Biostatistics: essential concepts for the clinician

ABSTRACT Introduction: The efficiency of clinical procedures is based on practical and theoretical knowledge. Countless daily information is available to the orthodontist, but it is up to this professional to know how to select what really has an impact on clinical practice. Evidence-based orthodontics ends up requiring the clinician to know the basics of biostatistics to understand the results of scientific publications. Such concepts are also important for researchers, for correct data planning and analysis. Objective: This article aims to present, in a clear way, some essential concepts of biostatistics that assist the clinical orthodontist in understanding scientific research, for an evidence-based clinical practice. In addition, an updated version of the tutorial to assist in choosing the appropriate statistical test will be presented. This PowerPoint® tool can be used to assist the user in finding answers to common questions about biostatistics, such as the most appropriate statistical test for comparing groups, choosing graphs, performing correlations and regressions, analyzing casual, random or systematic errors. Conclusion: Researchers and clinicians must acquire or recall essential concepts to understand and apply an appropriate statistical analysis. It is important that journal readers and reviewers can identify when statistical analyzes are being inappropriately used.

RESUMO Introdução: A eficiência dos procedimentos clínicos é baseada em conhecimentos práticos e teóricos. Inúmeras informações diárias estão ao alcance do ortodontista; porém cabe a esse profissional saber selecionar o que realmente tem impacto na prática clínica. A Ortodontia baseada em evidências acaba exigindo que o clínico conheça os fundamentos da bioestatística para compreender os resultados das publicações científicas. Tais conceitos também são importantes aos pesquisadores para um correto planejamento e análise dos dados. Objetivo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar, de forma clara, alguns conceitos essenciais da bioestatística que auxiliem o ortodontista clínico na compreensão da pesquisa científica para uma prática clínica baseada em evidências. Além disso, será apresentada uma versão atualizada do tutorial para auxílio na escolha do teste estatístico adequado. Essa ferramenta em PowerPoint® pode ser empregada para auxiliar o usuário a encontrar respostas para dúvidas comuns sobre bioestatística, como o teste estatístico mais adequado para comparar grupos, escolha de gráficos, realizar correlações e regressões, análises de sobrevivência e dos erros aleatório e sistemático. Conclusão: Pesquisadores e clínicos devem adquirir ou relembrar conceitos essenciais para compreender e aplicar uma análise estatística apropriada. É importante que os leitores e revisores de periódicos possam identificar quando análises estatísticas estão sendo utilizadas de forma inadequada.

Situação epidemiológica (04/02 a 30/06/2020) / Epidemiological situation (02/04 to 06/30/2020)

A Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Goiás - SES-GO apresenta tecnicamente, a situação epidemiológica dos casos notificados de Coronavírus (COVID-19) no estado de Goiás, no período de 04 de fevereiro a 30 de junho do ano de 2020. O boletim é rico em ilustrações, gráficos, tabelas e mapas com as informações segundo: casos confirmados por região, sexo, segundo a faixa etária, óbitos, evolução, segundo a ocupação, vigilância de internações e vigilância laboratorial

The Goiás State Department of Health - SES-GO technically presents the epidemiological situation of notified cases of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the state of Goiás, from February 4 to June 30, 2020. The bulletin it is rich in illustrations, graphs, tables and maps with information according to: confirmed cases by region, sex, according to age group, deaths, evolution, according to occupation, hospitalization surveillance and laboratory surveillance

O cotidiano revelado por imagens da cidade / Everyday life revealed through images of the city / El cotidiano revelado por imágenes de la ciudad

Durante uma pesquisa de doutorado, a produção de dados foi realizada em conjunto com os jovens participantes, que narraram sua mobilidade urbana pela cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Um desses jovens apresentou, durante o processo, suas fotografias e o desejo de exibi-las, representando os lugares pelos quais circulava na cidade. Elaboramos conjuntamente uma exposição virtual de suas fotografias, nomeada "Cotidiano". A exposição está disponível on-line e pode ser acessada em diferentes redes sociais. Apresentamos aqui o processo de criação da exposição e as histórias de algumas das imagens que a compõem. A partir deste relato, tendo como foco o processo de pesquisa, buscamos refletir sobre a produção colaborativa de dados e a utilização de atividades significativas para os sujeitos participantes do processo. Acreditamos na implicação do pesquisador no processo de pesquisa e na composição conjunta com seus colaboradores.(AU)

