ABSTRACT
Chagas disease and toxoplasmosis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively, are important zoonotic diseases affecting humans, companion animals, and livestock, responsible for major health and economic burden. Both parasites can be transmitted vertically in different mammalian species through the placenta. Of note, the transmission rate of T. cruzi is low in dogs, whereas that of T. gondii is high in sheep. The probability of congenital infection depends on complex parasite-host interactions; parasite factors, maternal and fetal immune responses and placental responses all have a role in infection establishment. Since the innate immune response is regulated, at least partially, by NF-κB signaling pathways, our main objective was to determine the effect of ex vivo infection of canine (CPE) and ovine (OPE) placental explants with both parasites, on the activation of canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways and its relation to infection. Here, we show that T. cruzi activates both the NF-κB canonical and non-canonical pathways in CPE and OPE, unlike T. gondii, that activates only the canonical pathway in CPE and has no effect on the non-canonical pathway in both explants. Moreover, the inhibition of either or both NF-κB pathways increases the DNA load of T. cruzi in both explants, modulates, on the other hand, T. gondii infection in a differential fashion. Overall, we conclude that the differential modulation of the NF-κB pathways by both pathogens in placental explants might explain, at least partially, the differences in transmission rates of T. cruzi and T. gondii in different mammalian species.
Subject(s)
Dogs/metabolism , Placenta/parasitology , Sheep/metabolism , Signal Transduction/immunology , Toxoplasma/physiology , Trypanosoma cruzi/physiology , Animals , Female , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Immunity, Innate , Isoquinolines/pharmacology , NF-kappa B/metabolism , Nitriles/pharmacology , Placenta/immunology , Placenta/metabolism , Pregnancy , Signal Transduction/drug effects , Signal Transduction/physiology , Sulfones/pharmacology , Tissue Culture Techniques , Toxoplasma/immunology , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunologyABSTRACT
As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/metabolism , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Mycotoxins/analysis , Animal FeedABSTRACT
As micotoxinas, metabólitos secundários tóxicos produzidos por espécies de fungos filamentosos, podem contaminar uma ampla gama de alimentos, dentre eles, a ração canina. A ingestão de alimentos contaminados por micotoxinas, causa as micotoxicoses, doenças que possuem uma variedade de sinais clínicos dependentes da quantidade de toxina ingerida, tempo de exposição, bem como das características ligadas a cada tipo de micotoxina. O presente trabalho revisa os aspectos relevantes relacionados às micotoxinas quanto a sua origem e conceito, fatores que favorecem a sua produção, alimentos mais acometidos, além dos principais sinais clínicos observados, tratamento, controle e prevenção na espécie canina.(AU)
Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungus species, can contaminate a wide range of nourishments, as dog food. The ingestion of a diet contaminated with micotoxins causes mycotoxicosis, diseases which present a variety of clinical signs dependent on the amount of toxin ingested, time of exposure, as well as characteristics related to each type of mycotoxin. The present paper performs a review of major aspects related to mycotoxins about their origin and concept, factors that favor their production, most affected foods, main clinical signs observed in dogs, treatment, control, and prevention.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/metabolism , Mycotoxins/analysis , Mycotoxicosis/diagnosis , Animal FeedABSTRACT
Cefuroxime axetil pharmacokinetic profile was investigated in 12 Beagle dogs after single intravenous and oral administration of tablets or suspension at a dose of 20 mg/kg, under both fasting and fed conditions. A three-period, three-treatment crossover study (IV, PO under fasting and fed condition) was applied. Blood samples were withdrawn at predetermined times over a 12-hr period. Cefuroxime plasma concentrations were determined by HPLC. Data were analyzed by compartmental analysis. No statistically significant differences were observed between formulations and feeding conditions on PK parameters. Independently of the feeding condition, absorption of cefuroxime axetil after tablet administration was low and erratic. The drug has been quantified in plasma in 3 out of 6 and 5 out of 6 dogs in the fasted and fed groups. For this formulation, the bioavailability (F), peak plasma concentration (Cmax ), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of cefuroxime axetil were significantly enhanced (p < .05) by the concomitant ingestion of food (32.97 ± 13.47-14.08 ± 7.79%, 6.30 ± 2.62-2.74 ± 0.66 µg/ml, and 15.75 ± 3.98-7.82 ± 2.76 µg.hr/ml for F, Cmax, and AUC in fed and fasted dogs, respectively), while for cefuroxime axetil suspension, feeding conditions affected only the rate of absorption, as reflected by the significantly shorter absorption half-life (T½(a) ) and time to peak concentration (Tmax ) (0.55 ± 0.27-1.15 ± 0.19 hr and 1.21 ± 0.22-1.70 ± 0.30 for T½(a) and Tmax in fed and fasted dogs, respectively). For cefuroxime axetil tablets, T > MIC (≤1 µg/ml) was <2 hr in fasted and ≈4 hr in fed animals, and for cefuroxime axetil suspension, T > MIC (≤1 µg/ml) was ≈5 hr and for T >MIC (≤4 µg/ml) was ≈2.5 hr for fasted and fed dogs, respectively. Cefuroxime axetil as a suspension formulation seems to be a better option than tablets. However, its short permanence in plasma could reduce its clinical usefulness in dogs.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cefuroxime/analogs & derivatives , Dogs/blood , Food-Drug Interactions , Administration, Intravenous , Administration, Oral , Animals , Area Under Curve , Cefuroxime/pharmacokinetics , Dogs/metabolism , Female , Half-Life , MaleABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Canis lupus familiaris is a domestic dog and many owners consider their pets as a family member. Medical bills with dogs are overcame only by the health care received by humans. Medical care is constantly progressing, and so is veterinary care. Metabolomics is the ''omic" technique aimed to the study of metabolome, low-molecular weight molecules, through biofluids or tissue samples. And it also allows to evaluate disease diagnosis and prognosis, therapeutic evaluation and toxicological studies. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this paper is to review the current and potential applications of metabolomics in domestic dogs. METHOD: ScienceDirect, Scopus, Reaxys and PubMed were searched for papers that performed canine metabolomics in any research area. RESULTS: We analysed 38 papers, published until April 2019 in canine metabolomics approach. Metabolomic research in dogs so far can be divided into three areas: (a) Metabolomics studies in veterinary science, such as improving pet dogs health and welfare. (b) Diet, breeds and species discrimination. (c) Use of dogs as animal model in different diseases and drug development (evaluation toxicity and effect). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this review showed that interest in metabolomics is growing in veterinary research. Several canine diseases have been evaluated with some promise for potential biomarker and/or disease mechanism discovery. Because canine metabolomics is a relatively new area, the researches spread across different research areas and with few studies in each area.
