Increasing cost-effectiveness of AEDs using algorithms to optimise location.

OBJECTIVES: Volunteer responder systems (VRSs) aim to decrease time to defibrillation by dispatching trained volunteers to automated external defibrillators (AEDs) and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims. AEDs are often underutilized due to poor placement. This study provides a cost-effectiveness analysis of adding AEDs at strategic locations to maximize quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). METHODS: We simulated combined volunteer, police, firefighter, and emergency medical service response scenarios to OHCAs, and applied our methods to a case study of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We compared the competing strategies of placing additional AEDs, using steps of 40 extra AEDs (0, 40, …, 1480), in addition to the existing 369 AEDs. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated for each increase in additional AEDs, from a societal perspective. The effect of AED connection and time to connection on survival to hospital admission and neurological outcome at discharge was estimated using logistic regression, using OHCA data from Amsterdam from 2006 to 2018. Other model inputs were obtained from literature. RESULTS: Purchasing up to 1120 additional AEDs (ICER €75,669/QALY) was cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of €80,000/QALY, when positioned strategically. Compared to current practice, adding 1120 AEDs resulted in a gain of 0.111 QALYs (95% CI 0.110-0.112) at an increased cost of €3792 per OHCA (95% CI €3778-€3807). Health benefits per AED diminished as more AEDs were added. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified cost-effective strategies to position AEDs at strategic locations in a VRS. The case study findings advocate for a substantial increase in the number of AEDs in Amsterdam.

Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Before and After Legislation for Bystander CPR.

Importance: The lack of evidence-based implementation strategies is a major contributor to increasing mortality due to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in developing countries with limited resources. Objective: To evaluate whether the implementation of legislation is associated with increased bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use and improved clinical outcomes for patients experiencing OHCA and to provide policy implications for low-income and middle-income settings. Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational cohort study analyzed a prospective city registry of patients with bystander-witnessed OHCA between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2022. The Emergency Medical Aid Act was implemented in Shenzhen, China, on October 1, 2018. An interrupted time-series analysis was used to assess changes in outcomes before and after the law. Data analysis was performed from May to October 2023. Exposure: The Emergency Medical Aid Act stipulated the use of AEDs and CPR training for the public and provided clear legal guidance for OHCA rescuing. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcomes were rates of bystander-initiated CPR and use of AEDs. Secondary outcomes were rates of prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to arrival at the hospital, and survival at discharge. Results: A total of 13 751 patients with OHCA (median [IQR] age, 59 [43-76] years; 10 011 men [72.83%]) were included, with 7858 OHCAs occurring during the prelegislation period (January 1, 2010, to September 30, 2018) and 5893 OHCAs occurring during the postlegislation period (October 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022). The rates of bystander-initiated CPR (320 patients [4.10%] vs 1103 patients [18.73%]) and AED use (214 patients [4.12%] vs 182 patients [5.29%]) increased significantly after legislation implementation vs rates before the legislation. Rates of prehospital ROSC (72 patients [0.92%] vs 425 patients [7.21%]), survival to arrival at the hospital (68 patients [0.87%] vs 321 patients [5.45%]), and survival at discharge (44 patients [0.56%] vs 165 patients [2.80%]) were significantly increased during the postlegislation period. Interrupted time-series models demonstrated a significant slope change in the rates of all outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that implementation of the Emergency Medical Aid Act in China was associated with increased rates of CPR and public AED use and improved survival of patients with OHCA. The use of a systemwide approach to enact resuscitation initiatives and provide legal support may reduce the burden of OHCA in low-income and middle-income settings.

A review regarding the article 'Health inequalities in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of automated electrical defibrillators in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest'.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, with a high incidence and low survival rate. Prompt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) use are major contributors in the "chain of survival" for OHCA. the response of a community plays a key role in determining the outcomes in OHCA. The outcomes of OHCA are affected by health inequalities in bystander CPR and AED use, due to factors such as differences in sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status amongst others. Literature shows patients from lower socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to have risk factors for a cardiac arrest and are therefore more likely to have OHCA. Studies have also reported lower rates of bystander AED use in females compared to males. Targeting deprived areas with tailored training and access to AEDs can be beneficial in improving CPR outcomes in communities. Due to the physical nature of CPR maneuvers, age and frailty of the patient can both impact the outcome of the resuscitation. Environmental factors affecting AED use include availability, visibility, accessibility, support, extra equipment, training materials, staffing, and awareness. Education should focus on areas such as conducting BLS on both male and female patients, recognizing cardiac arrest, tailoring BLS to difference ages as well as provision for training in different languages, including sign language. Like some other countries, CPR training is now being implemented in the school curriculum.

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation differences by sex - The role of arrest recognition.

