ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Dietary interventions can directly affect several ASCVD risk factors. This study aimed to assess an association between dairy consumption and the odds of ASCVD and its risk factors in women with overweight and obesity. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 390 Iranian women aged 18-48 years and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m². Dairy consumption was assessed using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Participants were divided into tertiles based on their dairy consumption with 130 (33.3%) women in each category. RESULTS: The participants had an average age of 36.73 ± 9.18 years, and the mean BMI was 31.28 ± 4.30 kg/m2. In the unadjusted model, individuals in the third tertile of dairy consumption had 0.79 times lower odds of ASCVD compared to those in the first tertile (OR: 0.21; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.11, 0.41; P-value = 0.001). Additionally, we observed a significant inverse relationship between higher dairy intake and adiposity markers, blood pressure, and Triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI). CONCLUSION: The study revealed a negative association between dairy intake and the risk of ASCVD but this association diminished after adjusting for confounding factors. It also found a negative association between dairy consumption with BMI, fat mass index, body fat, blood pressure, and TyG-BMI.
Subject(s)
Cardiovascular Diseases , Dairy Products , Obesity , Overweight , Humans , Female , Cross-Sectional Studies , Iran/epidemiology , Adult , Middle Aged , Overweight/epidemiology , Young Adult , Adolescent , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Obesity/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
The dietary patterns of older adults, particularly in relation to meat, egg, and dairy (MED) consumption, significantly impact frailty, a state of heightened vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. This paper investigates the association between MED consumption and frailty among older Chinese adults, considering rural/urban disparities and gender differences. Analyzing data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) spanning from 2008 to 2018, this study explores how MED consumption influences frailty levels over time. The results show that moderate MED consumption is associated with slower frailty progression, suggesting a protective effect against frailty among older adults. However, excessive MED consumption, particularly among rural residents and females, is linked to accelerated frailty progression. Urban residents and males report higher MED consumption levels, possibly due to their greater access to diverse food options and traditional dietary preferences. The findings underscore the complex interplay between dietary habits, demographic factors, and frailty outcomes. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate frailty risk factors and promote healthy aging among Chinese older adults.
Subject(s)
Diet , Eggs , Frailty , Meat , Rural Population , Urban Population , Humans , Male , Female , Aged , China/epidemiology , Rural Population/statistics & numerical data , Frailty/epidemiology , Urban Population/statistics & numerical data , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Longitudinal Studies , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Aged, 80 and over , Sex Factors , Frail Elderly/statistics & numerical data , Feeding Behavior , East Asian PeopleABSTRACT
PURPOSE: With dairy products and fish being major sources of iodine in Switzerland, the growing popularity of plant-based alternatives may impact iodine nutrition. This study aimed to assess the iodine content in plant-based dairy and fish alternatives available in the Swiss market and compare them with conventional products. METHODS: In 2022, a market survey was conducted in Zurich, Switzerland, to identify the plant-based dairy and fish alternatives available and assess their iodine content. To evaluate the impact of plant-based alternatives on iodine consumption in Switzerland, we modeled dietary scenarios by substituting the intake of dairy and fish items with plant-based alternatives. In addition, we investigated fortification with calcium, vitamins B2, B12, and D. RESULTS: Out of 477 identified products, only four milk-alternative products were iodine fortified (median iodine concentration: 22.5 µg/100 ml). The median iodine concentration in unfortified plant-based alternatives was negligible compared to conventional dairy and fish products (milk: 0.21 vs 9.5 µg/100 ml; yogurt 0.36 vs 6.1 µg/100 g; cheese: 0.10 vs 20 µg/100 g; fish 0.50 vs 44 µg/100 g). Three portions of dairy per day as recommended by the Swiss Food Pyramid provide 25% of the RDA for iodine (150 µg/day), whereas substituting those with unfortified alternatives provides only 0.7% of the RDA. CONCLUSION: Only four out of 477 plant-based alternative products are iodine fortified in the Swiss market. Thus, the risk for consumers to miss out on the ca. 25% of the RDA for iodine by consuming plant-based alternatives is high, placing them at a risk for inadequate iodine intake.