Subject(s)
Dogs/metabolism , Metabolomics , AnimalsABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to relate the serum concentration IL-6, IGF-1, leptin and estrogen in non-castrated bitches with or without overweight and early stage mammary carcinomas. Forty-three bitches were divided into four groups, two groups without mammary carcinomas with and without overweight, and two groups with mammary carcinomas with and without overweight. Overweight bitches, with or without mammary carcinomas, were statistically different from bitches by ideal weight, in relation to ECC, IMCC and body fat percentages (P< 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between ECC and IMCC (P< 0.0001), ECC and % GC (P< 0.0001), and IMCC and % GC (P< 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between serum leptin and IL-6 (P= 0.0451) and leptin and IGF-1 (P= 0.05). A positive correlation (P= 0.0053) between ECC and leptin was found in the analysis of body evaluation methods and serum concentrations, and a negative correlation between ECC and IL-6 (P= 0.0435). Among the fat percentage and the leptin concentration, there was a positive correlation (P= 0.0016), as found between the IMCC and leptin (P= 0, 0209). In this study, no association was observed between excessive weight and the presence of early stage mammary carcinomas.(AU)
Este estudo teve por objetivo relacionar a concentração sérica de IL-6, IGF-1, leptina e estrógeno, em cadelas não castradas com ou sem excesso de peso, e carcinomas mamários em estágio inicial. Quarenta e três cadelas foram divididas em quatro grupos, sendo dois de cadelas sem carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso, e dois de cadelas com carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso. Cadelas com excesso de peso, com ou sem carcinomas mamários, foram estatisticamente diferentes de cadelas em peso ideal, em relação às avaliações corporais de ECC, IMCC e percentual de gordura corpórea (P<0,0001). Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre ECC e IMCC (P<0,0001), ECC e %GC (P<0,0001), e IMCC e %GC (P<0,0001). As análises de estrógeno, leptina, IL-6 e IGF-1 não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos. Demonstrou-se correlação positiva entre as concentrações séricas de leptina e IL-6 (P=0,0451) e leptina e IGF-1 (P=0,05). Encontrou-se correlação positiva entre ECC e leptina (P=0,0053) e negativa entre ECC e IL-6 (P=0,0435). Entre o percentual de gordura e leptina encontrou-se correlação positiva (P=0,0016), assim como entre IMCC e leptina (P=0,0209). Neste estudo, não se observou associação entre excesso de peso e a presença de carcinomas mamários em estadio inicial.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/diagnosis , Leptin/analysis , Dogs/metabolism , Overweight/veterinary , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Interleukin-6ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to relate the serum concentration IL-6, IGF-1, leptin and estrogen in non-castrated bitches with or without overweight and early stage mammary carcinomas. Forty-three bitches were divided into four groups, two groups without mammary carcinomas with and without overweight, and two groups with mammary carcinomas with and without overweight. Overweight bitches, with or without mammary carcinomas, were statistically different from bitches by ideal weight, in relation to ECC, IMCC and body fat percentages (P< 0.0001). There was a positive correlation between ECC and IMCC (P< 0.0001), ECC and % GC (P< 0.0001), and IMCC and % GC (P< 0.0001). A positive correlation was found between serum leptin and IL-6 (P= 0.0451) and leptin and IGF-1 (P= 0.05). A positive correlation (P= 0.0053) between ECC and leptin was found in the analysis of body evaluation methods and serum concentrations, and a negative correlation between ECC and IL-6 (P= 0.0435). Among the fat percentage and the leptin concentration, there was a positive correlation (P= 0.0016), as found between the IMCC and leptin (P= 0, 0209). In this study, no association was observed between excessive weight and the presence of early stage mammary carcinomas.(AU)
