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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(6): 1655-1662, dic. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385538

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: A detailed data of shape of auricular concha is currently not available. Therefore, this study constructed a framework to statistically analyze the shape of the auricular concha based on a database of 3D scanned images. The 3D models of the auricular concha from 308 study participants are converted into compatible NURBS surfaces generated through 795 data points to perform a requisite statistical analysis. Subsequently, the shape of the auricular concha of the participants is grouped into 29 clusters with a modified hierarchical clustering algorithm. Finally, a wear trial and simulation test are carried out to validate the wear comfort of a designed OTC hearing aids based on the average shape of each cluster. The experimental results show that the average shape obtained as per the cluster is capable of representing the common geometric properties of their corresponding members, and could thus be used as a reference in designing mass-customized OTC hearing aid. The method in this study is superior to conventional methods that rely on sparse results for shape analysis because it takes into account the intricate geometric shape of the auricular concha. The quantitative description of conchal morphometry will be beneficial for plastic surgeons, and for the ergonomic design of ear-related products.


RESUMEN: Actualmente no se dispone de datos específicos de la forma de la concha auricular. Por lo tanto, este estudio construyó un marco para analizar estadísticamente la forma de ella a partir de una base de datos de imágenes escaneadas en 3D. Los modelos 3D de la concha auricular de 308 participantes del estudio se convirtieron en superficies NURBS compatibles generadas a través de 795 puntos de datos para realizar un análisis estadístico requerido. Posteriormente, la forma de la concha auricular de los participantes se agrupó en 29 grupos con un algoritmo de agrupamiento jerárquico modificado. Finalmente, se llevó a cabo una prueba de uso y una prueba de simulación para validar la comodidad de uso de unos audífonos OTC diseñados en función de la forma promedio de cada grupo. Los resultados experimentales mostraron que la forma promedio obtenida de la concha auricular, según el grupo, es capaz de representar las propiedades geométricas comunes de sus miembros correspondientes y, por lo tanto, podría usarse como referencia en el diseño de audífonos OTC personalizados en masa. El método de este estudio es superior a los métodos convencionales que se basan en resultados escasos para el análisis de forma, porque tiene en consideración la intrincada forma geométrica de la concha auricular. La descripción cuantitativa de la morfometría de la concha auricular será beneficiosa para los cirujanos plásticos y para el diseño ergonómico de productos relacionados con el oído.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Hearing Aids , User-Centered Design , Ergonomics
2.
Int. j. morphol ; 39(3): 742-746, jun. 2021. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1385405

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: Personal identification is mostly done by facial assessment. The auricle plays a key role in the evaluation and recognition of the craniofacial complex. The aim of this study was to provide normative database using the measurements of the auricle among young males and females by anthropometric methods. Anthropometric measurements were taken from 115 participants, (56 men and 59 women) between 18-30 years old. Participants werestudents at Yasar Dogu Faculty of Sport Sciences of Ondokuz Mayis University. Each participant signed an informed consent form and then participated to the study. We found that the mean length of the right and left auricles were 58.30-58.52 mm, the mean width of the right and left auricles were 30.04-29.73 mm, the mean length of right and left lobules were 16.05-16.45 mm, and the mean width of the right and left lobules were 17.61-18.76 mm in female participants. The mean length of right and left auricles were 62.33-62.49 mm, the mean width of the right and left auricles were 33.60-33.96 mm, the mean length of right and left lobules were 18.49-18.11 mm, and the mean width of the right and left lobules were 19.19-20.47 mm in male participants. The data obtained from the present study may be useful for further studies. Also, the results may be useful for reconstructive surgeons to analyze the size and shape of the auricle.


RESUMEN: La identificación personal se realiza principalmente mediante evaluación facial. El pabellón auricular tiene un papel clave en la evaluación y el reconocimiento del complejo craneofacial. El objetivo de este estudio fue proporcionar una base de datos normativa utilizando las medidas de la oreja entre hombres y mujeres jóvenes por métodos antropométricos. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas de 115 participantes, (56 hombres y 59 mujeres) entre 18 y 30 años. Los participantes eran estudiantse de la Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte Yasar Dogu de la Universidad Ondokuz Mayis. Cada participante firmó un formulario de consentimiento informado y luego participó en el estudio. Encontramos que en las mujeres la longitud media de las aurículas derecha e izquierda era de 58,30-58,52 mm, el ancho medio de las aurículas derecha y izquierdas era de 30,04 a 29,73 mm, la longitud media de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo era de 16,05 a 16,45 mm y el ancho medio de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo era de 17,61 a 18,76 mm. En los hombres, la longitud media de las aurículas derecha e izquierda era de 62,33-62,49 mm, el ancho medio de las aurículas derecha e izquierda era de 33,60-33,96 mm, la longitud media de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo era de 18,49-18,11 mm, y el ancho medio de los lóbulos derecho e izquierdo era de 18,49-18,11 mm. Los datos obtenidos del presente estudio pueden ser útiles para estudios posteriores. Además, los resultados pueden ser útiles para que los cirujanos reconstructivos analicen el tamaño y la forma del pabellón auricular.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Anthropometry , Sex Characteristics , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Anatomic Landmarks
3.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(4): 1451-1458, Dec. 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893156