During a Doctoral research, data were produced jointly with young participants who narrated their urban mobility across the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. One of these youths presented the photographs he took during the process, which represented the places he visited round the city, and the desire to exhibit them. Together, we created a virtual exhibition of his photographs that was called "Everyday Life". The exhibition is available online and can be accessed in different social media. We present, here, the creation process of the exhibition and the stories of some of the images that compose it. Based on this report and focusing on the research process, we aim to reflect on collaborative data production and on the utilization of significant activities for the subjects who participate in the process. We believe in the researcher's involvement in the research process and in a joint composition with his or her collaborators.(AU)

Durante una investigación de doctorado, la producción de datos se realizó en conjunto con los jóvenes participantes que narraron su movilidad urbana por la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Uno de esos jóvenes presentó, durante el proceso, sus fotografías y el deseo de exhibirlas, representando los lugares por los cuales circulaba en la ciudad. Elaboramos en conjunto una exposición virtual de sus fotografías, denominada "Cotidiano". La exposición está disponible online y el acceso puede realizarse por medio de diferentes redes sociales. Presentamos aquí el proceso de creación de la exposición y las historias de algunas de las imágenes que la componen. A partir de este relato, utilizando como enfoque el proceso de investigación, buscamos reflexionar sobre la producción colaborativa de datos y la utilización de actividades significativas para los sujetos participantes del proceso. Creemos en la implicación del investigador en el proceso de investigación y en la composición conjunta con sus colaboradores.(AU)

Cómo leer y generar publicaciones científicas: exploración gráfica de datos cuantitativos: la importancia de mirar la información / How to read and generate scientific publications: in this issue: graphical exploration of quantitative data: the importance of looking at the information

Once the collection of data from a study has been completed and the respective database is available, the researcher is often impatient to answer the research question and ventures into the final steps of the analysis. However, a key stage, prior to a more complex or sophisticated statistical analysis, is data exploration and descriptive statistics. Unfortunately, the exploratory analysis of the data is often performed without much dedication, or is simply "skipped", which can have important consequences on the results obtained and lead to the report of erroneous conclusions. On the one hand, exploration allows to detect errors in the data and, if possible, to correct them from the source of origin or take them into account to make decisions about what to do with them. On the other hand, exploration allows to know the behavior of the variables evaluated in terms of their distribution (key concept in Statistics) and possible relationships among them, which is essential for subsequent descriptive and inferential analysis. The objective of this article is to show graphic tools for the exploration of quantitative data, in order to visualize its distribution and compare groups according to categories of qualitative variables.

Una vez finalizada la recolección de datos de un estudio y contado con la respectiva base de datos, es frecuente que el investigador esté impaciente por responder a la pregunta de investigación y se aventure a realizar los pasos finales del análisis. No obstante, una etapa clave, previa a un análisis estadístico más complejo o sofisticado, es la exploración de datos y la estadística descriptiva. Lamentablemente, el análisis exploratorio de los datos muchas veces es realizado sin mucha dedicación, o simplemente es "saltado", lo que puede tener consecuencias importantes en los resultados obtenidos y conducir al reporte de conclusiones erróneas. Por un lado, la exploración permite detectar errores en los datos y, si es posible, corregirlos desde la fuente de origen o tenerlos en cuenta para tomar decisiones respecto a qué hacer con ellos. Por otra parte, la exploración permite conocer el comportamiento de las variables evaluadas en términos de su distribución (concepto clave en Estadística) y posibles relaciones entre ellas, lo cual es fundamental para los análisis descriptivo e inferencial posteriores. El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar herramientas gráficas para la exploración de datos cuantitativos, con el fin de visualizar su distribución y comparar grupos según categorías de variables cualitativas.