Este estudo teve por objetivo relacionar a concentração sérica de IL-6, IGF-1, leptina e estrógeno, em cadelas não castradas com ou sem excesso de peso, e carcinomas mamários em estágio inicial. Quarenta e três cadelas foram divididas em quatro grupos, sendo dois de cadelas sem carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso, e dois de cadelas com carcinomas mamários, com e sem excesso de peso. Cadelas com excesso de peso, com ou sem carcinomas mamários, foram estatisticamente diferentes de cadelas em peso ideal, em relação às avaliações corporais de ECC, IMCC e percentual de gordura corpórea (P<0,0001). Foi observada uma correlação positiva entre ECC e IMCC (P<0,0001), ECC e %GC (P<0,0001), e IMCC e %GC (P<0,0001). As análises de estrógeno, leptina, IL-6 e IGF-1 não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos. Demonstrou-se correlação positiva entre as concentrações séricas de leptina e IL-6 (P=0,0451) e leptina e IGF-1 (P=0,05). Encontrou-se correlação positiva entre ECC e leptina (P=0,0053) e negativa entre ECC e IL-6 (P=0,0435). Entre o percentual de gordura e leptina encontrou-se correlação positiva (P=0,0016), assim como entre IMCC e leptina (P=0,0209). Neste estudo, não se observou associação entre excesso de peso e a presença de carcinomas mamários em estadio inicial.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/diagnosis , Leptin/analysis , Dogs/metabolism , Overweight/veterinary , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I , Interleukin-6ABSTRACT
The pharmacokinetic properties of the fluoroquinolone levofloxacin (LFX) were investigated in six dogs after single intravenous, oral and subcutaneous administration at a dose of 2.5, 5 and 5 mg/kg, respectively. After intravenous administration, distribution was rapid (T½dist 0.127 ± 0.055 hr) and wide as reflected by the volume of distribution of 1.20 ± 0.13 L/kg. Drug elimination was relatively slow with a total body clearance of 0.11 ± 0.03 L kg-1 hr-1 and a T½ for this process of 7.85 ± 2.30 hr. After oral and subcutaneous administration, absorption half-life and Tmax were 0.35 and 0.80 hr and 1.82 and 2.82 hr, respectively. The bioavailability was significantly higher (p Ë 0.05) after subcutaneous than oral administration (79.90 vs. 60.94%). No statistically significant differences were observed between other pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering the AUC24 hr /MIC and Cmax /MIC ratios obtained, it can be concluded that LFX administered intravenously (2.5 mg/kg), subcutaneously (5 mg/kg) or orally (5 mg/kg) is efficacious against Gram-negative bacteria with MIC values of 0.1 µg/ml. For Gram-positive bacteria with MIC values of 0.5 µg/kg, only SC and PO administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg showed to be efficacious. MIC-based PK/PD analysis by Monte Carlo simulation indicates that the proposed dose regimens of LFX, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg/24 hr by SC route and 10 mg/kg/24 hr by oral route, in dogs may be adequate to recommend as an empirical therapy against S. aureus strains with MIC ≤ 0.5 µg/ml and E. coli strains with MIC values ≤0.125 µg/ml.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics , Dogs/metabolism , Levofloxacin/pharmacokinetics , Administration, Oral , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Anti-Bacterial Agents/blood , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/veterinary , Dogs/blood , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Injections, Intravenous/veterinary , Injections, Subcutaneous/veterinary , Levofloxacin/administration & dosage , Levofloxacin/blood , Male , Monte Carlo MethodABSTRACT
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o manejo nutricional de cães e gatos domiciliados no município de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil, com base no perfil dos proprietários, por meio de um questionário aplicado, ob-tendo informações sobre nível de instrução com relação à alimentação ofertada a seus animais, bem como o grau de conhecimento sobre a importância da nutrição para a saúde de cães e gatos. De acordo com os entrevistados, neste município a presença de cães como animais de estimação foi predominante em comparação aos gatos. O principal alimento fornecido aos animais de estimação é o alimento industriali-zado seco, entretanto, grande parte dos proprietários afirmaram não possuir conhecimento sobre a alimentação e não seguem um correto manejo nutricional dos animais domiciliados, apesar de terem sido instruídos por profissionais. Conclui-se que se faz necessário maior conscientização dos proprietários de cães e gatos sobre a importância do correto manejo alimentar dos animais domiciliados.