ABSTRACT

SUMMARY: A detailed data of concha is currently not available. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine twelve morphometric measurements of concha, to investigate its sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry, and to establish basic shapes of concha for both sexes and sides. The study sample comprised of 310 young Chinese aged 18-28 years. 141 left and 141 right ear impressions for females, 169 left and 169 right ear impressions for males were collected and scanned. The 3D coordinates of seven landmarks on each auricular concha were obtained using 3D scanning technology and curvature theory. From the landmarks, twelve morphometric measurements of concha were calculated and analyzed. The conchal morphometry exist significantly sexual dimorphism in this study sample. On average, all measurements were larger in males than in females regardless of the sides. There was significantly bilateral asymmetry among left and right conchae in both sexes. Some measurements were larger in the right sides and some measurements were larger in the left sides, but the bilateral difference in both measurements found to be less than 1mm. Additionally, the basic shapes of concha for both sexes and sides were established on the basis of the mean 3D coordinates of each landmark and the mean value of each measurement. The anthropometric method of this study could overcome the difficulty in locating landmarks of auricle complex structures, and attain a higher level of accuracy in the procedure of measurement. The quantitative description of conchal morphometry will be beneficial for plastic surgeons, and for the ergonomic design of hearing aids.


RESUMEN: Actualmente no existen datos detallados de la concha auricular. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar doce medidas morfométricas de la concha auricular, investigar su dimorfismo sexual y asimetría bilateral, y establecer formas básicas de la concha para ambos sexos y lados. La muestra del estudio estaba compuesta por 310 jóvenes chinos de 18 a 28 años de edad. Se recolectaron y escanearon 141 impresiones de la oreja izquierda y 141 de la oreja derecha en mujeres; 169 impresiones de la oreja izquierda y 169 de la oreja derecha en hombres. Las coordenadas 3D de siete hitos en cada concha auricular se obtuvieron utilizando la tecnología de exploración 3D y la teoría de la curvatura. A partir de los hitos, se calcularon y analizaron doce medidas morfométricas de concha. La morfometría conchal indica la existencia significativa de dimorfismo sexual en esta muestra. En promedio, todas las mediciones fueron mayores en los hombres que en las mujeres, independientemente de los lados. Se observó una asimetría bilateral significativa entre las conchas izquierda y derecha en ambos sexos. Algunas medidas eran mayores en el lado derecho y otras medidas eran mayores en el lado izquierdo, pero la diferencia bilateral en ambas medidas fue menor a 1 mm. Además, las formas básicas de concha para ambos sexos y lados se establecieron sobre la base de las coordenadas 3D medias de cada punto de referencia y el valor medio de cada medición. El método antropométrico de este estudio podría superar la dificultad de localizar los hitos de las estructuras del complejo auricular y lograr un mayor nivel de precisión en el procedimiento de medición. La descripción cuantitativa de la morfometría conchal será util para los cirujanos plásticos y para el diseño ergonómico de audífonos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Sex Characteristics , Ear, External/anatomy & histology , China , Anthropometry , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology
4.
Aesthetic Plast Surg ; 41(2): 321-326, 2017 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28062966