Science-graphic art partnerships to increase research impact.

Graphics are becoming increasingly important for scientists to effectively communicate their findings to broad audiences, but most researchers lack expertise in visual media. We suggest collaboration between scientists and graphic designers as a way forward and discuss the results of a pilot project to test this type of collaboration.

AAC Technologies with Visual Scene Displays and "Just in Time" Programming and Symbolic Communication Turns Expressed by Students with Severe Disability.

BACKGROUND: The current study investigated the impact of an intervention that included aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) technologies on the frequency of symbolic communication turns of school-age children, adolescents, and young adults with severe disability. METHOD: Nine students ages 8-20 were engaged in interactive activities using an aided AAC system with visual scene displays (VSDs; concepts embedded within a photograph of a naturally occurring event), and "just-in-time" (JIT) programming (the capability to add new contexts "on the fly"). Effectiveness was evaluated using a single subject multiple probe across participants design. RESULTS: All participants demonstrated increases in symbolic communication turns upon introduction of the AAC technologies with VSDs using JIT technology. CONCLUSIONS: AAC with VSDs and JIT programming may be effective in increasing symbolic communication for students with severe developmental disability. The fast and easy creation of VSDs and hotspots to provide communication may be a valuable tool for interventionists.

Predicting RNA Families in Nucleotide Sequences Using StructRNAfinder.

Noncoding RNA (ncRNA) research is already a routine in every genomics or transcriptomics initiatives. According to their functions, ncRNAs can be grouped into several different RNA families, which can be represented by conserved primary sequences, secondary structures, or covariance models (CMs). CMs are very sensitive in predicting RNA families in nucleotide sequences and have been widely used in characterizing the repertoire of ncRNAs in organisms from all domains of life. However, the large-scale prediction and annotation of ncRNAs require multiple tools along the process, imposing a great obstacle for researchers with lesser computational or bioinformatics background. StructRNAfinder emerged as an automated tool to avoid these bottlenecks, by performing the automatic identification and complete annotation of regulatory RNA families derived directly from nucleotide sequences. In this chapter, we provide a complete tutorial for both stand-alone and web server versions of StructRNAfinder. This will help users to install the tool and to perform predictions of RNA families in any genome or transcriptome sequences dataset.

[Adolescents opinions regarding Plato del Bien Comer Maya as nutrition health promotion tool.] / Opiniones de adolescentes sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya como herramienta de promoción de la salud.

OBJECTIVE: To know opinions of adolescents from Cholul, Yucatán, about Plato del Bien Comer Maya in order to improve it as health promotion tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Qualitative study, formative research. Three focus groups were carried out, participating 28 adolescents: 12-16 years old. Criteria of inclusion: studying middle school; to have native family from the town. Analysis of the data made manually. RESULTS: Comparatively with the national Plato del Bien Comer, the Plato Maya was better identified because have local food products easier to obtain and cheaper. The principal finding was to understand Fruto is a linguistic variation word which represents in Maya context both fruits and vegetables. This might be an important key to improve health promotion activities with that population. CONCLUSIONS: In order to have better results in nutritional interventions, it is necessary to design educational-communicative strategies in accordance with the local culture.

OBJETIVO: Conocer opiniones sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya de adolescentes de Cholul, Yucatán, para mejorar la herramienta comunicativa y utilizarla en actividades depromoción de la salud. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo, de investigación formativa. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, participaron 28 adolescentes de secundaria: 12-16 años. Criterios de inclusión: pertenecer a alguno de los tres grados de la escuela y tener familias originarias del poblado. El análisis de los datos se realizó manualmente. RESULTADOS: En comparación con el Plato del Bien Comer nacional, el Plato Maya fue mejor identificado por tener elementos locales a los que pueden acceder fácilmente y con costos menores. Se identificó la palabra fruto como una variación lingüística que representa en ese contexto tanto a las frutas como a las verduras. CONCLUSIONES: Para tener mejores resultados en intervenciones nutricionales es necesario diseñar estrategias educativo-comunicativas acordes con la cultura local.