The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional management of dogs and cats domiciled in the city of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil, based on the owners profile, by means of an applied questionnaire, obtaining information on the level of education related to the feeding offered to their animals, as well as the degree of knowledge about the importance of nutrition for the health of dogs and cats. According to the interviewees, in this municipality, the presence of dogs as pets was predominant compared to cats. However, most of the owners stated that they did not have knowledge about food and did not follow a correct nutritional management of the domiciled animals, despite having been instructed by professionals. We thus conclude that awareness must be raised among the owners of dogs and cats on the importance of the correct feeding management of domiciled animals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Nutritional Support/veterinary , Dogs/metabolism , Cats/metabolismABSTRACT
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o manejo nutricional de cães e gatos domiciliados no município de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil, com base no perfil dos proprietários, por meio de um questionário aplicado, ob-tendo informações sobre nível de instrução com relação à alimentação ofertada a seus animais, bem como o grau de conhecimento sobre a importância da nutrição para a saúde de cães e gatos. De acordo com os entrevistados, neste município a presença de cães como animais de estimação foi predominante em comparação aos gatos. O principal alimento fornecido aos animais de estimação é o alimento industriali-zado seco, entretanto, grande parte dos proprietários afirmaram não possuir conhecimento sobre a alimentação e não seguem um correto manejo nutricional dos animais domiciliados, apesar de terem sido instruídos por profissionais. Conclui-se que se faz necessário maior conscientização dos proprietários de cães e gatos sobre a importância do correto manejo alimentar dos animais domiciliados.(AU)
The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional management of dogs and cats domiciled in the city of Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil, based on the owners profile, by means of an applied questionnaire, obtaining information on the level of education related to the feeding offered to their animals, as well as the degree of knowledge about the importance of nutrition for the health of dogs and cats. According to the interviewees, in this municipality, the presence of dogs as pets was predominant compared to cats. However, most of the owners stated that they did not have knowledge about food and did not follow a correct nutritional management of the domiciled animals, despite having been instructed by professionals. We thus conclude that awareness must be raised among the owners of dogs and cats on the importance of the correct feeding management of domiciled animals.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Dogs , Dogs/metabolism , Cats/metabolism , Nutritional Support/veterinaryABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oat beta-glucan supplementation on metabolic, physiological, immunological and nutritional variables in adult dogs. Fourteen dogs were fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 1% beta-glucan during 71 days. Serum concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol and lipoprotein fractions, as well as plasma concentrations of peptide YY and ghrelin, were determined. In addition, coefficient of total tract apparent macronutrient digestibility (CTTAD), food intake and fecal output, score, and pH were evaluated. For evaluation of immunological variables, serum concentrations of interleukin-4 and interferon gamma were determined on days 0, 57 and 71, which corresponded to blood collection prior to beta-glucan supplementation, and at 7 and 14 days post first and second dose of vaccination (Pneumodog®, Merial, Campinas, Brazil), respectively. Animals fed the supplemented diet showed (P<0.05) lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol and low and very low density lipoproteins, lower coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, mineral matter and ether extract, higher fecal output and lower fecal consistency, as well as a tendency (P = 0.07) of decreasing the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein. Moreover, the supplemented diet resulted in lower number of red blood cells, hematocrit percentage and hemoglobin concentration 21 days post-vaccination as well as lower serum concentration of interleukin-4 seven days post-vaccination (P<0.05). It is concluded that oat beta-glucan extract can be used as a dietary supplement for dogs at a dose of 10 g/kg of food, being effective in reducing blood concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL-c and VLDL-c as well as CTTAD of nutrients, demonstrating a potential to be used in the feeding of obese animals. In addition, by reducing the predominance of a Th2 response, oat beta-glucan can positively modulate the vaccine response of animals.
Subject(s)
Avena , Dietary Supplements , Dogs , beta-Glucans/administration & dosage , Animal Feed , Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Animals , Cholesterol/blood , Dogs/metabolism , Eating , Feces , Interferon-gamma/blood , Interleukin-4/blood , Obesity/diet therapy , Obesity/veterinary , VaccinationABSTRACT
Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da alimentação caseira, da ração comercial a granel e da ração comercial fechada para cães adultos sobre análises clínicas e aspectos comportamentais de ingestão das dietas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos, sendo o tratamento 1 constituído de dieta caseira, o tratamento 2 por ração a granel tipo premium, e o tratamento 3 por ração comercial fechada do tipo premium. Foram utilizados três cães em cada um dos tratamentos, totalizando nove animais. As variáveis analisadas foram: teste de glicemia, odor fecal, escore fecal, volume fecal, análise química da urina (pH urinário, presença de proteína, sangue, corpos cetônicos, bilirrubina e glicose), avaliação visual do pelo e consumo voluntário da dieta. Os cães submetidos à dieta caseira apresentaram menor resultado de glicemia sanguínea (83,90). A urina apresentou pH mais alcalino para cães que receberam a ração a granel (8,06). Cães da dieta caseira apresentaram o mais alto escore para a qualidade do pelo. Houve um maior volume das fezes de cães que receberam a dieta de ração a granel. Cães que receberam a dieta de alimentação caseira ou a ração comercial fechada apresentaram um consumo total do alimento em menos de 10 minutos. A maioria dos resultados foi semelhante entre a dieta caseira e a ração fechada do tipo premium. A ração a granel apresentou os piores resultados.(AU)