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products , Diet , Food, Fortified , Iodine , Iodine/administration & dosage , Iodine/analysis , Switzerland , Dairy Products/analysis , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Food, Fortified/statistics & numerical data , Animals , Diet/methods , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Fishes , Nutritional StatusABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Changes in body composition during aging include decreased muscle mass and increased fat mass. Women with low muscle mass with abdominal obesity (LMAO), in particular, could be at higher risk of morbidities and mortality than those with either sarcopenia or obesity alone. Dairy products, which contain whey protein and all essential amino acids, could have a beneficial role in preserving muscle mass and reducing obesity. We aimed to analyze the association between dairy protein and the development of LMAO in women using a large-scale, community-based prospective cohort. METHODS: Our analysis included 4251 women from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Participants were categorized into three groups by the tertile of dairy protein intake, which was assessed using a semi-quantitative 103-food item food frequency questionnaire. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass was estimated using the anthropometric equation. Low muscle mass (LM) was defined as a muscle mass of less than 15 kg in women. Abdominal obesity (AO) was defined as a weight to height ratio of 0.58 or greater. LMAO was defined as LM in combination with AO. Multiple Cox hazard regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between dairy protein intake and incident LMAO. RESULTS: During follow-up (mean, 9.6 years), 280 women newly developed LMAO. According to Cox proportional regression models, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for incident LMAO in the middle and highest tertiles were 0.89 (0.74-1.06) and 0.71 (0.59-0.86), compared with lowest tertile, after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that high dairy protein intake is inversely related with LMAO development in Korean women. Dairy protein intake could be effective in preventing incident LMAO.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Obesity, Abdominal/mortality , Obesity/physiopathology , Sarcopenia/physiopathology , Body Composition , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Diet/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Incidence , Middle Aged , Obesity/mortality , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology , Prospective Studies , Republic of Korea , Risk Assessment , Sarcopenia/mortalityABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Protein intake plays a key role in infants and children's growth, but high protein intake may have adverse long-term effects. Data on actual intakes in various populations are scarce. The aims of this study were (i) to assess daily protein intake (DPI) in non-breastfed infants and children aged 0.5-35 months in comparison with the population reference intake (PRI) set by the European Food Safety Authority, and to examine (ii) the various sources of this intake and their consumption patterns, and (iii) time-related changes in DPI over the last 4 decades. METHODS: Data from the Nutri-Bébé cross-sectional survey were used to assess DPI, DPI/kg BW and the protein-energy ratio (E%) by age group. The amounts and quality of each food consumed were recorded over three non-consecutive days and validated by two face-to-face interviews. RESULTS: Overall, this study included 1035 children. Median DPI were consistently above the PRI, reaching 4 times PRI in the older toddlers (41.4 g/d; range 15.1-64.0). Regardless of age, more than 95% of children had a DPI/kg BW above the PRI. Protein intake remained below 14 E% until 6 months of age and increased thereafter from 10% to 75% in children older than one year. Overall, DPI gradually decreased from 1981 to 2013. Milk and dairy products were the main contributors to DPI up to 2 years, while the share of other animal sources became predominant later. Plant contribution remained below 25% of DPI. CONCLUSION: Despite a gradual decrease over the last few decades, DPI have remained well above the PRI. As the predominant contributors to these intakes are animal sources, the potential long term health consequences of such high intake deserve consideration. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: NCT03327415 on ClinicalTrials.gov.