PURPOSE: To assess whether bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) differed by patient sex among bystander-witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis of paramedic-attended OHCA in New South Wales (NSW) between January 2017 to December 2019 (restricted to bystander-witnessed cases). Exclusions included OHCA in aged care, medical facilities, with advance care directives, from non-medical causes. Multivariate logistic regression examined the association of patient sex with bystander CPR. Secondary outcomes were OHCA recognition, bystander AED application, initial shockable rhythm, and survival outcomes. RESULTS: Of 4,491cases, females were less likely to receive bystander CPR in private residential (Adjusted Odds ratio [AOR]: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.70-0.95) and public locations (AOR: 0.58, 95%CI:0.39-0.88). OHCA recognition during the emergency call was lower for females arresting in public locations (84.6% vs 91.6%, p = 0.002) and this partially explained the association of sex with bystander CPR (∼44%). This difference in recognition was not observed in private residential locations (p = 0.2). Bystander AED use was lower for females (4.8% vs 9.6%, p < 0.001); however, after adjustment for location and other covariates, this relationship was no longer significant (AOR: 0.83, 95%CI: 0.60-1.12). Females were less likely to be in an initial shockable rhythm (AOR: 0.52, 95%CI: 0.44-0.61), but more likely to survive the event (AOR: 1.34, 95%CI: 1.15-1.56). There was no sex difference in survival to hospital discharge (AOR: 0.96, 95%CI: 0.77-1.19). CONCLUSION: OHCA recognition and bystander CPR differ by patient sex in NSW. Research is needed to understand why this difference occurs and to raise public awareness of this issue.

Utilización de los desfibriladores externos automáticos de uso público en el Principado de Asturias durante el periodo 2012-2014 / Bystander use of automated external defibrillators in the Spanish autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias in 2012-2014

Se analiza el uso de los desfibriladores externos automáticos (DEA) de uso público en caso de parada cardiaca en el Principado de Asturias desde enero del 2012 hasta diciembre del 2014, así como el manejo hospitalario y el estado neurológico al alta de los pacientes. Para ello se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo poblacional sobre la utilización de DEA de uso público en el Principado de Asturias en tres fases: 1) cuestionario telefónico a todas las entidades con DEA; 2) análisis de las historias clínicas del SAMU-Asturias; y 3) análisis de las historias clínicas hospitalarias. Se han identificado 13 usos de un DEA público. En cuanto al ritmo inicial, 11 (84,5%) eran desfibrilables, 3 pacientes (23%) fallecieron a nivel prehospitalario, 1 (7,6%) en el hospital y 9 (69,2%) sobrevivieron, todos con un ritmo inicial desfibrilable y todos con una puntuación en la escala Cerebral Performance Categories (CPC) al alta de 1. Ocho de los 10 pacientes que llegaron con vida al hospital fueron sometidos a angioplastia primaria y 3 a hipotermia. La estancia hospitalaria media de los supervivientes fue de 9,4 días (DE = 4,88). Se concluye que el uso de DEA público mejora notablemente la supervivencia de la parada cardiorrespiratoria extrahospitalaria, probablemente relacionado con la reducción del tiempo de espera hasta la desfibrilación

On-site bystander use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) was analized in Asturias, Spain, between January 2012 and December 2014. Hospital management and neurologic state on discharge were also studied. Our retrospective observational population-based design had 3 phases comrpising: 1) a telephone survey of facilities with onsite public-access AEDsc, 2) analysis of relevant case records held by the Asturian emergency medical service, and 3) analysis of relevant hospital case records. Thirteen cases of AED use by bystanders were found. Eleven patients (84.5%) had initial shockable rhythms. Three patients (23%) died before reaching the hospital, 1 (7.6%) died in hospital, and 9 (69.2%) survived. All of the survivors had a shockable rhythm and all had a score of 1 on the Cerebral Performance Category scale on discharge. Eight of the 10 patients who were alive on arrival at the hospital were treated with primary angioplasty; therapeutic hypothermia was applied in 3 cases. The mean (SD) hospital stay of survivors was 9.4 (4.88) days. We conclude that bystander use of an AED notably improves survival in out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest, probably related to shortening the delay in starting defibrillation

Impact of training in Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) in the professional career and work environment / Impacto da capacitação no Suporte Avançado à Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira profissional e no ambiente de trabalho

Abstract We sought to evaluate the impact of Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) training in the professional career and work environment of physicians who took the course in a single center certified by the American Heart Association (AHA). Of the 4631 students (since 1999 to 2009), 2776 were located, 657 letters were returned, with 388 excluded from the analysis for being returned lacking addressees. The final study population was composed of 269 participants allocated in 3 groups (< 3 years, 3-5 and > 5years). Longer training was associated with older age, male gender, having undergone residency training, private office, greater earnings and longer time since graduation and a lower chance to participate in providing care for a cardiac arrest. Regarding personal change, no modification was detected according to time since taking the course. The only change in the work environment was the purchase of an automated external defibrillator (AED) by those who had taken the course more than 5 years ago. In multivariable analysis, however, the implementation of an AED was not independently associated with this group, which showed a lower chance to take a new ACLS course. ACLS courses should emphasize also how physicians could reinforce the survival chain through environmental changes.