The objective of this study was to study the effect of homemade feed, commercial feed in bulk, and closed commercial feed for adult dogs on clinical analysis and behavioral aspects of diet intake. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments: homemade diet, bulk premium type feed, and closed commercial feed of the premium type. Three dogs were observed in each of the treatments, totaling nine animals. The variables analyzed were: blood glycemia, fecal odor, fecal score, fecal volume, chemical urine analysis (urinary pH, presence of protein, blood, ketone bodies, bilirubin and glucose), visual evaluation of hair and voluntary dietary intake. Dogs submitted to a home diet showed lower blood glucose results (83.90). Urine was more alkaline pH for dogs that received the bulk feed (8.06). Dogs from the homemade feed presented the highest score for hair quality. There was a greater volume of feces from dogs that received the diet of bulk feed. Dogs that received the diet of home feed or closed commercial feed showed a total consumption of food in less than ten minutes. Most of the results were similar between the homemade feed and the closed-type premium diet. The dogs bulk feed presented the worst results.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Dogs/metabolism , Feeding Behavior/classification , Behavior, AnimalABSTRACT
Objetivou-se estudar o efeito da alimentação caseira, da ração comercial a granel e da ração comercial fechada para cães adultos sobre análises clínicas e aspectos comportamentais de ingestão das dietas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos, sendo o tratamento 1 constituído de dieta caseira, o tratamento 2 por ração a granel tipo premium, e o tratamento 3 por ração comercial fechada do tipo premium. Foram utilizados três cães em cada um dos tratamentos, totalizando nove animais. As variáveis analisadas foram: teste de glicemia, odor fecal, escore fecal, volume fecal, análise química da urina (pH urinário, presença de proteína, sangue, corpos cetônicos, bilirrubina e glicose), avaliação visual do pelo e consumo voluntário da dieta. Os cães submetidos à dieta caseira apresentaram menor resultado de glicemia sanguínea (83,90). A urina apresentou pH mais alcalino para cães que receberam a ração a granel (8,06). Cães da dieta caseira apresentaram o mais alto escore para a qualidade do pelo. Houve um maior volume das fezes de cães que receberam a dieta de ração a granel. Cães que receberam a dieta de alimentação caseira ou a ração comercial fechada apresentaram um consumo total do alimento em menos de 10 minutos. A maioria dos resultados foi semelhante entre a dieta caseira e a ração fechada do tipo premium. A ração a granel apresentou os piores resultados.(AU)
The objective of this study was to study the effect of homemade feed, commercial feed in bulk, and closed commercial feed for adult dogs on clinical analysis and behavioral aspects of diet intake. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments: homemade diet, bulk premium type feed, and closed commercial feed of the premium type. Three dogs were observed in each of the treatments, totaling nine animals. The variables analyzed were: blood glycemia, fecal odor, fecal score, fecal volume, chemical urine analysis (urinary pH, presence of protein, blood, ketone bodies, bilirubin and glucose), visual evaluation of hair and voluntary dietary intake. Dogs submitted to a home diet showed lower blood glucose results (83.90). Urine was more alkaline pH for dogs that received the bulk feed (8.06). Dogs from the homemade feed presented the highest score for hair quality. There was a greater volume of feces from dogs that received the diet of bulk feed. Dogs that received the diet of home feed or closed commercial feed showed a total consumption of food in less than ten minutes. Most of the results were similar between the homemade feed and the closed-type premium diet. The dogs bulk feed presented the worst results.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Animal Feed/adverse effects , Dogs/metabolism , Feeding Behavior/classification , Behavior, AnimalABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore the role of early central parenteral nutrition support with and without lipid emulsion in enterectomized dogs undergoing small bowel partial resection. Enterectomized dogs often cannot be fed properly via an oral or enteral route immediately post-surgery. After enterectomy, the animals received parenteral nutrition or crystalloid solution until they were able to voluntarily take in an oral diet. All dogs were recruited at the University of Sao Paulo veterinary teaching hospital. Eighteen dogs with intussusception, a foreign intestinal body, linear foreign intestinal body, or intussusception associated with a foreign intestinal body underwent enterectomy surgery and were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: crystalloid solution (CS group), parenteral nutrition with a mix of glucose and amino acids (GA group) or parenteral nutrition with a mix of glucose, amino acids and lipids (GAL group). A serum chemistry panel and complete blood count were collected prior to surgery and at the end of the study. Albumin increased in the GA and GAL group (p=0.042 and p=0.038 respectively) after hospitalization, but no significant differences were identified among the groups. Body weight decreased by 4.9% (p=0.042) in the CS group, but there were no significant changes in the GAL and GA groups. There was a significant decrease in the recovery scores in the GA and GAL groups during hospitalization (p=0.039 in both groups). Early parenteral nutrition was beneficial for patient recovery in post-surgical small bowel partial resection, indicating better quality, and no major complications or side effects were observed during the hospitalization period in the studied dogs.(AU)
O objetivo desse estudo era estudar os efeitos da nutrição parenteral central precoce com e sem emulsão lipídica em cães submetidos à ressecção parcial do intestino delgado. Os cães enterectomizados frequentemente não conseguem ser adequadamente alimentados por via oral ou enteral no pós-cirúrgico imediato. Após a enterectomia, os animais receberam nutrição parenteral ou solução cristaloide até o momento em que fossem capazes de alimentar-se voluntariamente por via oral. Todos os animais foram selecionados no hospital veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo. Dezoito cães diagnosticados com intussuscepção, corpo estranho intestinal, corpo estranho linear ou intussuscepção associada com corpo estranho intestinal foram submetidos à enterectomia e aleatoriamente alocados para receber um dos três tratamentos: solução cristaloide (grupo CS), nutrição parenteral com mistura de glicose e aminoácidos (grupo GA) ou nutrição parental com mistura de glicose e lipídios (grupo GAL). Hemograma e bioquímica sérica foram coletados antes da cirurgia e no final do estudo. Houve aumento de albumina no grupo GA e GAL (p=0,042 e p=0,038 respectivamente) após a hospitalização, mas não houve diferença significativa entre grupos. O peso corpóreo diminuiu cerca de 4,9% (p=0,042) no grupo CS mas não houve alterações significativas no grupo GAL e GA. Houve uma diminuição significativa no escore de recuperação no grupo GA e GAL durante a hospitalização (p=0,039 em ambos os grupos). A nutrição parenteral precoce mostrou-se benéfica para a recuperação no pós-operatório dos cães submetidos à ressecção parcial do intestino delgado, sinalizando uma melhora na qualidade da recuperação e ausência de grandes complicações ou efeitos colaterais durante o período de hospitalização dos animais estudados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Parenteral Nutrition/veterinary , Critical Care/classification , Dogs/surgery , Dogs/metabolismABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore the role of early central parenteral nutrition support with and without lipid emulsion in enterectomized dogs undergoing