Subject(s)
Diet/statistics & numerical data , Dietary Proteins/analysis , Feeding Behavior , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet Surveys , Eating , Female , France , Humans , Infant , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Male , Recommended Dietary AllowancesABSTRACT
Lack of consistency in the relationship between dairy products consumption and breast cancer (BC) risk motivated us to evaluate this association in a case-control study of BC among Polish women. The study includes 1699 women 26-79 years of age, 823 BC cases identified in Cancer Registries and 876 randomly selected controls from the national population registry. Using a validated, semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the consumption of dairy products was collected for a time period of 10-15 years prior to BC diagnosis. We used logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, to assess the relationship between total dairy consumption as well as individual dairy groups of milk, cottage cheese and hard cheese and BC risk for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. For total consumption, a significant decrease in BC risk was observed with increased consumption of one serving/week, OR trend = 0.98, 2% decrease in risk, for premenopausal women only. For milk, a significant decrease in BC risk was observed for an increase in consumption of one glass/week, OR trend = 0.95, 5% decrease, in both strata of menopause. In contrast, for hard cheese, a significant increase in the risk of 10% was observed only in premenopausal women, OR trend = 1.10. Cottage cheese consumption significantly reduced BC risk by 20%, OR trend = 0.80, for an increase in one serving/week for postmenopausal women only. Our results show that individual dairy products have a statistically significant but bi-directional relationship with BC risk, which differs for premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Breast Neoplasms/etiology , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Aged , Animals , Case-Control Studies , Cheese/statistics & numerical data , Diet Surveys , Female , Humans , Incidence , Logistic Models , Middle Aged , Milk/statistics & numerical data , Poland/epidemiology , Registries , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Over the past decades, Mexico has become one of the main sweetener-consuming countries in the world. Large amounts of these sweeteners are in dairy products aimed at the children's market in various presentations such as yogurt, flavored milk, flan, and cheeses. Although numerous studies have shown the impact of sweeteners in adults, the current evidence for children is insufficient and discordant to determine if these substances have any risk or benefit on their well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the sweeteners present in 15 dairy products belonging to the school-age children's market in Mexico and their impact on health. These dairy products were selected through a couple of surveys directed at parents of school-age children. After that, the list of ingredients of each product was analyzed to identify their sweetener content. From there, exhaustive bibliographic research on sweeteners and their possible health effects was carried out, which included 109 articles and 18 studies. The results showed that at a neurological, endocrinological, cardiovascular, metabolic, osseous, renal, hepatic, dental, reticular, carcinogenic, and gut microbiota level; sucrose, fructose, high-fructose corn syrup, maltodextrins, sucralose, and acesulfame K, have a negative effect. While maltodextrins, stevia, polydextrose, and modified starch have a positive one. For these reasons, it is necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages that the consumption of each sweetener entails, as well as a determination of the appropriate acceptable daily intake (ADI).
Subject(s)
Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Food Services/statistics & numerical data , Health Status , Schools , Sweetening Agents/administration & dosage , Child , Humans , MexicoABSTRACT
Population-based studies suggest a role for dairy, especially yogurt, in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether dairy affects T2D risk after myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. We examined associations of (types of) dairy with T2D incidence in drug-treated, post-MI patients from the Alpha Omega Cohort. The analysis included 3401 patients (80% men) aged 60-80 y who were free of T2D at baseline (2002-2006). Dairy intakes were assessed using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Incident T2D was ascertained through self-reported physician diagnosis and/or medication use. Multivariable Cox models were used to calculate Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for T2D with dairy intake in categories and per 1-standard deviation (SD) increment. Most patients consumed dairy, and median intakes were 264 g/d for total dairy, 82 g/d for milk and 41 g/d for yogurt. During 40 months of follow-up (10,714 person-years), 186 patients developed T2D. After adjustment for confounders, including diet, HRs per 1-SD were 1.06 (95% CI 0.91-1.22) for total dairy, 1.02 (0.88-1.18) for milk and 1.04 (0.90-1.20) for yogurt. Associations were also absent for other dairy types and in dairy categories (all p-trend > 0.05). Our findings suggest no major role for dairy consumption in T2D prevention after MI.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , Myocardial Infarction/complications , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diet Surveys , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Netherlands/epidemiology , Proportional Hazards Models , Prospective StudiesABSTRACT
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are metabolic alterations associated with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in low and middle-income countries. Diet has a significant impact on the risk to develop MetS and T2D; in this regard, consumption of fruits, vegetables, and protein rich foods (from plant and animals) are important to prevent and manage these pathologies. There are limited studies regarding the potential association between Andean foods rich in proteins and the presence of cardio-metabolic conditions in Ecuador. It is necessary to develop new low-cost, local-culturally acceptable strategies to reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases. We describe the prevalence (baseline data) of MetS and T2D in the Ecuadorian cohort of the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study and their potential association with the consumption of protein rich foods, including beef, white meat, dairy and legumes. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 1,997 individuals aged 35-70 years (mean age 51 years, 72% women), included in the Ecuadorian cohort of the PURE study, from February to December 2018. The prevalence of MetS was 42% for male and 44% for female participants; the prevalence of T2D was 9% for male and 10% for female. Metabolic syndrome and T2D were more common in women older than 50 years of age with primary education or less, low economic income, and with obesity; MetS was more frequent in the rural area while T2D was more frequent in the urban area. Using logistic regression analysis, we observed a significant protective effect of higher consumption of dairy and legumes in the prevalence of MetS and T2D compared with low consumption. It will be important to develop policies for ample production and consumption of protein rich foods such as legumes and dairy, part of traditional diets, to reduce the burden of cardio-metabolic diseases.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet/adverse effects , Dietary Fiber/statistics & numerical data , Ecuador , Fabaceae , Female , Humans , Male , Meat Products/statistics & numerical data , Middle Aged , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Cardiometabolic diseases are prevalent in aging Americans. Although some studies have implicated greater intake of dairy products, it is not clear how dairy intake is related to biomarkers of cardiometabolic health. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to test the hypothesis that associations of dairy foods with biomarkers of lipid metabolism, insulin-like growth factor signaling, and chronic inflammation may provide clues to understanding how dairy can influence cardiometabolic health. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study in the Women's Health Initiative using baseline food frequency questionnaire data to calculate dairy intake. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Participants were 35,352 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 79 years at 40 clinical centers in the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Baseline (1993-1998) concentrations of 20 circulating biomarkers were measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to estimate percent difference in biomarker concentrations per serving of total dairy and individual foods (milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, and low-fat varieties). RESULTS: Lower triglyceride concentrations were associated with greater intake of total dairy (-0.8% [95% CI -1.2% to -0.3%]), mainly driven by full-fat varieties. Individual dairy foods had specific associations with circulating lipid components. For example, greater total milk intake was associated with lower concentrations of total cholesterol (-0.4% [95% CI -0.7% to -0.2%]) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.5% [95% CI -0.9% to -0.1%]), whereas