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1.
Exp Dermatol ; 33(6): e15108, 2024 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38855891

ABSTRACT

Head and neck atopic dermatitis (HNAD) is a subtype of atopic dermatitis (AD), a common inflammatory skin condition with a distinctive clinical appearance. Malassezia spp., a predominant skin yeast, is considered to exacerbate HNAD. In this study, we investigate the prevalence of Malassezia-specific IgE among HNAD patients. A comprehensive search was performed for observational studies analysing the association between Malassezia-specific IgE and HNAD. This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 checklist and quality was assessed via the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS). Fourteen observational studies (840 patients) were included in the analysis. 58% of HNAD patients were male (95% CI: 45.2-69.7). Overall prevalence of Malassezia-specific IgE among HNAD patients was 79.3% (95% CI: 57.5-91.5). Prevalence of Malassezia-specific IgE among HNAD patients varied significantly between geographical regions (p = 0.0441), with 88% in non-Asian regions (95% CI: 61.06-97.17) and 54.73% in Asian regions (95% CI: 34.36-73.63). Malassezia-specific IgE prevalence among HNAD patients varied significantly among studies of higher and lower NOS quality score (p = 0.0386), with 95.42% in studies with NOS ≥7 (95% CI: 63.54-99.60) and 58.05% in studies with NOS <7 (95% CI: 41.44-73.01). Malassezia-specific IgE prevalence among HNAD patients did not vary significantly between more and less predominant Malassezia species (p = 0.1048). Malassezia spp. plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HNAD, and IgE anti-Malassezia antibodies appeared to be a common marker for HNAD. Understanding the pathophysiology of Malassezia in HNAD can help develop more targeted therapeutic approaches in managing AD.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic , Immunoglobulin E , Malassezia , Malassezia/immunology , Humans , Immunoglobulin E/blood , Dermatitis, Atopic/microbiology , Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Prevalence , Eczema/immunology , Eczema/microbiology , Male , Neck/microbiology , Female , Head/microbiology
2.
Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol ; 24(3): 160-165, 2024 06 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38538069

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Over the past two decades, food allergy prevention strategies have shifted from 'delayed introduction' to 'no delayed introduction' to 'early introduction' of allergenic foods. This article reviews important research in this field published in the early 2020s to support future strategies for food allergy prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and real-world studies have reported that early allergenic food introduction, especially peanut and egg, are effective for preventing food allergies. However, there are also reports that food-induced anaphylaxis admission rates in infants are increasing. SUMMARY: Early allergenic food introduction by itself is not sufficient to prevent the development of food allergies. Recent RCTs (SPADE study and COMEET study) have demonstrated that continued regular cow's milk consumption after early introduction is important for preventing the onset of cow's milk allergy. Furthermore, an RCT (PACI study) reported that early and aggressive anti-inflammatory topical therapy for eczema can contribute to the prevention of egg allergy by suppressing percutaneous sensitization. Food allergies may be prevented through a combination of early food introduction, regular consumption, and active eczema treatment. Further research is needed to develop well tolerated, effective, and practical strategies to prevent food allergies.


Subject(s)
Allergens , Eczema , Food Hypersensitivity , Humans , Food Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Food Hypersensitivity/immunology , Food Hypersensitivity/therapy , Allergens/immunology , Allergens/administration & dosage , Eczema/prevention & control , Eczema/immunology , Eczema/epidemiology , Child , Animals , Infant , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Egg Hypersensitivity/immunology , Egg Hypersensitivity/therapy , Child, Preschool
3.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 154(1): 143-156, 2024 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38185418

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8)-deficient patients have severe eczema, elevated IgE, and eosinophilia, features of atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand the mechanisms of eczema in DOCK8 deficiency. METHODS: Skin biopsy samples were characterized by histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and gene expression. Skin barrier function was measured by transepidermal water loss. Allergic skin inflammation was elicited in mice by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) or cutaneous application of Staphylococcus aureus. RESULTS: Skin lesions of DOCK8-deficient patients exhibited type 2 inflammation, and the patients' skin was colonized by Saureus, as in AD. Unlike in AD, DOCK8-deficient patients had a reduced FOXP3:CD4 ratio in their skin lesions, and their skin barrier function was intrinsically intact. Dock8-/- mice exhibited reduced numbers of cutaneous T regulatory (Treg) cells and a normal skin barrier. Dock8-/- and mice with an inducible Dock8 deletion in Treg cells exhibited increased allergic skin inflammation after epicutaneous sensitization with OVA. DOCK8 was shown to be important for Treg cell stability at sites of allergic inflammation and for the generation, survival, and suppressive activity of inducible Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type, but not DOCK8-deficient, OVA-specific, inducible Treg cells suppressed allergic inflammation in OVA-sensitized skin of Dock8-/- mice. These mice developed severe allergic skin inflammation and elevated serum IgE levels after topical exposure to Saureus. Both were attenuated after adoptive transfer of WT but not DOCK8-deficient Treg cells. CONCLUSION: Treg cell dysfunction increases susceptibility to allergic skin inflammation in DOCK8 deficiency and synergizes with cutaneous exposure to Saureus to drive eczema in DOCK8 deficiency.


Subject(s)
Eczema , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors , Mice, Knockout , Skin , Staphylococcus aureus , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , Animals , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/deficiency , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics , Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/immunology , Eczema/immunology , Staphylococcus aureus/immunology , Humans , Mice , Skin/immunology , Skin/pathology , Female , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
5.
Front Immunol ; 12: 712676, 2021.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34394115

ABSTRACT

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic inflammatory skin disease characterized by impaired epidermal barrier function and dysregulation of Thelper-2 (TH2)-biased immune responses. While the lineage of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are implicated to play decisive roles in T-cell immune responses, their requirement for the development of AD remains elusive. Here, we describe the impact of the constitutive loss of cDCs on the progression of AD-like inflammation by using binary transgenic (Tg) mice that constitutively lacked CD11chi cDCs. Unexpectedly, the congenital deficiency of cDCs not only exacerbates the pathogenesis of AD-like inflammation but also elicits immune abnormalities with the increased composition and function of granulocytes and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) as well as B cells possibly mediated through the breakdown of the Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L)-mediated homeostatic feedback loop. Furthermore, the constitutive loss of cDCs accelerates skin colonization of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), that associated with disease flare. Thus, cDCs maintains immune homeostasis to prevent the occurrence of immune abnormalities to maintain the functional skin barrier for mitigating AD flare.


Subject(s)
Dendritic Cells/pathology , Dermatitis, Atopic/congenital , Adaptive Immunity , Animals , CD11 Antigens/analysis , Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives , Calcitriol/therapeutic use , Cell Count , Cytokines/immunology , Dendritic Cells/chemistry , Dendritic Cells/immunology , Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology , Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use , Disease Progression , Disease Susceptibility , Eczema/immunology , Eczema/pathology , Feedback, Physiological , Homeostasis/immunology , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Transgenic , Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms , Staphylococcal Skin Infections/etiology , Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity , Th2 Cells/immunology
6.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 119(4): e370-e374, agosto 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1281914

ABSTRACT

La dermatitis atópica es la forma más frecuente de eccema durante el primer año de vida; sin embargo, cuando la presentación es atípica o se asocia a infecciones, constituye un desafío diagnóstico para el pediatra. Es importante mantener un índice alto de sospecha para detectar inmunodeficiencias primarias asociadas a eccemas graves desde el período neonatal. Un ejemplo de estas es el síndrome de hiperinmunoglobulinemia E (hiper-IgE) autosómico dominante. Este cuadro se caracteriza por la presencia de infecciones cutáneas y respiratorias recurrentes, dermatitis atópica, eosinofilia y aumento de IgE. Se reporta el caso clínico de una niña de 1 mes y 29 días con diagnóstico de hiper-IgE con afección cutánea desde el nacimiento.


Atopic dermatitis is the most common form of eczema often developed before the first year of life. Nevertheless, when the presentation is atypical or related to infections the diagnostic represents a challenge for the pediatricians. It is important to maintain a high index of suspicion for the detection of primary immunodeficiency associated to severe eczema. One of them is the autosomal dominant hyper-IgE syndrome characterized by recurrent skin and respiratory infections, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilia, and high serum IgE concentrations. In this paper, we report a 1 months and 29 days old baby girl diagnosed with hyper-IgE and a skin involvement since birth.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis , Job Syndrome/diagnosis , Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Eczema/diagnosis , Eczema/immunology , Job Syndrome/complications
7.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 127(4): 446-450.e1, 2021 10.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34004274

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has highlighted the importance of accurate capture of vaccine, and vaccine component, allergy. There remains a gap in the prevalence literature from the perspective of direct primary care provider (PCP) reporting at a population level. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of PCP-documented vaccine and polyethylene glycol (PEG) allergy using electronic medical record data from the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using the Canadian Primary Care Sentinel Surveillance Network repository. Machine learning algorithms were applied to evaluate for vaccine allergy documentation, and Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical codes were used for PEG allergy or allergy to common injectable medications containing PEG (CIMCP). RESULTS: The prevalence of PCP-documented vaccine allergy in Canada was 0.037% (395/1,055,677) and of PEG allergy was 0.0009% (10/1,055,677). In total, 0.01% of patients had a documented allergy to either PEG or CIMCP (135/1,055,677). None of the patients with PEG allergy had a documented allergy to a CIMCP. Patients with vaccine allergy and PEG allergy were significantly more likely to have other atopic comorbidities, including asthma (P < .001 for both), eczema (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively), rhinitis (P = .002 and P < .001, respectively), and food allergy (P < .001 for both). Significantly higher rates of depression (P < .001 and P < .001, respectively) and anxiety (P = .003 and P < .001, respectively) were found in those with vaccine allergy, or PEG allergy, than those without vaccine allergy or PEG allergy. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to estimate the prevalence of vaccine and PEG allergy in a national cohort that uses PCP documentation, revealing a low reported rate of vaccine allergy and PEG allergy.


Subject(s)
Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Polyethylene Glycols/adverse effects , Vaccines/adverse effects , Adult , Algorithms , Anxiety/immunology , Asthma/epidemiology , Asthma/immunology , COVID-19/immunology , Canada/epidemiology , Documentation/methods , Eczema/epidemiology , Eczema/immunology , Electronic Health Records , Female , Health Personnel , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pandemics/prevention & control , Prevalence , Primary Health Care/methods , Retrospective Studies , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Vaccines/immunology
8.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 127(3): 312-317, 2021 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33971362

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To present an update of birth cohort study designs and their contributions to allergic risk. DATA SOURCES: The PubMed database was used to search for relevant articles. STUDY SELECTIONS: Peer-reviewed prospective and retrospective studies involving the assessment of allergy using human birth cohorts between 2014 and 2021 were evaluated. RESULTS: Parental history of allergic diseases, especially in cases involving both parents, is associated with increased risk of allergy. Exposure to prenatal and postnatal smoking and limited diet diversity were associated with increased allergic burden. The impact of early-life infections and antibiotics on disease development may be associated with the onset of asthma, though this remains debated. Cohort studies also revealed that the mode of delivery and breastfeeding duration affect the odds ratio of asthma and eczema development. Household exposures, including pets, house dust mites, and scented aeroallergens may confer protective effects, whereas high air pollution exposure and low socioeconomic status may be risk enhancing. Exposure to antibiotics during early life may be associated with increased asthma risk, whereas viral infections may lead to disease protection, though the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on allergic risk is yet to be understood. CONCLUSION: Although evaluating the risk of allergic disease development is complex, clinicians can apply these insights on the multifactorial nature of atopy to better understand and potentially mitigate disease development.


Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , Breast Feeding/methods , Diet/methods , Eczema/immunology , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Inheritance Patterns/immunology , Allergens/administration & dosage , Animals , Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects , Asthma/etiology , Asthma/genetics , Asthma/prevention & control , Cohort Studies , Eczema/etiology , Eczema/genetics , Eczema/prevention & control , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects , Female , Humans , Hypersensitivity/etiology , Hypersensitivity/genetics , Hypersensitivity/prevention & control , Pets/immunology , Pregnancy , Pyroglyphidae/chemistry , Pyroglyphidae/immunology , Risk Factors , Virus Diseases/immunology , Virus Diseases/virology
9.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 148(2): 612-620, 2021 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33862008

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Infants with less diverse gut microbiota seem to have higher risks of atopic diseases in early life, but any associations at school age are unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the associations of diversity, relative abundance, and functional pathways of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study within an existing population-based prospective cohort among 1440 children 10 years of age. On stool samples, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed, and taxonomic and functional tables were produced. Physician-diagnosed eczema, allergy, and asthma were measured by questionnaires, allergic sensitization by skin prick tests, and lung function by spirometry. RESULTS: The α-diversity of stool microbiota was associated with a decreased risk of eczema (odds ratio [OR], 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97, 1.00), and ß-diversity was associated with physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (R2 = 0.001; P = .047). Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group species were associated with decreased risks of eczema, inhalant allergic sensitization, and physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (OR range, 0.88-0.94; 95% CI range, 0.79-0.96 to 0.88-0.98), while Agathobacter species were associated with an increased risk of physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.42). Functional pathways related to heme and terpenoid biosynthesis were associated with decreased risks of physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy and asthma (OR range, 0.89-0.86; 95% CI range, 0.80-0.99 to 0.73-1.02). No associations of stool microbiota with lung function were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The diversity, relative abundance and functional pathways of stool microbiota were most consistently associated with physician-diagnosed inhalant allergy in school-age children and less consistently with other atopic diseases.


Subject(s)
Bacteria , Eczema , Feces/microbiology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology , Hypersensitivity , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Bacteria/immunology , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Eczema/immunology , Eczema/microbiology , Eczema/pathology , Female , Humans , Hypersensitivity/immunology , Hypersensitivity/microbiology , Hypersensitivity/pathology , Male , Prospective Studies
10.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 127(2): 191-199.e3, 2021 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33895421

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests a complex interplay between infections and allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of 14 common viruses with eczema, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis in childhood. METHODS: We used cross-sectional (n = 686) and prospective (n = 440) data from children participating in the Rhea birth cohort. Immunoglobulin G to polyomaviruses (BK polyomavirus, JC polyomavirus, KI polyomavirus [KIPyV], WU polyomavirus [WUPyV], human polyomavirus 6, human polyomavirus 7, Trichodysplasia spinulosa polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, human polyomavirus 9, and human polyomavirus 10) and herpesviruses (Epstein-Barr virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus-1, Herpes simplex virus-2) were measured at age 4 years by fluorescent bead-based multiplex serology. Definitions of eczema, asthma, and rhinoconjunctivitis at ages 4 and 6 years were based on questionnaires. Mediation of the associations by immune biomarkers was tested. RESULTS: Less likely to have eczema at age 4 years were KIPyV-seropositive (odds ratio [OR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.27-0.82) and human polyomavirus 6 (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.73) compared with their seronegative counterparts. Seropositivity to Epstein-Barr virus was negatively associated with eczema at age 4 years (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.67) and 6 years (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.25-0.99). Children with a higher burden of herpesviruses or of skin polyomaviruses had the lowest odds of eczema at age 4 years. Higher odds for asthma at age 4 years were found for WUPyV-seropositive children (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.38-11.51), and for children seropositive to both respiratory polyomaviruses (KIPyV and WUPyV) (OR, 7.35; 95% CI, 1.66-32.59) compared with children seronegative to both. No associations were observed for rhinoconjunctivitis. There was no evidence of mediation by immune biomarkers. CONCLUSION: A heterogeneous pattern of infections and allergic diseases was observed with common infections associated with a decreased eczema risk and an increased asthma risk in children.


Subject(s)
Asthma/epidemiology , Eczema/epidemiology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology , Polyomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Asthma/immunology , Child , Child, Preschool , Eczema/immunology , Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology , Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology , Humans , Polyomavirus/immunology , Polyomavirus Infections/immunology
11.
Sci Rep ; 11(1): 3772, 2021 02 12.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33580129

ABSTRACT

Propyl-paraben exposure is associated with aeroallergen sensitization, but its association with atopic dermatitis (AD) is inconclusive. No studies have been conducted on the metabolomic pathways underlying these associations. We investigated the associations between propyl-paraben exposure and aeroallergen sensitization, AD, and Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score and identified the underlying pathways using untargeted metabolomics analysis. We enrolled 455 children in a general population study. Skin prick tests were performed with the assessment of EASI score. Urinary propyl-, butyl-, ethyl-, and methyl-paraben levels were measured. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed on the first and fifth urine propyl-paraben quintile groups. The highest urine propyl-paraben quintile group was associated with aeroallergen sensitization, but not with AD. Glycine, threonine, serine, ornithine, isoleucine, arabinofuranose, D-lyxofuranose, citrate, and picolinic acid levels were higher, whereas palmitic acid and 2-palmitoylglycerol levels were lower in the highest quintile propyl-paraben group, than in the lowest quintile group. The propyl-paraben-induced metabolic perturbations were associated with serine and glycine metabolisms, branched-chain amino acid metabolism, and ammonia recycling. Propyl-paraben exposure was associated with aeroallergen sensitization and EASI score, partially via metabolomic changes related with oxidative stress, mTOR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors pathway, aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways, and tricarboxylic acid cycle.


Subject(s)
Allergens/immunology , Allergens/metabolism , Parabens/adverse effects , Adolescent , Child , Eczema/etiology , Eczema/immunology , Female , Humans , Male , Metabolomics/methods , Parabens/analysis , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Skin/immunology
12.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 148(1): 148-163, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33453290

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although atopic dermatitis (AD) often presents in infancy and persists into adulthood, comparative characterization of AD skin among different pediatric age groups is lacking. OBJECTIVE: We sought to define skin biopsy profiles of lesional and nonlesional AD across different age groups (0-5-year-old infants with disease duration <6 months, 6-11-year-old children, 12-17-year-old adolescents, ≥18-year-old adults) versus age-appropriate controls. METHODS: We performed gene expression analyses by RNA-sequencing and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and protein expression analysis using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: TH2/TH22 skewing, including IL-13, CCL17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, IL-22, and S100As, characterized the common AD signature, with a global pathway-level enrichment across all ages. Nevertheless, specific cytokines varied widely. For example, IL-33, IL-1RL1/IL-33R, and IL-9, often associated with early atopic sensitization, showed greatest upregulations in infants. TH17 inflammation presented a 2-peak curve, with highest increases in infants (including IL-17A and IL-17F), followed by adults. TH1 polarization was uniquely detected in adults, even when compared with adolescents, with significant upregulation in adults of IFN-γ and CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11. Although all AD age groups had barrier abnormalities, only adults had significant decreases in filaggrin expression. Despite the short duration of the disease, infant AD presented robust downregulations of multiple barrier-related genes in both lesional and nonlesional skin. Clinical severity scores significantly correlated with TH2/TH22-related markers in all pediatric age groups. CONCLUSIONS: The shared signature of AD across ages is TH2/TH22-skewed, yet differential expression of specific TH2/TH22-related genes, other TH pathways, and barrier-related genes portray heterogenetic, age-specific molecular fingerprints.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Skin/immunology , Adolescent , Adult , Biomarkers/metabolism , Child , Cytokines/immunology , Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism , Eczema/immunology , Eczema/metabolism , Female , Filaggrin Proteins , Humans , Infant , Inflammation/immunology , Inflammation/metabolism , Male , Severity of Illness Index , Skin/metabolism , Th2 Cells/immunology , Th2 Cells/metabolism , Young Adult
13.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 148(1): 234-243, 2021 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33338536

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Urbanization is linked with an increased burden of asthma and atopic traits. A putative mechanism is insufficient exposure to beneficial microbes early in life, leading to immune dysregulation, as was previously shown for indoor microbial exposures. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate whether urbanization is associated with the microbiota composition in the infants' body and early immune function, and whether these contribute to the later risk of asthma and atopic traits. METHODS: We studied the prospective Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 20102010 mother-child cohort of 700 children growing up in areas with different degrees of urbanization. During their first year of life, airway and gut microbiotas, as well as immune marker concentrations, were defined. When the children were 6 years of age, asthma and atopic traits were diagnosed by pediatricians. RESULTS: In adjusted analyses, the risk of asthma and aeroallergen sensitization were increased in urban infants. The composition of especially airway but also gut microbiotas differed between urban and rural infants. The living environment-related structure of the airway microbiota was already associated with immune mediator concentrations at 1 month of age. An urbanized structure of the airway and gut microbiotas was associated with an increased risk of asthma coherently during multiple time points and also with the risks of eczema and sensitization. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that urbanization-related changes in the infant microbiota may elevate the risk of asthma and atopic traits, probably via cross talk with the developing immune system. The airways may facilitate this effect, as they are open for colonization by environmental airborne microbes and serve as an immune interface.


Subject(s)
Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology , Microbiota/immunology , Allergens/immunology , Asthma/immunology , Child , Cohort Studies , Eczema/immunology , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Prospective Studies , Rural Population , Urbanization
20.
Expert Rev Clin Immunol ; 16(9): 873-881, 2020 09.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32856959

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma are traditionally considered atopic (or allergic) diseases. They are complex, multifactorial, and are caused by a variety of different mechanisms, which result in multiple heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. Atopic march is usually interpreted as the sequential development of symptoms from eczema in infancy, to asthma, and then allergic rhinitis. Areas covered: The authors reviewed the evidence on the multimorbidity of eczema, asthma, and rhinitis, and the implication of results of data-driven analyses on the concept framework of atopic march. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science for peer-reviewed articles published until July 2020. Application of Bayesian machine learning framework to rich phenotypic data from birth cohorts demonstrated that the postulated linear progression of symptoms (atopic march) does not capture the heterogeneity of allergic phenotypes. Expert opinion: Eczema, wheeze, and rhinitis co-exist more often than would be expected by chance, but their relationship can be best understood in a multimorbidity framework, rather than through atopic march sequence. The observation of their co-occurrence does not imply any specific relationship between them, and certainly not a progressive or causal one. It is unlikely that a sngle mechanism such as allergic sensitization underpins different multimorbidity manifestations.


Subject(s)
Asthma/immunology , Eczema/immunology , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology , Rhinitis, Allergic/immunology , Asthma/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Computer Simulation , Eczema/epidemiology , Humans , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/epidemiology , Immunization , Phenotype , Precision Medicine , Rhinitis, Allergic/epidemiology
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