Aspectos psicológicos asociados a la cistitis intersticial / Psychological aspects associated with interstitial cystitis

La cistitis intersticial o síndrome de vejiga dolorosa es un padecimiento complejo asociado a dolor pélvico intenso con síntomas urinarios como urgencia, polaquiuria, dispareunia, incontinencia y nicturia, que afecta de manera importante la calidad de vida y las relaciones sociales y productivas del paciente. La evidencia muestra que el abordaje de los factores psicosociales que afectan a los pacientes con esta enfermedad es esencial. El tratamiento debe ir más allá de los síntomas clínicos y considerar los aspectos individuales de cada paciente, su salud mental, sus experiencias de vida y su comorbilidad, dado que los trastornos psicológicos como la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés postraumático pueden influir en la manera en que se percibe el dolor, y están ligados con la gravedad y el empeoramiento de los síntomas. La literatura presenta a la intervención psicológica desde el enfoque cognitivo conductual como un medio para disminuir el dolor, la ansiedad y el catastrofismo, dando al paciente herramientas que le permitan obtener una sensación de control a partir del afrontamiento y mejorar su calidad de vida.

Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome is a complex condition associated with intense pelvic pain with urinary symptoms such as urgency, pollakiuria, dyspareunia, incontinence and nocturia that significantly affects the patient's quality of life, social and productive relationships. Evidence shows that addressing the psychosocial factors that affect patients with this disease is essential. Treatment should go beyond clinical symptoms and consider the individual aspects of each patient, their mental health, life experiences and comorbidities, since psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder can influence the way pain is perceived and are linked to the severity and worsening of symptoms. The literature presents psychological intervention from the cognitive-behavioral approach to reduce pain, anxiety and catastrophism, giving the patient tools that allow him to obtain a sense of control from coping tools that allow him to improve his quality of life.

Medical evaluation and management of male and female voiding dysfunction: a review.

A significant workforce shortage of urologists available to serve the US population has been projected to occur over the next decade. Accordingly, much of the management of urologic patients will need to be assumed by other specialties and practitioners. Since primary care physicians are often first evaluate common urologic complaints, it makes sense that these physicians are in an excellent position to intervene in the management of these patients when appropriate. One of the most common complaints in urology is voiding dysfunction. The incidence of voiding dysfunction increases with age, with conservative estimates showing that over 50% of elderly patients suffer. Despite this high prevalence and its negative impact on quality of life, however, few seek or receive treatment, as many do not readily disclose these impactful yet personal symptoms. We sought to summarize the typical presentation, evaluation, assessment and therapeutic options for both male and female patients presenting with voiding dysfunction.

Treatment of bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) has various treatments; however, no standardized treatment has been established. The aim was to analyze different types of treatment of BPS/IC and their effectiveness. METHODS: A literature review with a search strategy for articles related to BPS/IC published between 1990 and 2014 was conducted on MEDLINE, PUBMED, and SCOPUS. Only randomized controlled trials in women were included in the meta-analysis, while other experimental studies were used as bases for a systematic review of the topic. Clinical trial quality was defined according to the Jadad scale. RESULTS: Of 356 articles, 13 were included in the analysis. The intervention methods were as follows: instillation of hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin A, intravesical lidocaine, hyperbaric chamber, massage, physiotherapy, phosphate-buffered saline, piroxicam in combination with doxepin, and others. We did not find any treatment with at least two randomized controlled trials for meta-analysis. Among the assessment tools for symptoms of BPS/IC, the most frequently used were the visual analogue scale, voiding record, and the O'Leary-Sant questionnaire. CONCLUSION: Existing studies were not able to define the best approach for the treatment of BPS/IC. The lack of standardized treatment may be related to the diversity of interventions used; therefore, further studies with better methodological quality are needed.