greater butter intake was associated with higher total cholesterol (0.6% [95% CI 0.2% to 1.0%]) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.6% [95% CI 1.1% to 2.0%]) concentrations. In contrast, higher total yogurt intake was associated with lower total cholesterol (-1.1% [95% CI -2.0% to -0.2%]) and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.8% [95% CI 0.5% to 3.1%]). Greater total dairy intake (regardless of fat content), total cheese, full-fat cheese, and yogurt were consistently associated with lower concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein. However, milk and butter were not associated with these biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Higher dairy intake, except butter, was associated with a favorable profile of lipids, insulin response, and inflammatory biomarkers, regardless of fat content. Yet, specific dairy foods might influence these markers uniquely. Findings do not support a putative role of dairy in cardiometabolic diseases observed in some previous studies.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet/adverse effects , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Postmenopause/blood , Women's Health/statistics & numerical data , Aged , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet/methods , Diet Surveys , Dyslipidemias/etiology , Female , Humans , Inflammation , Insulin/blood , Linear Models , Lipid Metabolism , Lipids/blood , Middle Aged , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Dairy products might influence breast cancer (BC) risk. However, evidence is inconsistent. We sought to examine the association between dairy product consumption-and their subtypes-and incident BC in a Mediterranean cohort. The SUN ("Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra") Project is a Spanish dynamic ongoing cohort of university graduates. Dairy product consumption was estimated through a previously validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Incident BC was reported in biennial follow-up questionnaires and confirmed with revision of medical records and consultation of the National Death Index. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated with Cox regression models. Among 123,297 women-years of follow-up (10,930 women, median follow-up 12.1 years), we confirmed 119 incident BC cases. We found a nonlinear association between total dairy product consumption and BC incidence (pnonlinear = 0.048) and a significant inverse association for women with moderate total dairy product consumption (HRQ2vs.Q1 = 0.49 (95% CI 0.28-0.84); HRQ3vs.Q1 = 0.49 (95% CI 0.29-0.84) ptrend = 0.623) and with moderate low-fat dairy product consumption (HRQ2vs.Q1 = 0.58 (95% CI 0.35-0.97); HRQ3vs.Q1 = 0.55 (95% CI 0.32-0.92), ptrend = 0.136). In stratified analyses, we found a significant inverse association between intermediate low-fat dairy product consumption and premenopausal BC and between medium total dairy product consumption and postmenopausal BC. Thus, dairy products, especially low-fat dairy products, may be considered within overall prudent dietary patterns.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Adult , Breast Neoplasms/etiology , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Diet Surveys , Female , Humans , Incidence , Longitudinal Studies , Middle Aged , Postmenopause , Premenopause , Proportional Hazards Models , Risk Factors , Spain/epidemiology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Higher dairy intake during adulthood has been associated with lower colorectal cancer risk. As colorectal carcinogenesis spans several decades, we hypothesised that higher dairy intake during adolescence is associated with lower risk of colorectal adenoma, a colorectal cancer precursor. METHODS: In 27,196 females from the Nurses' Health Study 2, aged 25-42 years at recruitment (1989), who had completed a validated high school diet questionnaire in 1998 and undergone at least one lower bowel endoscopy between 1998 and 2011, logistic regression for clustered data was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Colorectal adenomas were diagnosed in 2239 women. Dairy consumption during adolescence was not associated with colorectal adenoma risk (OR highest vs. lowest [≥4 vs. ≤1.42 servings/day] quintile [95% CI] 0.94 [0.80, 1.11]). By anatomical site, higher adolescent dairy intake was associated with lower rectal (0.63 [0.42, 0.95]), but not proximal (1.01 [0.80, 1.28]) or distal (0.97 [0.76, 1.24]) colon adenoma risk. An inverse association was observed with histologically advanced (0.72 [0.51, 1.00]) but not non-advanced (1.07 [0.86, 1.33]) adenoma. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of younger women, higher adolescent dairy intake was associated with lower rectal and advanced adenoma risk later in life.