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Protruding ears represent the main abnormality of the external ear, which has required numerous anatomic and surgical studies. Most studies give attention to the absence of the antihelix as the anatomic defect responsible for the clinical deformity of the lateral aspect of the ear that leads to its anteversion. The reason for this study is the controversial origin of the fold of the antihelix within the auricle framework, a field of interest for aesthetic otoplasty. The current study examined the medial surface of the cartilaginous ear frame from cadaver specimens with right morphology to investigate the starting point of the fold of the antihelix. This allowed for verification of a natural plica at the anatomic base of this antihelical fold, which to date has not had its topography described morphologically. It is acknowledged that relevant literature makes no reference to this innominate natural plica at the origin of the antihelix, whose anatomic and surgical importance is related in this report. This study aimed to show that the existence of a natural plica at the base of the antihelix in ear framing represents a landmark between normal and protruding ear morphology. METHODS: For 8 years, 118 ears were carefully investigated within rigid ethical principles based on a thorough review of the pertinent literature. The study investigated 16 selected cadaver specimens and 102 protruding ears dissected by the senior author including 49 bilateral cases (26 males and 23 females) and 4 unilateral cases (2 males and 2 females). Bifacial anthropometric measurements by calipers were used for documentation. RESULTS: A natural plica at the base of the antihelix was found in all cadaver ears selected with right morphology, whereas it was totally absent in every surgically treated protruding ear irrespective of color, gender, age, or ethnic origin. Ambilateral measures of the antihelix eminence certify the study object in normal specimens as well as its lack in abnormal ones. CONCLUSION: Technical and topographic knowledge that a natural plica exists at the anatomic base of the antihelix is a valuable key point in recognizing the normal external ear. In addition, the making of a natural plica is the first and most effective factor in the reconstruction of the antihelical fold and its absolute absence results in the pathologic condition for protruding ears. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the A3 online Instructions to Authors. http://www.springer.com/00266 .


Subject(s)
Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Ear Auricle/surgery , Otologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Adolescent , Adult , Cadaver , Cephalometry , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 33(4): 1542-1548, Dec. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772351

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to determine various morphometric measurements of auricle, to investigate asymmetry and its relation with handedness in both sexes. Main morphometric measurements of both auricles and hand preferences were determined on 200 male and 200 female healthy university students. All measurements of the auricles were larger in males than the corresponding ones in females and all the differences except earlobe widths were statistically significant. All measurements of left and right auricles were statistically significantly different in both sexes except earlobe length in males, and distance from the highest point of the auricle to the bottom of the intertragic notch and earlobe length in females. Auricle length and distance from the highest point of the auricle to the bottom of the intertragic notch had higher values at the left side and all other measurements were larger at the right side. There was no significant difference between the measurements of the corresponding auricles of the righthanded and lefthanded subjects. All measurements were larger at the right side except auricle length and distance from the highest point of the auricle to the bottom of the intertragic notch in righthanded and lefthanded subjects and all differences except earlobe length were significantly different in righthanded subjects as in the total population but in lefthanded subjects the difference of the auricle width was not significant, either. There was an apparent asymmetry of right and left auricles of normal people in the current study which should be taken in to consideration in plastic surgeries of the external ear, designing the ear devices and forensic applications of earprints.


El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar diversas mediciones morfométricas de la oreja, para investigar la asimetría y su relación con el uso de las manos en ambos sexos. Se realizaron mediciones morfométricas de los pabellones auriculares y las manos de 400 estudiantes universitarios (200 hombres y 299 mujeres). Todas las medidas de las orejas fueron mayores en los hombres y todas las diferencias, excepto las correspondientes al ancho del lóbulo auricular, fueron estadísticamente significativas. Todas las mediciones de los pabellones auriculares izquierdos y derechos presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ambos sexos, excepto en el caso de la longitud del lóbulo auricular en los hombres, y la distancia desde el punto más alto de la oreja a la parte inferior de la incisura intertrágica en el lóbulo auricular de las mujeres. La longitud de la oreja y la distancia desde el punto más alto de la misma a la parte inferior de la escotadura intertrágica tenían valores más altos en el lado izquierdo y todas las demás mediciones fueron más elevadas en el lado derecho. No hubo diferencia significativa entre las mediciones de las orejas correspondientes a los sujetos diestros y zurdos. Todas las mediciones fueron superiores en el lado derecho, excepto la longitud del pabellón auricular y la distancia desde el punto más alto de la oreja a la parte inferior de la incisura intertrágica en sujetos diestros y sujetos zurdos, y todas las diferencias, excepto la longitud del lóbulo auricular, fueron significativamente diferentes en los sujetos diestros como en la población total, pero en sujetos zurdos la diferencia de la anchura de la oreja no fue significativa. Se encontró una aparente asimetría en las orejas derecha e izquierda de los sujetos del presente estudio que debe tenerse en consideración en las cirugías plásticas del oído externo, para el diseño de los dispositivos de audición y para su aplicación en estudios forenses de las huellas de la oreja.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Anthropometry , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Sex Characteristics
6.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-598144