Influence of interpretation conditions on the subjective differentiation of radiographic contrast of images obtained with a digital intraoral system.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate interpretation conditions in the subjective in vitro assessment of dental tissue-equivalent radiographic contrast. STUDY DESIGN: Radiographic images with the density of dental structures were randomized and arranged in 20 sequences with images juxtaposed and separated. Twelve observers interpreted the sequence among the most radiolucent and radiopaque images with 3 displays, 3 horizontal viewing angles, and 3 ambient light conditions. The evaluation time was recorded. The hit percentage was calculated for each evaluation. Three-way analysis of variance with Tukey's test was used to compare the conditions of interpretation. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No differences in hit percentages were found among the 3 displays or among the juxtaposed and separated images. Increased hit percentages were recorded for images assessed at 90° compared with 45° for all displays and in high ambient light vs intermediate and low light at 90°. Increased evaluation time was recorded for the consumer-grade display under high ambient light and for the separated images. CONCLUSIONS: The subjective in vitro assessment of dental tissue-equivalent radiographic contrast is not influenced by computer display, which should be viewed at a horizontal viewing angle of 90° and under high ambient light. Longer evaluation times may be expected with consumer-grade displays.

Opiniones de adolescentes sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya como herramienta de promoción de la salud / Adolescents opinions regarding Plato del Bien Comer Maya as nutrition health promotion tool

Resumen: Objetivo: Conocer opiniones sobre el Plato del Bien Comer Maya de adolescentes de Cholul, Yucatán, para mejorar la herramienta comunicativa y utilizarla en actividades de promoción de la salud. Material y métodos: Estudio cualitativo, de investigación formativa. Se realizaron tres grupos focales, participaron 28 adolescentes de secundaria: 12-16 años. Criterios de inclusión: pertenecer a alguno de los tres grados de la escuela y tener familias originarias del poblado. El análisis de los datos se realizó manualmente. Resultados: En comparación con el Plato del Bien Comer nacional, el Plato Maya fue mejor identificado por tener elementos locales a los que pueden acceder fácilmente y con costos menores. Se identificó la palabra fruto como una variación lingüística que representa en ese contexto tanto a las frutas como a las verduras. Conclusiones: Para tener mejores resultados en intervenciones nutricionales es necesario diseñar estrategias educativo-comunicativas acordes con la cultura local.

Abstract : Objective: To know opinions of adolescents from Cholul, Yucatán, about Plato del Bien Comer Maya in order to improve it as health promotion tool. Materials and methods: Qualitative study, formative research. Three focus groups were carried out, participating 28 adolescents: 12-16 years old. Criteria of inclusion: studying middle school; to have native family from the town. Analysis of the data made manually. Results: Comparatively with the national Plato del Bien Comer, the Plato Maya was better identified because have local food products easier to obtain and cheaper. The principal finding was to understand Fruto is a linguistic variation word which represents in Maya context both fruits and vegetables. This might be an important key to improve health promotion activities with that population. Conclusions: In order to have better results in nutritional interventions, it is necessary to design educational-communicative strategies in accordance with the local culture.

V diagram as a tool for analytical integration of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological knowledge in health care. / O diagrama V como ferramenta de integração analítica de conhecimentos teórico-conceituais e metodológicos na saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To produce a reflection on the ability of the V diagram to integrate theoretical, conceptual, and methodological knowledge obtained from complex, non-explicitly identifiable systems, models, and theories. METHODS: Reflection study with an analytical characteristic. RESULTS: The V Diagram is presented as an instrument that can ensure an integrated analysis between theoretical and conceptual knowledge (worldview and philosophy, theories, principles, constructs, and concepts), and the analysis or production of methodological knowledge (data records, transformations, knowledge assertions, and value assertions). Examples are related to the Unified Health System (SUS), and care in Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs. CONCLUSIONS: V diagram is an instrument capable of producing an integrated analysis of the knowledge contained in productions linked to complex and non-explicitly identifiable models and theories as a theoretical model, theory or framework applying deductive and inductive procedures.

