.

La pericia médico legal como forma de producir la verdad y sus adversarios en los tribunales brasileños de entreguerras / The medico-legal examination as a means of producing truth and its oponents in brazilian courtrooms during the interwar period

La pericia médico legal confería impacto social a las tesis de la criminología positivista de orientación biodeterminista que ejerció gran influencia en el Brasil de entreguerras. Esa pericia transformaba los conocimientos especializados, o sea, los saberes científicos, en documentos aceptables y eficientes, inteligibles y utilizables. Disciplinaba las relaciones entre derecho y medicina y acababa viabilizando el poder de juzgar. Pero en ese recorrido debía afirmarse contras otras tradiciones y saberes. Sus principales «adversarios» eran: el conocimiento policial producido por constreñimiento del sospechoso del crimen, principalmente a través de tortura; las decisiones tomadas por el tribunal del jurado y la producción de pruebas a partir de las declaraciones de los testigos; y el saber del propio individuo delincuente. Todas estas otras formas de «producir la verdad» tenían en común el hecho de originarse en el mundo indocto, extra científico, lo que acabó constituyendo el principal argumento de los médicos legistas contra ellas. Las reflexiones a continuación se ocupan de las disputas por las prerrogativas en producir la verdad en los espacios institucionales dedicados a combatir el acto antisocial y tratan de demostrar las estrategias del discurso médico-científico para imponerse a las formas legas que con él convivían en esos ambientes (AU)

The medico-legal examination ensured the existence and the social impact of the biological positivist approaches to criminology that gained influence in Brazil during the interwar period. This examination turned scientific knowledge into accepted and acceptable documents that were also intelligible and useful. Examinations were social currencies used to facilitate the relationship between the power and knowledge of legal medicine and criminology. They disciplined the relationship between law and medicine and made feasible the power of judging. However, along the way they had to assert themselves against other traditions and knowledge. Their main «opponents» were the information obtained by the police from an offense or crime suspect through coercion, especially by means of torture; the decisions made by the jury and the evidence obtained from witnesses; and the delinquent’s knowledge. What all these forms of «truth production» had in common was their non-expert origin, which became the main argument of forensic medical examiners against them. The aim of this article is to discuss the dispute over the prerogatives to produce the truth in institutional spaces that dealt with combating antisocial acts, and to point out the medico-scientific strategies used to prevail over the lay forms present in that shared environment (AU)

[Truth curves on soot blackened paper--apparatus-supported lie detection in Graz in the 1920s]. / Wahrheitskurven auf Russpapier. Apparaturengestützte Lügendetektion in Graz während der 1920er-Jahre.

In the 1920s, experiments with apparatus-supported lie detection and registration of expression were conducted at the Criminological Institute of the University of Graz in order to establish a sound methodological basis for testimony research. For this purpose, the criminologist Ernst Seelig used a method of lie detection developed by the psychologist Vittorio Benussi, which focuses on the analysis of breathing. Benussi had stated that the expiration after telling a lie was faster than after telling the truth, but Seelig could not verify this rule in forensic practice. Consequently, this method of lie detection was of no practical use for criminology. Seelig also carried out experiments with the method of registration of expression developed by the psychiatrist Otto Lowenstein. He registered the examinee's thoracic and abdominal breathing and the movements of the extremities with the help of a kymograph. By interpretation of the curves recorded on soot blackened paper, conclusions concerning the mental elements of an offence as well as the existence of certain dispositions and of amnesia should have been made possible. Seelig was convinced of the efficiency of this method. These experiments can be regarded as early attempts at finding not only simple facts but also answers to quasi-metaphysical questions concerning the "true nature" of man with the help of methods based on natural science and modern technology. Thus they are precursors of present-day neuroscience and neuro-imaging.

Optograms and criminology: science, news reporting, and fanciful novels.

A persistent nineteenth-century urban legend was the notion that photograph-like images of the last-seen object or person would be preserved in the eyes of the dead. This popular notion followed technological developments (the daguerreotype and ophthalmoscope) that antedated by decades a basic understanding of retinal physiology. From 1876 to 1877, Boll described photochemical bleaching of the retina and produced a crude retinal image that remained briefly visible after death in an experimental animal. From 1877 to 1881, Kühne elaborated the processes involved in photochemical transduction, and created more complex retinal images, or "optograms," that were visible after the death of experimental animals under special laboratory circumstances. In 1880, Kühne reported the first human "optogram" when he examined the eyes following the state execution of a convicted murderer. Although the work of these physiologists increased public interest in "optography" as a potential tool in forensic investigations, Kühne and his student, Ayres, concluded after an extensive series of investigations that optography would never be useful for this purpose. Nevertheless, because of the prior tantalizing results, optography became a frequent consideration in speculative news reports of sensational unsolved murders, and as a plot device in works of fiction, some quite fantastical. Fictional portrayals included works by Rudyard Kipling and Jules Verne. Despite denouncement of optography for forensic investigations by Kühne, and by numerous physicians, the general public and mass media continued to press for examination of the retinae of murder victims well into the twentieth century, particularly in high-profile unsolved cases.

Psicanálise na cena do crime / Psychoanalysis at the crime scene

O texto traz algumas reflexões sobre as relações da psicanálise com a criminologia. Para isso, o autor faz uma breve digressão sobre as origens da criminologia, a partir do trabalho de referência de Lombroso. Em seguida, apresenta as primeiras participações da psicanálise na cena do crime quando, no início do século XX, Freud apresenta uma conferência sobre a psicanálise e os fatos jurídicos e se posiciona sobre a criminologia do ponto de vista da psicanálise. São apresentadas também as diversas contribuições de psicanalistas sobre a criminologia e a culpa, o que leva a uma breve apresentação sobre o pathos, sobre o excesso, que levaria ao crime. Finalmente, o autor faz algumas considerações sobre a complexidade da dinâmica psíquica presente no ato criminoso, a qual só pode ser compreendida evocando-se cenários inconscientes.