small bowel partial resection. Enterectomized dogs often cannot be fed properly via an oral or enteral route immediately post-surgery. After enterectomy, the animals received parenteral nutrition or crystalloid solution until they were able to voluntarily take in an oral diet. All dogs were recruited at the University of Sao Paulo veterinary teaching hospital. Eighteen dogs with intussusception, a foreign intestinal body, linear foreign intestinal body, or intussusception associated with a foreign intestinal body underwent enterectomy surgery and were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: crystalloid solution (CS group), parenteral nutrition with a mix of glucose and amino acids (GA group) or parenteral nutrition with a mix of glucose, amino acids and lipids (GAL group). A serum chemistry panel and complete blood count were collected prior to surgery and at the end of the study. Albumin increased in the GA and GAL group (p=0.042 and p=0.038 respectively) after hospitalization, but no significant differences were identified among the groups. Body weight decreased by 4.9% (p=0.042) in the CS group, but there were no significant changes in the GAL and GA groups. There was a significant decrease in the recovery scores in the GA and GAL groups during hospitalization (p=0.039 in both groups). Early parenteral nutrition was beneficial for patient recovery in post-surgical small bowel partial resection, indicating better quality, and no major complications or side effects were observed during the hospitalization period in the studied dogs.(AU)
O objetivo desse estudo era estudar os efeitos da nutrição parenteral central precoce com e sem emulsão lipídica em cães submetidos à ressecção parcial do intestino delgado. Os cães enterectomizados frequentemente não conseguem ser adequadamente alimentados por via oral ou enteral no pós-cirúrgico imediato. Após a enterectomia, os animais receberam nutrição parenteral ou solução cristaloide até o momento em que fossem capazes de alimentar-se voluntariamente por via oral. Todos os animais foram selecionados no hospital veterinário da Universidade de São Paulo. Dezoito cães diagnosticados com intussuscepção, corpo estranho intestinal, corpo estranho linear ou intussuscepção associada com corpo estranho intestinal foram submetidos à enterectomia e aleatoriamente alocados para receber um dos três tratamentos: solução cristaloide (grupo CS), nutrição parenteral com mistura de glicose e aminoácidos (grupo GA) ou nutrição parental com mistura de glicose e lipídios (grupo GAL). Hemograma e bioquímica sérica foram coletados antes da cirurgia e no final do estudo. Houve aumento de albumina no grupo GA e GAL (p=0,042 e p=0,038 respectivamente) após a hospitalização, mas não houve diferença significativa entre grupos. O peso corpóreo diminuiu cerca de 4,9% (p=0,042) no grupo CS mas não houve alterações significativas no grupo GAL e GA. Houve uma diminuição significativa no escore de recuperação no grupo GA e GAL durante a hospitalização (p=0,039 em ambos os grupos). A nutrição parenteral precoce mostrou-se benéfica para a recuperação no pós-operatório dos cães submetidos à ressecção parcial do intestino delgado, sinalizando uma melhora na qualidade da recuperação e ausência de grandes complicações ou efeitos colaterais durante o período de hospitalização dos animais estudados.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Parenteral Nutrition/veterinary , Critical Care/classification , Dogs/surgery , Dogs/metabolismABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the differences among four dog breeds as to food selectivity, choice agreement, and the number scores that best evaluate the degree of food choice agreement. For that, 115 food preference tests were analyzed. In each of those tests, 20 dogs were used (eight Beagles, four Labradors, four Siberian Huskies, and four Basset Hounds), in two evaluation days. The medians of intake difference between two diets were calculated for days one, two, and for both days to determine if there were selectivity difference among breeds. A randomized block experimental design was applied, and medians were submitted to the test of Friedmann. Food choice agreement and the degree of agreement among breeds were evaluated by the kappa index, using two different scales. Basset Hounds were the most selective when two different foods were offered, whereas Labradors were the least selective. When performing food preference tests, Siberian Huskies and Basset Hounds are recommended; however, they must be used individually to prevent that the results of one breed could neutralize those of the other breed. The use of a scale of food preference with three scores is recommended in order to obtain results that are more reliable.(AU)
Objetivando averiguar possíveis diferenças entre quatro raças de cães para concisão na escolha, concordância na preferência alimentar e número de escalas que melhor avalia a intensidade de concordância, foram avaliados 115 testes de preferência alimentar. Para cada teste foram usados 20 cães (oito Beagles, quatro Labradores, quatro Huskys Siberiano, e quatro Basset Hound) em dois dias de avaliação. Foram calculadas as medianas da diferença de consumo entre as duas rações no dia um, dois e no período total, para averiguar diferenças entre raças para concisão na escolha. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso e as medianas calculadas foram submetidas ao Teste de Friedmann. A análise de concordância e intensidade de concordância para preferência alimentar entre cada raça foi avaliada pelo Índice Kappa, por meio de duas escalas. Cães da raça Basset Hound foram os mais concisos na seleção quando na presença de mais de um alimento, enquanto Labradores foram os menos seletivos. Para delineamento de ensaios de preferência alimentar é indicado combinar as raças Husky Siberiano e Basset Hound, porém em testes separados, para evitar que uma anule a outra. Para aferição dos resultados é aconselhada a utilização de três escalas, a fim de se obter resultados mais confiáveis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/metabolism , Dogs/physiology , Feeding Behavior , Food PreferencesABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the differences among four dog breeds as to food selectivity, choice agreement, and the number scores that best evaluate the degree of food choice agreement. For that, 115 food preference tests were analyzed. In each of those tests, 20 dogs were used (eight Beagles, four Labradors, four Siberian Huskies, and four Basset Hounds), in two evaluation days. The medians of intake difference between two diets were calculated for days one, two, and for both days to determine if there were selectivity difference among breeds. A randomized block experimental design was applied, and medians were submitted to the test of Friedmann. Food choice agreement and the degree of agreement among breeds were evaluated by the kappa index, using two different scales. Basset Hounds were the most selective when two different foods were offered, whereas Labradors were the least selective. When performing food preference tests, Siberian Huskies and Basset Hounds are recommended; however, they must be used individually to prevent that the results of one breed could neutralize those of the other breed. The use of a scale of food preference with three scores is recommended in order to obtain results that are more reliable.