Impact of room lighting and image display device in the radiographic appearances of the endodontic treatments.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the radiographic appearances of the endodontic treatment in different room lighting conditions and image display devices. METHODS: After approval by Research Ethical Board, 20 images were obtained from blocks with one endodontically treated tooth. Of the 20 endodontic treatments conducted in the laboratory, of those the randomly selected 10 teeth (50% of sample) received some quality defect in three parameters-apical limit, adaptation to root canal and homogeneity of the root canal filling material. Digital radiographs (DIGORA® Optime, Soredex, Milwaukee, WI) were obtained, which were evaluated (8 times) by 10 observers in two different conditions of room lighting, with bright (1000 to 1200 lux) and dim light (25 to 50 lux), using two different image display devices, smartphones and laptop computers. The observers assessed the radiographic appearances of the endodontic treatment with respect to quality of each one of three parameters individually. The data of observers' responses in terms of the quality of each parameter were statistically compared using Cronbach's α coefficient, diagnostic tests, π coefficient and ANOVA with Tukey tests, at a significant level setting of 5% (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The mean of reliability of observer responses ranged from 0.89 (intra-evaluator) to 0.66 (inter-evaluator). The mean values of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area were 0.661 (PD = 0.098), with laptop in bright lighting appraising homogeneity of the root canal filling material on the worst performance (ROC area = 0.57), which was statistically significant (p < 0.05), and 0.81 with laptop in dim lighting appraising apical limit on the best performance. Differences (p < 0.05) occurred mainly among parameters used for assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Room lighting and image display devices have very little influence in the radiographic appearances of the endodontic treatment. Thus, we suggest the use of smartphones as an acceptable image display device in daily clinical practice in routine bright lighting conditions.

O diagrama V como ferramenta de integração analítica de conhecimentos teórico-conceituais e metodológicos na saúde / El diagrama V como herramienta de integración analítica de conocimientos teórico-conceptuales y metodológicos en la salud / V diagram as a tool for analytical integration of theoretical, conceptual, and methodological knowledge in health care

Resumo OBJETIVO Produzir uma reflexão sobre a capacidade do diagrama V de integrar os conhecimentos teóricos-conceituais e metodológicos obtidos de sistemas, modelos e teorias complexas e não explicitamente identificáveis. MÉTODOS Estudo de reflexão com característica analítica. RESULTADOS Apresenta-se o diagrama V como um instrumento capaz de garantir uma análise integrada entre conhecimentos do domínio teórico-conceitual (visão de mundo e filosofia, teorias, princípios, constructos e conceitos) e a análise ou produção de conhecimentos metodológicos (registros de dados, transformações, asserções de conhecimento e asserções de valor). São usados exemplos relacionados ao Sistema Único de Saúde e atenção em Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas. CONCLUSÕES O diagrama V é um instrumento capaz de produzir uma análise integrada dos conhecimentos contidos em produções ligadas a modelos e teorias complexas e não explicitamente identificáveis como um modelo, teoria ou referencial teórico aplicando procedimentos dedutivos e indutivos.