The author discusses the relationship between psychoanalysis and criminology. A brief digression on the origins of criminology based on the reference work of Lombroso is presented. The first participation of psychoanalysis at the crime scene occurs when, in early twentieth century, Freud presented a lecture on psychoanalysis and legal facts, bringing forward the psychoanalytical point of view on criminology. Various contributions of other psychoanalysts on criminology and guilt are discussed, which leads to a brief digression about the pathos, the excess that could lead to crime. Finally, the author makes some considerations on the complexity of the psychological dynamics involved in the criminal act, which can only be understood when the unconscious scenarios are considered.

Psicanálise na cena do crime / Psychoanalysis at the crime scene

O texto traz algumas reflexões sobre as relações da psicanálise com a criminologia. Para isso, o autor faz uma breve digressão sobre as origens da criminologia, a partir do trabalho de referência de Lombroso. Em seguida, apresenta as primeiras participações da psicanálise na cena do crime quando, no início do século XX, Freud apresenta uma conferência sobre a psicanálise e os fatos jurídicos e se posiciona sobre a criminologia do ponto de vista da psicanálise. São apresentadas também as diversas contribuições de psicanalistas sobre a criminologia e a culpa, o que leva a uma breve apresentação sobre o pathos, sobre o excesso, que levaria ao crime. Finalmente, o autor faz algumas considerações sobre a complexidade da dinâmica psíquica presente no ato criminoso, a qual só pode ser compreendida evocando-se cenários inconscientes.(AU)

The author discusses the relationship between psychoanalysis and criminology. A brief digression on the origins of criminology based on the reference work of Lombroso is presented. The first participation of psychoanalysis at the crime scene occurs when, in early twentieth century, Freud presented a lecture on psychoanalysis and legal facts, bringing forward the psychoanalytical point of view on criminology. Various contributions of other psychoanalysts on criminology and guilt are discussed, which leads to a brief digression about the pathos, the excess that could lead to crime. Finally, the author makes some considerations on the complexity of the psychological dynamics involved in the criminal act, which can only be understood when the unconscious scenarios are considered.(AU)

Deficit or creativity: Cesare Lombroso, Robert Hertz, and the meanings of left-handedness.

In the first decade of the twentieth century two influential researchers attempted to explain the origin and impact of left-handedness in human history. The first, the Turin physician Cesare Lombroso, often referred to as the father of modern criminology, was nearing the end of his long distinguished career. Lombroso tied left-handedness to criminality, insanity, and feeble mindedness. According to Lombroso, these groups shared biological regressions to primitive mentalities that could not be reversed by education or training. The second, French sociologist Robert Hertz, was at the beginning of a career cut short by his death in combat during the First World War. Hertz challenged Lombroso's claims, insisting that the predominance of right-handedness, whatever its biological substrate, was ultimately a cultural artefact driven by a primitive human urge to make sense of the world by dividing it into binary oppositions in which the right was viewed as sacred and the left as profane. Ending discrimination against left-handedness would, according to Hertz, unleash access to both hands and thus both hemispheres. The results, he insisted, would allow repressed talents and creativity to flourish. The conflicting views of Lombroso and Hertz have informed investigations of the causes and consequences of left-handedness until today. While the language of the debate has been reframed in current scientific discourses, left-handedness continues to be portrayed in the contradictory ways first elaborated by Lombroso and Hertz more than a century ago as either the cause of a variety of learning disabilities or as the key that can unlock creativity and talent. The debate also exposed the extent to which other cultural concerns, particularly anti-Semitism, informed theories of handedness.

Transformaciones actuales del poder punitivo. Caracterización de sus principales rasgos / Atuais transformações do poder punitivo. Caracterização dos seus principais traços / Current transformations in the punitive power. Characterization of its main features

El documento aborda el tema de las recientes transformaciones del poder punitivo, a partir de dos niveles de análisis: el primero se ocupa de la descripción de los principales elementos contextuales en los que se insertan los cambios; el segundo desarrolla los rasgos generales que caracterizan estas transformaciones del poder punitivo en este momento. El propósito central es desarrollar un diagnóstico que permita detectar los principales y actuales problemas que enfrenta el discurso jurídico-penal y político criminal y, de este modo, contribuir a la determinación de nuevos escenarios de investigación de relevancia en la actualidad.

This document approaches the subject of recent transformations in the punitive power from two analysis levels, first focusing on the description of the main contextual elements where changes occur, and secondly developing the general features that currently characterize these transformations taking place in the punitive power. The core purpose is obtaining a diagnosis serving to detect the main and present problems confronted by the legal-criminal and political-criminal discourse and, in this way, contributing to determine new relevant research scenarios.

O documento aborda a questão das transformações recentes do poder punitivo, a partir dos dois níveis de análise: a primeira lida com a descrição dos principais elementos contextuais onde as mudanças são inseridas; a segunda desenvolve as características gerais que caracterizam estas transformações do poder punitivo neste momento. O principal objetivo é desenvolver um diagnóstico que permitirá detectar os problemas principais e atuais que o discurso jurídico-penal e político criminoso e, assim, contribuir para a determinação de novos cenários de pesquisas de relevância.