Objetivando averiguar possíveis diferenças entre quatro raças de cães para concisão na escolha, concordância na preferência alimentar e número de escalas que melhor avalia a intensidade de concordância, foram avaliados 115 testes de preferência alimentar. Para cada teste foram usados 20 cães (oito Beagles, quatro Labradores, quatro Huskys Siberiano, e quatro Basset Hound) em dois dias de avaliação. Foram calculadas as medianas da diferença de consumo entre as duas rações no dia um, dois e no período total, para averiguar diferenças entre raças para concisão na escolha. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso e as medianas calculadas foram submetidas ao Teste de Friedmann. A análise de concordância e intensidade de concordância para preferência alimentar entre cada raça foi avaliada pelo Índice Kappa, por meio de duas escalas. Cães da raça Basset Hound foram os mais concisos na seleção quando na presença de mais de um alimento, enquanto Labradores foram os menos seletivos. Para delineamento de ensaios de preferência alimentar é indicado combinar as raças Husky Siberiano e Basset Hound, porém em testes separados, para evitar que uma anule a outra. Para aferição dos resultados é aconselhada a utilização de três escalas, a fim de se obter resultados mais confiáveis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Feeding Behavior , Dogs/physiology , Dogs/metabolism , Food PreferencesABSTRACT
The aims of this study were compare the electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiopulmonary effects of methadone or morphine, both injected intravenously (IV) in dogs anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol. Sixteen healthy female mongrel dogs were used in this study for elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were allocated in random order into two groups assigned GME (methadone 0.3 mg kg-1, IV) or GMO (morphine 0.3 mg kg-1, IV). Parameters were evaluated: heart rate (HR), P-wave amplitude (Ps and PmV), interval between Ps and R waves (PR), QRS duration (QRS), R-wave amplitude (R), duration the interval between the Q and T waves (QT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal of carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) and periferic oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ). Postoperative analgesia was assessed by mechanical nociceptive stimulus based on the scale proposed by Firth and Haldane (1999) and rescue analgesia based on the visual analogue scale. HR was lower in GME in relation to GMO. The P, PmV, PR, QRS, R and QT values remained within their normality tracks, showing no clinical importance. Apnea and ETCO2 increased in both groups. There was no difference between groups of the analgesic effects. It can be concluded that methadone and morphine promote similar cardiovascular effects after IV injection during surgery in dogs anesthetized with propofol by continuous rate infusion, however, when methadone used, assisted ventilation is required. In addition, both drugs promote postoperative analgesia until six hours.(AU)
O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar as alterações no eletrocardiograma (ECG) e nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios da metadona ou morfina administrada pela via intravenosa (I.V.) em cães anestesiados com infusão intravenosa contínua de propofol. Foram utilizados 16 cadelas, sem raça definida submetidos ao procedimento de ovário-histerectomia. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, designados como GME (metadona 0,3 mg kg-1, I.V.) ou GMO (morfina 0,3 mg kg-1, I.V.). Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência cardíaca (FC), tempo e amplitude da onda P (Ps e PmV), intervalo entre as ondas P e R (PR), duração do complexo QRS (QRS), amplitude da onda R (R), duração do intervalo entre as ondas Q e T (QT), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (f), tensão de dióxido de carbono no final da expiração (ETCO2 ) e saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SpO2 ). A analgesia pós-operatória foi verificada seguindo a proposta de Firth e Haldane (1999) e o regaste analgésico baseado na escala análoga visual. A FC foi menor no GME comparativamente ao GMO. Os valores de Ps, PmV, PR, QRS, R e QT mantiveram-se dentro da normalidade em ambos os grupos e sem significado clínico. Apneia e incremento da ETCO2 em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença nos efeitos analgésicos entre os grupos. Podemos concluir que a metadona e a morfina promovem efeitos cardiovasculares similares quando administradas I.V. durante o procedimento cirúrgico em cães anestesiados com propofol via infusão continua intravenosa, no entanto, quando a metadona é empregada, ventilação assistida é necessária. Além disso, os dois opioides promoveram analgesia por 6h00 no pós-operatório.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/metabolism , Dogs/surgery , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography/veterinary , Perioperative Period/veterinary , Hysterectomy/veterinary , Propofol/analysis , Propofol/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
The aims of this study were compare the electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiopulmonary effects of methadone or morphine, both injected intravenously (IV) in dogs anesthetized with continuous infusion of propofol. Sixteen healthy female mongrel dogs were used in this study for elective ovariohysterectomy. The animals were allocated in random order into two groups assigned GME (methadone 0.3 mg kg-1, IV) or GMO (morphine 0.3 mg kg-1, IV). Parameters were evaluated: heart rate (HR), P-wave amplitude (Ps and PmV), interval between Ps and R waves (PR), QRS duration (QRS), R-wave amplitude (R), duration the interval between the Q and T waves (QT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), end tidal of carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ) and periferic oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ). Postoperative analgesia was assessed by mechanical nociceptive stimulus based on the scale proposed by Firth and Haldane (1999) and rescue analgesia based on the visual analogue scale. HR was lower in GME in relation to GMO. The P, PmV, PR, QRS, R and QT values remained within their normality tracks, showing no clinical importance. Apnea and ETCO2 increased in both groups. There was no difference between groups of the analgesic effects. It can be concluded that methadone and morphine promote similar cardiovascular effects after IV injection during surgery in dogs anesthetized with propofol by continuous rate infusion, however, when methadone used, assisted ventilation is required. In addition, both drugs promote postoperative analgesia until six hours.