Resumo Buscou-se avaliar o impacto do curso de Suporte Avançado a Vida em Cardiologia (SAVC) na carreira e no ambiente profissional de médicos formados em um centro de treinameto certificado pela American Heart Association (AHA). De 4631 estudantes (desde 1999 até 2009), 2776 foram encontrados, 657 cartas retornaram, sendo 388 excluidas da análise devido à não localização do endereço. A população final estudada foi composta por 269 participantes alocados em 3 grupos (< 3 anos, 3-5 anos e > 5 anos). Tempo maior de treinamento foi associado a sexo masculino, ter feito residência médica, de idade maior, melhores salários e mais tempo de formação, também menor chance de participar de um atendimento de parada cardíaca. No quesito mudança pessoal, nenhuma modificação foi detectada independentemente do tempo de curso. A única mudança no local de trabalho foi a implantação do desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) por aqueles que terminaram o curso há mais de 5 anos. Na análise multivariada, entretanto, a implementação de DEA não foi associada independentemente nesse grupo, que mostrou menor chance de repetir o curso. Os cursos SAVC deveriam enfatizar a forma como os médicos poderiam reforçar as mudanças no trabalho, melhorando a cadeia de sobrevida.

Capacidade de manuseio da parada cardíaca em locais de alto fluxo de pessoas em Curitiba / Capacity of handling a heart arrest in places with a great flux of people in Curitiba

JUSTIFICATIVA: A parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é considerada uma situação preocupante, posto que o tempo até o início dos procedimentos de reversão interfere diretamente na sobrevida do paciente. Sabendo da importância desse atendimento pré-hospitalar o estado do Paraná promulgou uma lei, obrigando os estabelecimentos com grande concentração de pessoas a manterem um desfibrilador externo automático (DEA) disponível, bem como pessoal qualificado a ofertar suporte básico devida e a manusear o desfibrilador externo automático. OBJETIVO: Identificar a porcentagem de estabelecimentos com fluxo superior a 2000 pessoas/dia que possuem desfibrilador externo automático e avaliar o nível técnico do pessoal treinado para o atendimento de uma parada cardiorrespiratória. MÉTODOS: Considerou-se uma amostra de 40 estabelecimentos em Curitiba-PR. Nos locais onde consentiram a realização da pesquisa, avaliou-se a presença do desfibrilador externo automático, bem como seu funcionamento e acessibilidade. Em seguida apresentou-se um caso clínico para a identificação do desempenho do socorrista no atendimento de uma parada cardiorrespiratória. A identificação do desempenho foi realizada com base no protocolo Basic Life Suport (BLS) de avaliação seguindo os parâmetros da American Heart Association (AHA). RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito locais assentiram participar da pesquisa, e desses somente 13 (46,4%) possuíam o desfibrilador externo automático. Cinco desse locais concordaram em serem submetidos a um teste para avaliar o desempenho do socorrista, sendo que dois apresentaram nota 9, um nota 8 e dois inferior a 3. CONCLUSÃO: Poucos locais estão realmente adequados para fazer o atendimento necessário a uma parada cardiorrespiratória. É necessário maiores investimentos e uma maior fiscalização desses estabelecimentos.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) is considered an alarming situation, since time until onset of reversal procedures has a direct influence on patient survival. Given the importance of pre-hospital treatment, the state of Parana, Brazil passed a law obliging establishments with a large volume of people passing through them to have an automatic external defibrillator (AED) available, in addition to personnel qualified to provide basic life support and operate the automatic external defibrillator. OBJECTIVE: Identify the percentage of establishments with a daily flow of more than 2000 individuals that have an automatic external defibrillator and assess the technical level of trained personnel in treating cardiorespiratory arrest. METHODS: The sample was composed of 40 establishments in Curitiba, Parana state. The presence of automatic external defibrillator as well as its functionality and accessibility were assessed. Next, a clinical case was presented to evaluate the performance of emergency responders in treating cardiorespiratory arrest. Performance was based on the Basic Life Support (BLS) protocol, in accordance with American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. RESULTS: Twenty-eight establishments agreed to take part in the study, 13 (46.4%) of which had an automatic external defibrillator on their premises. Five agreed to undergo a test to evaluatethe emergency responder's performance, 2 obtaining a score of 9, one 8 and two below 3. CONCLUSION: Few places are really adequate in order to treat a cardiorespiratory arrest. It is necessary further investments and a more efficient inspection of those establishments.