ABSTRACT

Entre las diferentes anomalías que se pueden encontrar en la región de cabeza y cuello, las orejas en pantalla se encuentran entre las más frecuentes. Las causas más comunes son una cavidad desproporcionada de la concha y falta del desarrollo del pliegue del antehélix. Existen diversas técnicas para la corrección de estas anomalías, entre las más usadas están la de Pitanguy, Converse, Stenvers, Stenstrõm y Mustarde. El objetivo de la otoplastia es reducir el ángulo formado por la oreja y la cabeza, hasta unos 25 a 30 grados, y en los casos indicados la reducción y reacomodación de la concha con la consecuente disminución del tamaño del pabellón. Este tipo de intervención quirúrgica puede realizarse en personas de 7 años en adelante. La técnica que utilizamos es una combinación entre las técnicas descritas por Pintanguy, Stenvers, Stenstrõm y Mang, además de una modificación personal al islote descrito por este último autor, para buscar un antehélix con un pliegue lo más natural posible. No existe una técnica universal que corrija adecuadamente todos los aspectos estéticos de las orejas prominentes, por tanto, se utilizan técnicas combinadas que llenen las expectativas funcionales y estéticas de los pacientes.


Prominent ears are one of the most frequent deformities found in head and neck. The most common causes are an excessively deep conchal bowl or an inadequate antihelical fold growth. There are variety of surgical techniques to correct this anomaly. Among the most used are Pitanguy´s, Converse´s,Stenvers´s, Stenstrõm´s and Mustarde´s techniques. The aim of the otoplasty is to reduce the anglebetween the ear and the mastoid skin to a 25 to 30 degrees, and in some cases reduction and change in the position of the conchal bowl with the subsequent decrease of the ear size. This type of surgical technique might be performed in kids 7 years or older. In order to get the most natural antihelix foldpossible a combination of the Pitanguy´s, Stenvers´s, Stenstrõm´s and Mang´s technique was performed,besides of a personal change to the small isle described by the last author. There is not a single technique that manage all the aesthetic aspects of the prominent ear; therefore a combination of different techniques are used in order to satisfy the functional and esthetic patient´s needs.


Subject(s)
Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Ear Auricle/surgery
7.
Acta Neurochir (Wien) ; 150(3): 273-8; discussion 278, 2008 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18231707

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to clarify the relationships between the extracranial portion of the facial nerve (EFN) and the zygomatic arch (ZA). METHOD: Four cadaveric heads (8 parotid regions), examined under 3-40x magnification, were dissected from lateral to medial to expose the EFN. FINDINGS: In a vertical plane just anterior to the tragus, the distance from the superior edge of the ZA to the facial nerve (FN) is, on average, 26.88 mm. The FN then courses superiorly and anteriorly, crossing the ZA 18.65 mm anterior to the tragus on average. Thus, three points can be used to depict a triangle: A, at the level of the anterior border of the tragus, just above the superior edge of the ZA; B, 26 mm below A; and C, 18 mm anterior to A. This so called facial-zygomatic triangle represents the area where surgical dissection can be performed with no risk of damaging the FN. Thus, the closer one stays to the tragus, the lesser the risk of damaging the FN below the ZA. If the incision is carried out on a vertical plane closer to the tragus, the skin can be safely cut up to 2 cm below the ZA. CONCLUSION: The facial-zygomatic triangle is a very useful superficial landmark to avoid FN damage when working below the ZA.


Subject(s)
Face/anatomy & histology , Facial Nerve Injuries/prevention & control , Facial Nerve/anatomy & histology , Skull/anatomy & histology , Zygoma/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Craniotomy/methods , Craniotomy/standards , Dissection , Ear Auricle/anatomy & histology , Face/surgery , Facial Nerve/surgery , Facial Nerve Injuries/pathology , Facial Nerve Injuries/physiopathology , Humans , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Intraoperative Complications/physiopathology , Intraoperative Complications/prevention & control , Microsurgery/methods , Microsurgery/standards , Neurosurgical Procedures/methods , Neurosurgical Procedures/standards , Parietal Bone/anatomy & histology , Parietal Bone/surgery , Skull/surgery , Sphenoid Bone/anatomy & histology , Sphenoid Bone/surgery , Temporal Bone/anatomy & histology , Temporal Bone/surgery , Zygoma/surgery
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