Subject(s)
Adenoma/diet therapy , Colorectal Neoplasms/diet therapy , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet , Feeding Behavior , Adenoma/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
AIMS: This cohort study examined the association of total and individual dairy products with the risk of incident MetS and its components in children and adolescents. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 531 participants aged 6-18 years without the MetS at baseline during an average 6.6-year follow-up period. Dairy consumption was estimated with a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire. The MetS was defined according to the Cook criteria. The multivariable regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) for incident MetS associated with the consumption of dairy products. RESULTS: The incidence of MetS was 9.8% after an average 6.6-year follow-up. After adjusting for potential confounders, OR (95% confidence interval) for incident MetS was 0.48 (0.23-1.00) for total dairy, 0.44 (0.21-0.92) for low-fat dairy, 0.46 (0.22-0.98) for low-fat milk, and 0.45 (0.21-0.97) for low-fat yogurt when comparing participants in the highest versus lowest tertile. A moderate intake of regular cheese was associated with decreased risk of MetS (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19-0.97). Replacing one serving/day of total dairy with nuts was associated with a lower (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42-0.95), whereas replacement by red and processed meat was associated with higher (OR: 1.55, 95%CI: 1.21-1.97) MetS risk. No significant association was found between high-fat dairy and MetS risk. CONCLUSIONS: Higher consumption of dairy products, particularly low-fat milk and yogurt, was associated with reduced risk of incident MetS, suggesting the capability of low-fat dairy products in the primary prevention of MetS in children and adolescents.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/etiology , Adolescent , Age Factors , Age of Onset , Animals , Child , Cohort Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Incidence , Iran/epidemiology , Male , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
The time after a breast cancer diagnosis is a potential period for making positive dietary changes, but previous results are conflicting. The main aim of the present study was to study breast cancer patients' dietary changes during the 12 months post-surgery and from 12 months pre-surgery to 12 months post-surgery with repeated administration of a 7-d pre-coded food diary and an FFQ, respectively. Women (n 506), mean age 55·3 years diagnosed with invasive breast cancer (stages I and II), were included. The dietary intake was quite stable over time, but the intake was lower for energy (0·3 and 0·4 MJ/d), alcohol (1·9 and 1·5 g/d) and vegetables (17 and 22 g/d) at 6 months than 3 weeks post-surgery (food diary) and at 12 months post-surgery than pre-surgery (FFQ), respectively. Furthermore, energy percentage (E%) from carbohydrates increased between 0·8 and 1·2 E% and E% from fat decreased between 0·6 and 0·8 E% over time, measured by both dietary assessment methods. We observed a higher intake of dairy products (11 g/d) at 6 months post-surgery (food diary), and a lower intake of dairy products (34 g/d) and red and processed meat (7·2 g/d) at 12 months post-surgery (FFQ). Moreover, 24 % of the patients claimed they made dietary changes, but mostly they did not change their diet differently compared with those patients who claimed no changes. In conclusion, breast cancer patients reported only minor dietary changes from 12 months pre-surgery and during the 12 months post-surgery.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/surgery , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Time Factors , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet Records , Diet Surveys , Dietary Fats/analysis , Eating , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Postoperative Period , Preoperative PeriodABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & AIMS: The impact of dairy consumption on breast cancer development is unclear. We sought to examine associations between long-term consumption of milk and fermented dairy products and risk of breast cancer by estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status and assess whether these associations varied by body weight. METHODS: The population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort included 33,780 women (88.2% postmenopausal), with no history of cancer or diabetes at baseline (1997). Long-term consumption of dairy products was assessed using a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire in 1987 and 1997. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: During 16.6 years of follow-up (559,286 person-years), 1870 total breast cancer cases were diagnosed (1162 ER+/PR+; 195 ER-/PR-). High long-term non-fermented milk consumption was associated with increased ER+/PR+ breast cancer incidence, HR = 1.30, 95%CI:1.02-1.65 for the average of 1987 and 1997 intake ≥2 vs. 0 servings/day and this increased risk was limited to women with BMI<25 kg/m2 HR = 1.55, 95%CI:1.08-2.21, while no significant associations with milk consumption were observed with ER-/PR- breast cancer. In contrast, consumption of fermented dairy products was inversely associated with ER-/PR- breast cancer (for consistently high intake ≥3 vs. <1 servings/day HR = 0.28, 95%CI:0.10-0.78), but not clear association was observed for ER+/PR+ (HR = 0.89, 95%CI:0.69-1.14). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of mainly postmenopausal women, high long-term consumption of milk was associated with increased risk of ER+/PR+ breast cancer. In contrast, high long-term consumption of fermented dairy products was associated with decreased risk of ER-/PR- breast cancer.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Receptors, Estrogen , Cohort Studies , Cultured Milk Products/statistics & numerical data , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Surveys and Questionnaires , Sweden/epidemiology , TimeABSTRACT
Milk and dairy (M&D) is a longstanding human food with widespread use. Many studies showed the preventive capacity of M&D in several human health disorders, but its utility in others is under discussion. Aging has been associated to elderly cognitive decline including dementia-Alzheimer syndrome (Dem-AD). The absence of a therapy to impede or postpone Dem-AD determines the need for its prevention, including nutritional factors. To evaluate the preventive capacity of M&D consumption in elderly Dem-AD we performed a systematic review in the main biomedical databases and information resources, but we present this study as a narrative review to discuss better the complexity of this subject. The elderly Dem-AD has a long pre-symptomatic period and the M&D intake has a widespread use. These determinants and the quality flaws of published studies impeach us to answer whether M&D consumption is preventive for Dem-AD. Moreover, two long Japanese cohorts suggest that M&D intake could prevent Dem-AD. Prospective cohorts beginning in midlife (or early life) could answer this question in the future.
Subject(s)
Alzheimer Disease , Cognition , Dairy Products , Dementia , Diet , Milk , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control , Animals , Cognition/physiology , Cohort Studies , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Dementia/prevention & control , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Milk/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Recent studies on whether dairy consumption is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have yielded inconsistent results, so we explored the relationship between dairy consumption and T2DM through a large-sample, cross-sectional study and a meta-analysis. In the meta-analysis, summary relative risks (RRs) of 23 articles were compiled with a random effects model, and a restricted cubic spline regression model was used to explore whether there is a nonlinear relationship between dairy intake and T2DM risk. This cross-sectional study used baseline data from 38,735 participants of the Henan Rural Cohort study and the association between dairy consumption and T2DM was analyzed by a logistic regression model. The meta-analysis revealed a borderline negative significant association between total dairy intake and risk of T2DM, the RR and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 0.94; (0.89, 1.00), and the risk was lowest at 270 g daily dairy intake. In the cross-sectional study, there were 3654 T2DM patients and 68.3 percent of the respondents had no dairy intake. The average intake of dairy in the total population was 12 g per day. Fully adjusted analyses suggested positive associations, with an odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest with the zero intake of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.22, 1.48) for all participants, which was unaffected by sex. Dairy intake in rural areas of Henan province is low, and we found, in the context of overall low dairy intake, that a high intake was positively associated with T2DM, which is inconsistent with the meta-analysis results suggesting that dairy has marginal protective effects against T2DM.
Subject(s)
Asian People/statistics & numerical data , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Adult , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Dairy Products/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology , Diet/adverse effects , Diet Surveys , Female , Humans , Incidence , Logistic Models , Male , Middle Aged , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Prospective Studies , Risk , Risk Factors , Rural Population/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Most Americans do not meet dairy food recommendations from the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA). This study assesses differences in nutrient intake between Americans who meet recommendations for dairy intake and those who do not, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 (n = 5670 children ages 2-18 years and n = 10,112 adults ages 19+). Among children and adults, those meeting dairy food recommendations were significantly more likely to have adequate intake (% above Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)) of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, riboflavin, vitamin A, vitamin B12, and zinc and consume above the Adequate Intake (AI) for potassium and choline than Americans not meeting dairy recommendations, regardless of age, sex, or race/ethnicity. Americans meeting dairy recommendations were also more likely to exceed recommendations for sodium and saturated fat but consume less added sugars. Nearly 60% of Americans 2 years and older not meeting dairy recommendations consumed calcium and magnesium below the EAR. Only about 20% of Americans who did not meet dairy recommendations consumed above the AI for potassium. Dairy foods make important and unique contributions to dietary patterns, and it can be difficult to meet nutrient needs without consuming recommended amounts of dairy foods.
Subject(s)
Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Diet, Healthy/statistics & numerical data , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Nutrients/analysis , Nutrition Policy , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Dairy Products/standards , Diet, Healthy/standards , Female , Humans , Male , Nutrients/standards , Nutrition Surveys , United States , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Worldwide, the prevalence of insulin resistance ranges from 15.5 to 46.5%, among adults. Lebanon reported one of the highest rates reaching 44.6%. The literature suggests an association between dairy product consumption and insulin resistance, however results are inconclusive. To our knowledge, no study examined this association in the Middle Eastern Region. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of insulin resistance among a sample of Lebanese adults, to identify its risk factors depending on gender, and to evaluate the association between insulin resistance and dairy products consumption. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among employees at Notre Dame University - Louaize. Four questionnaires were administered including a background and International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form questionnaires, food frequency questionnaire and a 24 h recall. Bioelectric Impedance Analysis (BIA) was used to measure percent body fat (PBF). Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was used to quantify insulin resistance. A person with HOMA-IR ≥ 2.5 was considered as insulin resistant. Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 for Windows. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 286 study participants, 38.0% were insulin resistant. Average dairy product intake in the total sample was 2.2 ± 1.0 servings per day. Among males, the odds of having insulin resistance were 3.9 times higher (95%CI 1.4-11.0; p = 0.009) for those having a risky waist circumference compared to those having a healthy waist circumference. Among females, being married (OR: 0.2, 95%CI 0.1-0.5; p = 0.002), PBF (OR: 1.2, 95%CI 1.0-1.3; p = 0.008) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR: 8.7, 95%CI: 2.1-35.9; p = 0.003) were associated with HOMA-IR, after controlling for confounders. Dairy intake was not associated with HOMA-IR neither among males (p = 0.777), nor among females (p = 0.968), after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSION: Dairy consumption was not associated with increased insulin resistance. More research focusing on the relationship between dairy intake and insulin resistance is needed, especially in the Arab and Middle-Eastern region. Future studies should examine the effect of different types of dairy products and the effect of different nutrients in dairy products on insulin resistance.
Subject(s)
Body Composition , Dairy Products/statistics & numerical data , Hypertriglyceridemia/epidemiology , Insulin Resistance , Marital Status/statistics & numerical data , Obesity/epidemiology , Adipose Tissue , Adult , Blood Glucose/metabolism , C-Reactive Protein/metabolism , Cholesterol/blood , Cholesterol, HDL/blood , Cholesterol, LDL/blood , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diet/statistics & numerical data , Electric Impedance , Female , Humans , Insulin/blood , Lebanon/epidemiology , Male , Middle Aged , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Triglycerides/blood , UniversitiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Adequate calcium (Ca) intake is required for bone mineralization in children. We assessed Ca intake from diet and medications in children with CKD stages 4-5 and on dialysis (CKD4-5D) and age-matched controls, comparing with the UK Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) and international recommendations. METHODS: Three-day prospective diet diaries were recorded in 23 children with CKD4-5, 23 with CKD5D, and 27 controls. Doses of phosphate (P) binders and Ca supplements were recorded. RESULTS: Median dietary Ca intake in CKD4-5D was 480 (interquartile range (IQR) 300-621) vs 724 (IQR 575-852) mg/day in controls (p = 0.00002), providing 81% vs 108% RNI (p = 0.002). Seventy-six percent of patients received < 100% RNI. In CKD4-5D, 40% dietary Ca was provided from dairy foods vs 56% in controls. Eighty percent of CKD4-5D children were prescribed Ca-based P-binders, 15% Ca supplements, and 9% both medications, increasing median daily Ca intake to 1145 (IQR 665-1649) mg/day; 177% RNI. Considering the total daily Ca intake from diet and medications, 15% received < 100% RNI, 44% 100-200% RNI, and 41% > 200% RNI. Three children (6%) exceeded the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) upper limit of 2500 mg/day. None with a total Ca intake < RNI was hypocalcemic, and only one having > 2 × RNI was hypercalcemic. CONCLUSIONS: Seventy-six percent of children with CKD4-5D had a dietary Ca intake < 100% RNI. Restriction of dairy foods as part of a P-controlled diet limits Ca intake. Additional Ca from medications is required to meet the KDOQI guideline of 100-200% normal recommended Ca intake. Graphical abstract.