Resumen OBJETIVO Producir una reflexión sobre la capacidad del diagrama V de integrar los conocimientos teóricos-conceptuales y metodológicos obtenidos en los sistemas, modelos complejos y teorías que no se identifica de forma explícita. MÉTODOS Estudio de la reflexión con características analíticas. RESULTADOS Muestra el diagrama V como una herramienta para asegurar un análisis integrado de los conocimientos del dominio teórico y conceptual (visión del mundo y la filosofía, las teorías, principios, conceptos y construcciones) y el análisis de la producción de conocimientos metodológicos (registros de datos, transformaciones, afirmaciones de conocimiento y afirmaciones de valor). Utilizan ejemplos de el Sistema Único de Salud y atención en el Centro de Atención Psicosocial Alcohol y Drogas. CONCLUSIONES El diagrama V es un instrumento capaz de producir un análisis integrado de los conocimientos contenidos en las producciones relacionadas con complejos modelos y teorías, que no se identifican explícitamente como un modelo, teoría o marco teórico aplicando procedimientos deductivos e inductivos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To produce a reflection on the ability of the V diagram to integrate theoretical, conceptual, and methodological knowledge obtained from complex, non-explicitly identifiable systems, models, and theories. METHODS Reflection study with an analytical characteristic. RESULTS The V Diagram is presented as an instrument that can ensure an integrated analysis between theoretical and conceptual knowledge (worldview and philosophy, theories, principles, constructs, and concepts), and the analysis or production of methodological knowledge (data records, transformations, knowledge assertions, and value assertions). Examples are related to the Unified Health System (SUS), and care in Psychosocial Care Centers for Alcohol and Drugs. CONCLUSIONS V diagram is an instrument capable of producing an integrated analysis of the knowledge contained in productions linked to complex and non-explicitly identifiable models and theories as a theoretical model, theory or framework applying deductive and inductive procedures.

Infoxicación en salud. La sobrecarga de información sobre salud en la web y el riesgo de que lo importante se haga invisible

Objetivo. Este estudio tiene como objetivos 1) crear conciencia del volumen de información en salud existente en la web de calidad, 2) explorar la percepción de profesionales de la información con relación al uso de fuentes cualificadas en la toma de decisiones en salud, y 3) presentar recomendaciones que permitan fortalecer las capacidades de los trabajadores de la salud y las competencias institucionales relacionadas con la alfabetización digital. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio no experimental descriptivo transversal con una muestra no probabilística de 32 profesionales de la información de nueve países. Se recopiló información de internet sobre el volumen de contenidos existentes en herramientas web, redes sociales y fuentes de información en salud. Se realizaron búsquedas en inglés y en español utilizando las palabras clave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, y Obesit. Por último, se obtuvo información sobre la oferta de formación formal en temas de alfabetización digital, gestión de información y otros relacionados. Resultados. Seleccionando sólo cuatro enfermedades de alto impacto en salud pública en mayo de 2016 y promediando un tiempo de revisión mínimo de cada producto de información, se tardaría más de 50 años seguidos sin dormir para consultar todo lo publicado en línea sobre Dengue, Zika, Ebola y Chikungunja. Conclusión. Se concluye que la salud pública se beneficiaría con instituciones de salud que implementaran estrategias formales de gestión del conocimiento, con instituciones académicas de ciencias de la salud que incorporaran programas formales de alfabetización digital y con trabajadores de la salud cuyo desarrollo profesional sea responsable y funcional en la sociedad de la información.

Objective. The objectives of this study were to: 1) raise awareness of the volume of quality health information on the Internet; 2) explore perceptions of information professionals with regard to the use of qualified sources for health decision-making; and 3) make recommendations that facilitate strengthening health worker capacities and institutional competencies related to digital literacy. Methods. A non-experimental, descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with a non-probability sample of 32 information professionals from nine countries. Internet information was compiled on the volume of content in Internet tools, social networks, and health information sources. Searches in English and Spanish were carried out using the keywords Ebola, Zika, dengue, chikungunya, safe food, health equity, safe sex, and obesity. Finally, information was obtained on opportunities for formal education on the subjects of digital literacy, information management, and other related topics. Results. Selecting only four diseases with a high impact on public health in May 2016 and averaging minimum review time for each information product, it would take more than 50 years without sleeping to consult everything that is published online about dengue, Zika, Ebola, and chikungunya. Conclusion. We conclude that public health would benefit from: health institutions implementing formal knowledge management strategies; academic health sciences institutions incorporating formal digital literacy programs; and having health workers who are professionally responsible and functional in the information society.