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar as alterações no eletrocardiograma (ECG) e nos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios da metadona ou morfina administrada pela via intravenosa (I.V.) em cães anestesiados com infusão intravenosa contínua de propofol. Foram utilizados 16 cadelas, sem raça definida submetidos ao procedimento de ovário-histerectomia. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, designados como GME (metadona 0,3 mg kg-1, I.V.) ou GMO (morfina 0,3 mg kg-1, I.V.). Os parâmetros avaliados foram frequência cardíaca (FC), tempo e amplitude da onda P (Ps e PmV), intervalo entre as ondas P e R (PR), duração do complexo QRS (QRS), amplitude da onda R (R), duração do intervalo entre as ondas Q e T (QT), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (f), tensão de dióxido de carbono no final da expiração (ETCO2 ) e saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SpO2 ). A analgesia pós-operatória foi verificada seguindo a proposta de Firth e Haldane (1999) e o regaste analgésico baseado na escala análoga visual. A FC foi menor no GME comparativamente ao GMO. Os valores de Ps, PmV, PR, QRS, R e QT mantiveram-se dentro da normalidade em ambos os grupos e sem significado clínico. Apneia e incremento da ETCO2 em ambos os grupos. Não houve diferença nos efeitos analgésicos entre os grupos. Podemos concluir que a metadona e a morfina promovem efeitos cardiovasculares similares quando administradas I.V. durante o procedimento cirúrgico em cães anestesiados com propofol via infusão continua intravenosa, no entanto, quando a metadona é empregada, ventilação assistida é necessária. Além disso, os dois opioides promoveram analgesia por 6h00 no pós-operatório.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Dogs/surgery , Dogs/metabolism , Electrocardiography/methods , Electrocardiography/veterinary , Perioperative Period/veterinary , Hysterectomy/veterinary , Propofol/analysis , Propofol/chemical synthesisABSTRACT
The goals of this study were to evaluate the effects of a mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and a frutoligosaccharide (FOS) mixture in a 1:1 ratio added to a commercial diet for dogs before the extrusion process on the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of the diets and on the metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen metabolism (postprandial blood urea curve, organic nitrogen balance, fecal concentration of ammonia and excretion of urinary urea) and fecal fermentation parameters (fecal pH and concentrations of short chain fatty acids). Eighteen adult Beagle dogs were used and randomly distributed into two treatments, being a control diet plus one diet in which the mixture of prebiotics was added before the extrusion of the ration. There was no difference in digestibility, metabolizable energy, fecal ammonia content and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric) between the control diet and the one with the addition of prebiotics. However, the dogs supplemented with prebiotics before extrusion, had a lower fecal pH (p 0,05) compared to those in the control diet and a reduction in the post prandial blood urea concentration (p 0,01) was also observed in the animals receiving prebiotics, observed by the areas below the curve of urea and its increment. The possible mechanism involved in the effect of prebiotics on the reduction in the concentrations of blood urea is thereduction in the formation and intestinal absorption of ammonia, favored by the reduction of intestinal pH. These findings can be considered in the use of prebiotics in clinical nutrition.(AU)
Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura de mannan-oligossacarídeos (MOS) e frutoligossacarídeos (FOS), na proporção de 1:1 adicionados a uma dieta para cães, antes ou após o processo de extrusão, sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente das dietas, energia metabolizável, metabolismo do nitrogênio (curva de uréia sérica pós-prandial, balanço orgânico de nitrogênio, concentração fecal de amônia e excreção de uréia urinária) e parâmetros fermentativos fecais (pH fecal e concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta). Foram utilizados 18 cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos ao acaso em três tratamentos, sendo uma ração controle mais duas dietas em que a mistura dos prebióticos foram adicionados antes ou após o processo de extrusão das rações. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade, energia metabolizável, teor de amônia fecal e de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (acético, propiônico e butírico) entre as dietas controle e com adição dos prebióticos. Entretanto, os cães suplementados com prebiótico, antes ou após a extrusão, apresentaram menor pH fecal (p 0,05) em relação à dieta controle e foi observado ainda redução na concentração pós-prandial de uréia sérica (p 0,01) nos animais que receberam prebióticos, observados pelas áreas abaixo da curva de uréia e do seu incremento. O processo de extrusão não afetou os efeitos biológicos destes prebióticos sobre os parâmetros avaliados nos cães. Possíveis mecanismos implicados no efeito dos prebióticos sobre a redução nas concentrações de uréia sérica são a diminuição na formação e absorção intestinal de amônia, favorecidas pela redução no pH intestinal. Estes achados podem ser considerados no uso de prebióticos em nutrição clínica.(AU)