Síndrome da dor vesical/cistite intersticial: aspectos atuais / Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: current aspects

Síndrome da dor vesical é a nomenclatura proposta para substituir o termo antigamente conhecido como cistite intersticial. Deve ser diagnosticada com base nas queixas de dor, pressão ou desconforto pélvico crônico, relacionados à bexiga acompanhados por pelo menos outro sintoma urinário como urgência ou aumento de frequência. A prevalência estimada é de 300 por 100.000 mulheres. A etiologia e a fisiopatologia ainda não foram elucidadas, mas mecanismos neurológicos centrais, fatores genéticos, imunológicos e infecciosos parecem estar envolvidos. O diagnóstico é de exclusão e deve ser baseado nos sintomas. O teste com cloridrato de potássio intravesical não deve ser usado como ferramenta diagnóstica. A cistoscopia com hidrodistensão e biópsia auxilia na documentação e classificação da doença. O tratamento deverá ser multidisciplinar e multimodal, associando-se medicações orais com intravesicais, modificações na dieta e no estilo de vida e medidas não farmacológicas

Bladder pain syndrome is the nomenclature proposed to replace the term formerly known as interstitial cystitis. It should be diagnosed based on complaints of pain, chronic pelvic pressure or discomfort related to bladder accompanied by at least one other urinary symptom, such as urgency or increased frequency. The estimated prevalence is 300 per 100,000 women. The etiology and pathophysiology have not been elucidated, but central neurologic mechanisms, genetic, immunological and infectious factors seem to be involved. The diagnosis is by exclusion and should be based on symptoms. The test with intravesical potassium chloride should not be used as a diagnostic tool. Cystoscopy with hydrodistenstion and biopsy assist in the documentation and classification of the disease. Treatment should be multidisciplinary and multimodal, associating intravesical and oral medications, changes in diet and in lifestyle and nonpharmacological measures

Fisioterapia na cistite intersticial / Physical therapy on interstitial cystitis

Cistite intersticial (CI) é uma síndrome de etiologia desconhecida, multifatorial, que provoca sintomas no trato urinário inferior como aumento na frequência urinária, urgência miccional, noctúria, acompanhada de dor vesical que frequentemente é aliviada após a micção. A prevalência é maior nas mulheres, que podem apresentar dor em região suprapúbica, perineal, vaginal e, não raramente, dispareunia. A conduta terapêutica é difícil, pela baixa eficácia nos tratamentos oferecidos e pelo alto impacto da doença na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A fisioterapia surge como um tratamento promissor e de papel fundamental na melhora sintomatológica e redução da disfunção do assoalho pélvico, que comumente acometem os portadores dessa síndrome. Apesar da escassez de trabalhos científicos, principalmente no Brasil, utilizando apenas técnicas fisioterapêuticas, esta revisão discutiu o papel da fisioterapia na CI, enfatizando a terapia manual para o assoalho pélvico (massagem de Thiele) e a terapia comportamental como técnicas mais empregadas para alívio dos sintomas e melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a mulfactorial syndrome with unknown etiology, which causes symptoms on the lower urinary tract characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia and bladder pain that diminishes with bladder emptying. The prevalence is significantly higher in women who may have suprapubic, vaginal, perineal pains and dyspareunia. The therapeutic is difficult due to the lower efficiency of the treatments offered and the higher impact in the quality of patients' life. The physical therapy appears tobe a promising treatment and has a fundamental part on the symptoms improvement and reduction of pelvic floor dysfunction. In spite of the shortage of scientific articles using only physiotherapeutic techniques, mainly in Brazil, this review discussed the role of physical therapy on the IC, mainly manual therapy of pelvic floor (Thiele massage) and behavior therapy to relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life

Multimodal therapy for painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis: pilot study combining behavioral, pharmacologic, and endoscopic therapies.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effectiveness of combining behavioral therapy, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistension for treating painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with PBS/IC were prospectively enrolled in a pilot multimodal behavioral, pharmacologic and endoscopic treatment protocol. Behavioral modification included diet recommendations, fluid restriction to 64 oz. /day, progressive timed voiding and Kegel exercises. Oral pharmacologic therapy consisted of daily doses of macrodantin 100 mg, hydroxyzine 10-20 mg and urised 4 tablets. Patients underwent endoscopic bladder hydrodistention under anesthesia at least 2 weeks after protocol enrollment. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments were continued after the hydrodistention. O'Leary-Sant questionnaire scores were recorded before starting the protocol, after pharmacologic/behavioral therapy, 2 months post-hydrodistension, and at scheduled follow-up. RESULTS: Eighteen patients (72%) completed the pilot multimodal treatment protocol and were followed for a mean of 10.2 months. All patients were female with a median age of 36.3 years and had mean bladder capacity under anesthesia of 836 milliliters. Mean O'Leary-Sant symptom index scores for baseline symptoms, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistension and during follow up were 12.5, 8.6, 7.0, and 6.7 (p < 0.05). Mean O'Leary-Sant problem index scores for baseline, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistention and during follow up were 12.7, 8.9, 6.7, and 7.7 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our pilot multimodal protocol of behavioral modification, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistention demonstrated a significant progressive improvement in PBS/IC quality of life scores, compared to a pre-treatment baseline. These results should be validated in a larger, placebo controlled trial.

Multimodal therapy for painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis: pilot study combining behavioral, pharmacologic, and endoscopic therapies

Purpose: We evaluated the effectiveness of combining behavioral therapy, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistension for treating painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with PBS/IC were prospectively enrolled in a pilot multimodal behavioral, pharmacologic and endoscopic treatment protocol. Behavioral modification included diet recommendations, fluid restriction to 64 oz. /day, progressive timed voiding and Kegel exercises. Oral pharmacologic therapy consisted of daily doses of macrodantin 100 mg, hydroxyzine 10-20 mg and urised 4 tablets. Patients underwent endoscopic bladder hydrodistention under anesthesia at least 2 weeks after protocol enrollment. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments were continued after the hydrodistention. O'Leary-Sant questionnaire scores were recorded before starting the protocol, after pharmacologic/behavioral therapy, 2 months post-hydrodistension, and at scheduled follow-up. Results: Eighteen patients (72 percent) completed the pilot multimodal treatment protocol and were followed for a mean of 10.2 months. All patients were female with a median age of 36.3 years and had mean bladder capacity under anesthesia of 836 milliliters. Mean O'Leary-Sant symptom index scores for baseline symptoms, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistension and during follow up were 12.5, 8.6, 7.0, and 6.7 (p < 0.05). Mean O'Leary-Sant problem index scores for baseline, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistention and during follow up were 12.7, 8.9, 6.7, and 7.7 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our pilot multimodal protocol of behavioral modification, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistention demonstrated a significant progressive improvement in PBS/IC quality of life scores, compared to a pre-treatment baseline. These results should be validated in a larger, placebo controlled trial.

Cistectomia supra-trigonal para tratamento da cistite intersticial: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura / Supra-trigonal cystectomy for treatment of interstitial cystitis: report of two cases and literature review

A Cistite Intersticial (CI) é uma doença caracterizada por freqüência miccional, urgência e dor pélvica. Inicialmente descrita por Hunner, em 1915 e de etiologia obscura; causa impacto importante na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Predomina no sexo feminino e demonstra sérias dificuldades no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico e tratamento. Apresentamos dois casos de CI refratárias ao tratamento clínico, onde se realizou Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia; avaliamos o resultado pós-cirúrgico e impacto na qualidade de vida. As pacientes em acompanhamento no Ambulatório de Urologia do HSPM apresentavam síndrome de dor pélvica crônica e cumpriam os critérios clínicos e anatomopatológicos definidos para a CI. Após esgotadas as possibilidades terapêuticas convencionais, as pacientes foram submetidas à Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia. Observou-se melhor clínica, com remissão dos sintomas urinários. Na falha do tratamento clínico, a cirurgia deve ser considerada. A Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia tem demonstrado resultados funcionais satisfatórios e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com CI refratária (AU)

Cistectomia supra-trigonal para tratamento da cistite intersticial: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura

A Cistite Intersticial (CI) é uma doença caracterizada por freqüência miccional, urgência e dor pélvica. Inicialmente descrita por Hunner, em 1915 e de etiologia obscura; causa impacto importante na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Predomina no sexo feminino e demonstra sérias dificuldades no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico e tratamento. Apresentamos dois casos de CI refratárias ao tratamento clínico, onde se realizou Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia; avaliamos o resultado pós-cirúrgico e impacto na qualidade de vida. As pacientes em acompanhamento no Ambulatório de Urologia do HSPM apresentavam síndrome de dor pélvica crônica e cumpriam os critérios clínicos e anatomopatológicos definidos para a CI. Após esgotadas as possibilidades terapêuticas convencionais, as pacientes foram submetidas à Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia. Observou-se melhor clínica, com remissão dos sintomas urinários. Na falha do tratamento clínico, a cirurgia deve ser considerada. A Cistectomia Supra-trigonal com Ileocistoplastia tem demonstrado resultados funcionais satisfatórios e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes com CI refratária

Obstructive uropathy as the only manifestation of flare in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome.

Chronic interstitial cystitis and ureteral stenosis has occasionally been reported in systemic lupus erythematosus, mostly associated with gastrointestinal symptoms. We report a case of obstructive uropathy associated to chronic interstitial cystitis as the only manifestation of lupus flare in a patient with SLE and anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS) who had been in remission for many years. The development of chronic interstitial cystitis in patients with SLE and APS has not been previously reported. Histopathological study of her urinary bladder and ureteral meatus showed chronic inflammatory infiltrate in the subepithelium. Lack of significant lower urinary tract symptoms and gastrointestinal involvement were some of the factors that could have prevented an earlier diagnosis. Obstructive uropathy and renal insufficiency initially improved with immunosuppressive treatment and endoureteral protheses, but poor compliance to the therapy led to ominous ending.

Cistitis intersticial y enterocistoplastia de parche amplio, en Hospital Higueras de Talcahuano / Intersticial cystitis and large plaster enterocystoplsty in Hospital Higueras, Talcahuano

Se analizaron 15 casos de cistitis intersticial con múltiples tratamientos, entre abril de 1996 a marzo de 2004, del Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano, incluyéndose a las pacientes que cumplían con criterios clínicos (NIDDK), hallazgos cistoscópicos, biopsia y registro seriado de cartilla miccional. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron la hidrodistensión, instilación de Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), instilación de heparina y cirugía de agrandamiento vesical con íleon con distal sin cistectomía supratrigonal. El promedio de evolución sintomática antes del diagnóstico fue de 6,7 años. Las pacientes presentaban 25 micciones promedio por día con volumen miccional promedio de 112 cc, y capacidad máxima bajo anestesia de 487 cc (rango de 120 a 900 cc). El 87 por ciento refería mejoría transitoria con la hidrodistensión, con la heparina el 75 por ciento y el 44 por ciento de mejoría transitoria con DMSO. Las cuatro pacientes que requirieron de agrandamiento vesical se encuentran sin dolor, tienen adecuado vaciamiento y han retornado a sus actividades habituales. La mayor parte de nuestras pacientes han podido ser tratadas adecuadamente con medidas simples como la distensión vesical periódica a demanda y/o la instilación de sustancias. Fue adecuado reservar la ampliación vesical para casos extremos, obteniendo óptimos resultados con la técnica elegida.

Importância do diagnóstico de cistite intersticial na dor pélvica crônica / Importance of intersticial cystitis diagnosis in chronic pelvic pais

Esta revisão destaca a importância da inclusão da cistite intersticial na lista de possíveis doenças que estejam envolvidas na gênese da dor pélvica crônica, além de sua adequada investigação diagnóstica e tratamento. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática sobre o tema abordado , utilizando-se a base de dados do Medline. Na paciente com dor pélvica crônica deve-se suspeitar de cistite intersticial quando, associado à dor, exixtir a queixa de urgência, frequência miccional aumentada. A investigação ser feita com cistoscopia, teste do potássio e avaliação urodinâmica. A cicstite intersticial é um distúrbio crônico do trato urinário inferior. Não há medicação curativa para essa patologia, porém um tratamento de alívio dos sintomas pode proporcionar uma melhora na qualidade de vida.