Objetivos. 1) Conscientizar sobre o volume de informação em saúde de qualidade existente na internet, 2) explorar a percepção dos profissionais da informação sobre o uso de fontes qualificadas na tomada de decisão em saúde e 3) fazer recomendações para reforçar o preparo dos profissionais de saúde e as competências institucionais quanto à alfabetização digital. Métodos. Foi realizado estudo transversal descritivo não experimental em uma amostra não probabilística com 32 profissionais da informação de nove países. Foi coletada informação da internet sobre o volume de conteúdos existentes sobre ferramentas de internet, redes sociais e fontes de informação em saúde. Foram realizadas buscas em inglês e espanhol utilizando as palavras-chave Ebola, Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, Safe food, Health equity, Safe sex, e Obesity. E foi obtida informação sobre a oferta de cursos de formação em alfabetização digital, gestão da informação e outros tópicos relacionados. Resultados. Com a seleção de apenas quatro doenças de alto impacto em saúde pública em maio de 2016, com tempo de revisão médio mínimo para cada produto de informação, seriam necessários mais de 50 anos contínuos, sem intervalo para dormir, para consultar todo o conteúdo publicado online sobre dengue, zika, Ebola e chikungunya. Conclusão. Conclui-se que existiria benefício para a saúde pública se as instituições de saúde implementassem estratégias formais de gestão do conhecimento, as instituições acadêmicas de ciências da saúde incorporassem programas formais de alfabetização digital e os profissionais de saúde investissem em desenvolvimento profissional responsável e prático na sociedade da informação.

Previsiones e imprevisiones la víspera y el mismo día de las exposiciones científicas orales / Predictions and unexpected events on the eve and the same day of the oral scientific expositions

Para garantizar una exposición verbal exitosa, es muy sensato tomar en cuenta algunos aspectos que pudieran atentar contra la consecución del principal objetivo, tanto antes (comidas o bebidas, desplazamientos, tipo de local y postura) como durante su ejecución (puntualidad, saludo, uso de usted o tú como tratamiento de cortesía y otros), las discusiones y las imprevisiones (visitantes inesperados, errores lingüísticos, lagunas mentales, movimientos involuntarios y repentinos, percances y misceláneas), pues solo así será posible, la mayoría de las veces, llevar a feliz término una disertación.

To guarantee a successful verbal exposition, it is very sensible to take into account some aspects that could attempt against the attainment of the main objective, either before (meals or drinks, displacements, type of place and attitude) or during their performance (punctuality, greeting, use of you or you in a polite way as courtesy treatment and others), the discussions and the unexpected events (unexpected guests, linguistic errors, mental lagoons, involuntary and sudden movements, accidents and miscellany), because just this way it will be possible, most of the times, take a lecture to a happy term.

Aplicações clínicas do princípio de Scheimpflug na Oftalmologia / Clinical applications of the Scheimpflug principle in Ophthalmology

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma revisão dos princípios e das aplicações clínicas do princípio de Scheimpflug na área da imagiologia do segmento anterior. Ao disponibilizar uma imagem tridimensional do segmento anterior, esta tecnologia permite a caraterização da elevação e curvatura das superfícies anterior e posterior da córnea, o mapeamento paquimétrico, o cálculo do poder refrativo total da córnea e a biometria do segmento anterior. Na subespecialidade de cirurgia refrativa, esta abordagem melhora a capacidade de identificação de casos com risco de desenvolver ectasia, bem como de planeamento e de avaliação dos resultados dos procedimentos cirúrgicos. Recentemente, esta tecnologia foi introduzida na avaliação biomecânica in vivo da córnea e na cirurgia de catarata assistida por laser de femtossegundo.

ABSTRACT This article presents a review of the principles and clinical applications of the Scheimpflug principle in the anterior segment imaging. By providing a three-dimensional image of the anterior segment, this technology provides elevation and curvature data of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the cornea, pachymetric mapping, the total refractive power of the cornea and the anterior segment biometry. For the refractive surgery sub-specialty, this approach improves the ability to identify cases at risk of ectasia, as well as the planning and evaluation of the results of surgical procedures. Recently, this technology was introduced in corneal biomechanical in vivo evaluations and in femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery.