Use of microalgal biomass as functional ingredient for preparation of cereal based extrudates: impact of processing on amino acid concentrations and colour degradation kinetics

Abstract Suitability of developing Spirulina incorporated cereal based low cost nutritious extrudates was analysed against extrusion processing parameters. Most significant extrusion processing parameters considered for present study were feed moisture (20-25%), die temperature (100-120 °C) and screw speed (50-100 rpm). Different extrusion conditions were used to obtain most acceptable rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. In present study before extrusion processing different additives (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) were added in rice: Spirulina blend and checked its effect on colour degradation kinetics at varied packaging and storage conditions. Higher screw speed (100 rpm) indicating less residence time of feed material inside the barrel resulted in higher colour retention of rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates. Kinetics for rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates indicates faster rate of colour degradation in terms of lightness (half-life of 4 days) when packed in metalized polyethylene at 50°C with 65% relative humidity. Increased concentration of Spirulina (1-3%) in raw formulations resulted in increase in concentration of all amino acids. Impact of extrusion processing has shown non-significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on amino acid concentrations of rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. Also, all the spirulina added samples showed good consumer acceptability with the score of 6.7

Uncertainty measurement in the homogenization and sample reduction in the physical classification of rice and beans / Incerteza de medição na homogeneização e redução de amostra na classificação física de arroz e feijão

The study aimed to i) quantify the measurement uncertainty in the physical tests of rice and beans for a hypothetical defect, ii) verify whether homogenization and sample reduction in the physical classification tests of rice and beans is effective to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the process and iii) determine whether the increase in size of beans sample increases accuracy and reduces measurement uncertainty in a significant way. Hypothetical defects in rice and beans with different damage levels were simulated according to the testing methodology determined by the Normative Ruling of each product. The homogenization and sample reduction in the physical classification of rice and beans are not effective, transferring to the final test result a high measurement uncertainty. The sample size indicated by the Normative Ruling did not allow an appropriate homogenization and should be increased.(AU)

O trabalho teve como objetivo i) quantificar a incerteza de medição nos ensaios físicos de arroz e feijão para um defeito hipotético; ii) verificar se a homogeneização e redução da amostra nos ensaios de classificação física de arroz e feijão são eficazes para reduzir a incerteza do processo; iii) analisar se o aumento do tamanho da amostra de grãos de feijão aumenta a precisão e reduz a incerteza de medição de forma considerável. Defeitos hipotéticos em arroz e feijão com diferentes níveis de danos foram simulados de acordo com a metodologia de ensaio da Instrução Normativa de cada produto. A homogeneização e redução da amostra na classificação física de arroz e feijão não são eficazes, transferindo para o resultado final do ensaio uma elevada incerteza de medição. O tamanho da amostra indicado pela instrução normativa não permite uma adequada homogeneização e deveria ser aumentado.(AU)

Characteristics of the starch of corn grain processed by reconstitution and grinding for use in ruminant feed / Características do amido do grão de milho processado por reconstituição e moagem para uso na alimentação de ruminantes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moisture reconstitution associated with coarse milling of corn grain on macroscopic and microscopic grain characteristics. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa. The following corn processing combinations were tested: corn reconstituted after being milled to 5 mm (CRA); corn reconstituted before being milled to 5 mm (CRB); and corn milled to 1 mm (CGF). Evaluation assays of -amylase enzyme activity on the grains starch, scanning electron microscopy for processed kernels, and particlesize analysis were undertaken. The highest number of particles larger than 1.19 mm was found in CRB, because reconstitution occurred prior to the milling process, which facilitates the release of the largest part of the pericarp adherent to the corn grain. Microscopically, the starch granules did not display variations in their basic standard structure, and some alterations observed in the scanning electron microscopy images were due to the preparation of samples for visualization. There was no effect of grain processing on the rates of starch released by the action of the -amylase enzyme (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x).(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a reconstituição da umidade associada à moagem grosseira do grão de milho sobre as características macroscópicas e microscópicas dos grãos. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizadas as seguintes combinações de processamento do milho: milho com reconstituição da umidade depois da moagem a 5 mm (MRD); milho com reconstituição da umidade antes da moagem a 5 mm (MRA) e milho moído a 1 mm (MMF). Foram realizados os ensaios de avaliação da atividade da enzima -amilase sobre o amido dos grãos, microscopia eletrônica de varredura para os grãos de milho processados e avaliação da granulometria. O MRA apresentou maior número de partículas com tamanho acima de 1,19mm devido ao fato de a reconstituição ocorrer antes do processo de moagem, o que favorece a liberação da maior parte do pericarpo aderido ao grão de milho. Microscopicamente, os grânulos de amido não apresentaram variações na estrutura básica padrão sendo que algumas alterações observadas nas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram devidas à preparação das amostras para visualização. A taxa de liberação de amido pela a ação da enzima -amilase (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x) seguiu mesmo padrão para os três tipos de processamento.(AU)

Common bean seeds quality during storage under treatments with potential repellent of aromatic plants / Qualidade de sementes de feijão carioca armazenado sob tratamentos com plantas aromáticas de potencial repelente

ABSTRACT ndustrial chemicals that control pests in stored seed can cause damage to health by residual effects remaining in the grains. Studies of products with potential insecticide and repellent properties are required to decrease post-harvest losses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and efficiency of seed treatment in beans stored under the following treatments: dried leaves and crushed laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), cinnamon powder (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) and ground cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) over eight months. An untreated control and a treatment with diatomaceous earth were used to compare the results. At the beginning and at 30 days, percentages of normal and abnormal seedlings as well as seeds that did not germinate, mass of onehundred seeds, water content and infested seeds were analyzed. At 210 and 240 days, free choice arena and repellency testswere conducted. Treatments did not affect germination, mass of 100 seeds or water content; however, all plants tested showed a repellent effect on the bean weevil.

RESUMO Produtos químicos industriais que controlam pragas de sementes e grãos armazenados podem causar danos à saúde pelo efeito residual que proporcionam. Assim, são necessários estudos de produtos que apresentem repelência e potencial inseticida e reduzam perdas pós-colheita sem causar danos à saúde. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade e eficiência do tratamento com plantas aromáticas: folhas desidratadas e moídas de louro (Laurus nobilis), alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis) e manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), canela em pó (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn) e cravo moído (Syzygium aromaticum L.), em sementes de feijão carioca armazenadas durante oito meses. Uma testemunha sem tratamento e outra com terra de diatomáceas foram utilizadas para comparação dos resultados. No início e a cada 30 dias foram realizadas as determinações de plântulas normais, anormais, sementes não germinadas, massa de cem sementes, teor de água e sementes infestadas. Os testes de arena de livre escolha e repelência foram realizados aos 210 e 240 dias. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a germinação, massa de cem sementes, teor de água. Entretanto, todas as plantas testadas apresentaram efeito repelente sobre o caruncho do feijão.

Characteristics of the starch of corn grain processed by reconstitution and grinding for use in ruminant feed / Características do amido do grão de milho processado por reconstituição e moagem para uso na alimentação de ruminantes

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of moisture reconstitution associated with coarse milling of corn grain on macroscopic and microscopic grain characteristics. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa. The following corn processing combinations were tested: corn reconstituted after being milled to 5 mm (CRA); corn reconstituted before being milled to 5 mm (CRB); and corn milled to 1 mm (CGF). Evaluation assays of -amylase enzyme activity on the grains starch, scanning electron microscopy for processed kernels, and particlesize analysis were undertaken. The highest number of particles larger than 1.19 mm was found in CRB, because reconstitution occurred prior to the milling process, which facilitates the release of the largest part of the pericarp adherent to the corn grain. Microscopically, the starch granules did not display variations in their basic standard structure, and some alterations observed in the scanning electron microscopy images were due to the preparation of samples for visualization. There was no effect of grain processing on the rates of starch released by the action of the -amylase enzyme (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x).

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a reconstituição da umidade associada à moagem grosseira do grão de milho sobre as características macroscópicas e microscópicas dos grãos. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Nutrição animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Foram utilizadas as seguintes combinações de processamento do milho: milho com reconstituição da umidade depois da moagem a 5 mm (MRD); milho com reconstituição da umidade antes da moagem a 5 mm (MRA) e milho moído a 1 mm (MMF). Foram realizados os ensaios de avaliação da atividade da enzima -amilase sobre o amido dos grãos, microscopia eletrônica de varredura para os grãos de milho processados e avaliação da granulometria. O MRA apresentou maior número de partículas com tamanho acima de 1,19mm devido ao fato de a reconstituição ocorrer antes do processo de moagem, o que favorece a liberação da maior parte do pericarpo aderido ao grão de milho. Microscopicamente, os grânulos de amido não apresentaram variações na estrutura básica padrão sendo que algumas alterações observadas nas imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram devidas à preparação das amostras para visualização. A taxa de liberação de amido pela a ação da enzima -amilase (Novozymes, Termamyl 2x) seguiu mesmo padrão para os três tipos de processamento.

Research advances in major cereal crops for adaptation to abiotic stresses.

With devastating increase in population there is a great necessity to increase crop productivity of staple crops but the productivity is greatly affected by various abiotic stress factors such as drought, salinity. An attempt has been made a brief account on abiotic stress resistance of major cereal crops viz. In spite of good successes obtained on physiological and use molecular biology, the benefits of this high cost technology are beyond the reach of developing countries. This review discusses several morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of major cereal crops related to the adaptation of these crop to abiotic stress factors. It discusses the effect of abiotic stresses on physiological processes such as flowering, grain filling and maturation and plant metabolisms viz. photosynthesis, enzyme activity, mineral nutrition, and respiration. Though significant progress has been attained on the physiological, biochemical basis of resistance to abiotic stress factors, very little progress has been achieved to increase productivity under sustainable agriculture. Therefore, there is a great necessity of inter-disciplinary research to address this issue and to evolve efficient technology and its transfer to the farmers' fields.

Baixa digestibilidade proteica e presença de antinutricionais em produtos tipo mix de cereais / Low protein digestibility and anti-nutritional factors in cereal mix like products

Products composed of cereal mixes and other ingredients such as guarana, gelatin and cocoa powders; yeast; and soybean, flaxseed and sesame extracts have presented increased sales while receiving ever-growing criticism. Amongst the ingredients that could compose this cereal mix, most are of vegetable origin, wholegrain and not thermally processed. Therefore, they may present anti-nutritional factors, which are recognized to harm the bioavailability of nutrients, such as proteins. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protein quality of these products, sold in the municipality of Uberaba, Brazil. The protein digestibility, tannins and trypsin inhibitors of the 14 samples were assessed. All samples showed trypsin inhibition activity and tannins. These results suggest that those products present low potential for nutrient utilization, especially with regards to proteins.

Productos compuestos por mezclas de cereales y otros ingredientes, como guaraná en polvo, gelatina en polvo, cacao en polvo, levadura de cerveza, extracto de soja, linaza y ajonjolí, presentan creciente comercialización, al mismo tiempo que aumentan los cuestionamientos al respecto. Estos productos están compuestos de variados ingredientes, la mayoría de origen vegetal, integral y sin procesamiento térmico previo, y podrían presentar antinutricionales, reconocidamente capaces de perjudicar la biodisponibilidad de nutrientes, tales como las proteínas. Este estudio evaluó la calidad proteica de productos listos para el consumo, compuestos por mezclas de cereales y otros componentes, comercializados en la ciudad de Uberaba-MG, determinando sus niveles antinutricionales y su digestibilidad proteica in vitro. Todas las muestras analizadas presentaron inhibición en la actividad de tripsina y de taninos. Las muestras presentaron muy claramente bajos valores de digestibilidad proteica in vitro. Los resultados sugieren que estos productos presentan bajo potencial de utilización de sus nutrientes, muy especialmente con respecto a sus proteínas.

Misturas de cereais e outros ingredientes, como guaraná em pó, gelatina em pó, cacau em pó, levedo de cerveja, extrato de soja, linhaça e gergelim, vêm apresentando crescente comercialização, concomitantemente com crescentes questionamentos a seu respeito. Dentre os ingredientes variados que podem compor estes produtos, a maioria é de origem vegetal, integral e sem processamento térmico prévio, e poderiam apresentar antinutricionais, reconhecidamente capazes de prejudicar a biodisponibilidade de nutrientes, como proteínas. Este trabalho buscou avaliar a qualidade proteica de produtos prontos para o consumo, compostos por misturas de cereais e outros componentes, comercializados no município de Uberaba-MG, determinando seus teores de antinutricionais e sua digestibilidade proteica in vitro. Todas as amostras analisadas apresentaram atividade de inibição de tripsina e teores de taninos, e baixa digestibilidade in vitro.

Genetic structure and ecogeographical adaptation in wild barley (Hordeum chilense Roemer et Schultes) as revealed by microsatellite markers.

BACKGROUND: Multi-allelic microsatellite markers have become the markers of choice for the determination of genetic structure in plants. Synteny across cereals has allowed the cross-species and cross-genera transferability of SSR markers, which constitute a valuable and cost-effective tool for the genetic analysis and marker-assisted introgression of wild related species. Hordeum chilense is one of the wild relatives with a high potential for cereal breeding, due to its high crossability (both interspecies and intergenera) and polymorphism for adaptation traits. In order to analyze the genetic structure and ecogeographical adaptation of this wild species, it is necessary to increase the number of polymorphic markers currently available for the species. In this work, the possibility of using syntenic wheat SSRs as a new source of markers for this purpose has been explored. RESULTS: From the 98 wheat EST-SSR markers tested for transferability and polymorphism in the wild barley genome, 53 primer pairs (54.0%) gave cross-species transferability and 20 primer pairs (20.4%) showed polymorphism. The latter were used for further analysis in the H. chilense germplasm. The H. chilense-Triticum aestivum addition lines were used to test the chromosomal location of the new polymorphic microsatellite markers. The genetic structure and diversity was investigated in a collection of 94 H. chilense accessions, using a set of 49 SSR markers distributed across the seven chromosomes. Microsatellite markers showed a total of 351 alleles over all loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 27, with a mean of 7.2 alleles per locus and a mean Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) of 0.5. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, the germplasm can be divided into two groups, with morphological and ecophysiological characteristics being key determinants of the population structure. Geographic and ecological structuring was also revealed in the analyzed germplasm. A significant correlation between geographical and genetic distance was detected in the Central Chilean region for the first time in the species. In addition, significant ecological influence in genetic distance has been detected for one of the population structure groups (group II) in the Central Chilean region. Finally, the association of the SSR markers with ecogeographical variables was investigated and one marker was found significantly associated with precipitation. These findings have a potential application in cereal breeding.

Dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intake are associated with reduced beta-cell function in prediabetic Japanese migrants.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between carbohydrate intakes and beta-cell function (HOMA-beta) in Japanese-Brazilians with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). METHODS: Dietary intakes were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2000. The associations between diet and HOMA-beta were verified in 270 newly diagnosed IGT in multiple linear regression models. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age was 58 (11) years and the mean HOMA-beta was 65 (47). The glycemic load was inversely associated with HOMA-beta, beta1 -0.140 (95%CI = -1.044; -0.078), p = 0.023. The inverse association was also observed for refined grains intakes: -0.186 (95%CI = -0.4862; -0.058), p = 0.012. After adjustments for body mass index, the glycemic index was inversely associated with HOMA-beta: -0.1246 (95%CI = -2.2482, -0.0257), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggested that dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intakes are associated with reduced beta-cell function, and the quality of dietary carbohydrates may be relevant for maintaining beta-cell function among individuals with IGT.

Dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intake are associated with reduced beta-cell function in prediabetic Japanese migrants / Associação entre carga glicêmica da dieta, índice glicêmico e consumo de cereais refinados e função reduzida das células-beta em migrantes japoneses com pré-diabetes

Objective: To investigate the association between carbohydrate intakes and β-cell function (HOMA-β) in Japanese-Brazilians with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Methods: Dietary intakes were assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2000. The associations between diet and HOMA-β were verified in 270 newly diagnosed IGT in multiple linear regression models. Results: The mean (SD) age was 58 (11) years and the mean HOMA-β was 65 (47). The glycemic load was inversely associated with HOMA-β, β1 -0.140 (95%CI = -1.044; -0.078), p = 0.023. The inverse association was also observed for refined grains intakes: -0.186 (95%CI = -0.4862; -0.058), p = 0.012. After adjustments for body mass index, the glycemic index was inversely associated with HOMA-β: -0.1246 (95%CI = -2.2482, -0.0257), p < 0.001. Conclusions: These data suggested that dietary glycemic load, glycemic index, and refined grains intakes are associated with reduced β-cell function, and the quality of dietary carbohydrates may be relevant for maintaining β-cell function among individuals with IGT.

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o consumo de carboidratos e função das células-β (HOMA-β) em nipo-brasileiros portadores de tolerância à glicose diminuída (TGD). Métodos: O consumo alimentar habitual foi avaliado por meio do questionário quantitativo de frequência alimentar previamente validado em estudo transversal conduzido em 2000. A associação entredieta e HOMA-β foi verificada em 270 indivíduos portadores de TGD em modelos de regressão logística ajustados. Resultados: A média (DP) de idade foi 58 (11) anos e do HOMA-β foi 65 (47). A carga glicêmica foi inversamente associada ao HOMA-β, β1 -0.140 (95%CI = -1.044; -0.078), p = 0,023. Associação inversa com o consumo de cereais refinados também foi observada: -0.186 (95%CI = -0.4862; -0.058), p = 0,012. Após ajuste pelo índice de massa corpórea, foi verificada a associação inversa entre índice glicêmico e HOMA-β: -0.1246 (95%CI = -2.2482, -0.0257), p < 0,001. Conclusões: Os dados indicam que a carga glicêmica da dieta, o índice glicêmico e o consumo de cereais refinados estão associados a uma função reduzida das células-β e que aqualidade dos carboidratos da dieta habitual pode ser relevante na manutenção da função de células-β entre indivíduos portadores de TGD.

Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for?

Drought is the main abiotic constraint on cereal yield. Analysing physiological determinants of yield responses to water may help in breeding for higher yield and stability under drought conditions. The traits to select (either for stress escape, avoidance or tolerance) and the framework where breeding for drought stress is addressed will depend on the level and timing of stress in the targeted area. If the stress is severe, breeding under stress-free conditions may be unsuccessful and traits that confer survival may become a priority. However, selecting for yield itself under stress-alleviated conditions appears to produce superior cultivars, not only for optimum environments, but also for those characterized by frequent mild and moderate stress conditions. This implies that broad avoidance/tolerance to mild-moderate stresses is given by constitutive traits also expressed under stress-free conditions. In this paper, we focus on physiological traits that contribute to improved productivity under mild-moderate drought. Increased crop performance may be achieved through improvements in water use, water-use efficiency and harvest index. The first factor is relevant when soil water remains available at maturity or when deep-rooted genotypes access water in the soil profile that is not normally available; the two latter conditions become more important when all available water is exhausted by the end of the crop cycle. Independent of the mechanism operating, a canopy able to use more water than another would have more open stomata and therefore higher canopy temperature depression, and 13C discrimination (delta13C) in plant matter. The same traits would also seem to be relevant when breeding for hot, irrigated environments. Where additional water is not available to the crop, higher water-use efficiency (WUE) appears to be an alternative strategy to improve crop performance. In this context delta13C constitutes a simple but reliable measure of WUE. However, in contrast to lines performing better because of increased access to water, lines producing greater biomass due to superior WUE will have lower delta13C values. WUE may be modified not only through a decrease in stomatal conductance, but also through an increase in photosynthetic capacity. Harvest index is strongly reduced by terminal drought (i.e. drought during grain filling). Thus, phenological traits increasing the relative amount of water used during grain filling, or adjusting the crop cycle to the seasonal pattern of rainfall may be useful. Augmenting the contribution of carbohydrate reserves accumulated during vegetative growth to grain filling may also be worthwhile in harsh environmcnts. Alternatively, extending the duration of stem elongation without changing the timing of anthesis would increase the number of grains per spike and the harvest index without changing the amount of water utilized by the crop.

Determinación de deoxinivalenol (DON) en trigo, cebada y maíz y su relación con los niveles de mohos totales, Fusarium spp: porcentaje de colonización y actividad de agua / Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in wheat, barley and corn and its relationship with the levels of total molds Fusarium spp: infestation percentage, and water activity

Cincuenta muestras de cereales incluyendo 30 de trigo (10 de trigo duro rojo de primera, 10 de trigo suave rojo de invierno y 10 trigo durum ámbar), 10 de cebada y 10 de maíz (5 de maíz blanco y 5 de maíz amarillo) fueron analizadas para determinar mediante TLC los niveles de deoxinivalenol (DON), metabolito secundario tóxico producido por especies de Fusarium. El aw de las muestras, la micoflora externa e interna y los niveles de Fusarium spp., fueron también investigados. Los resultados reflejaron que el mayor grado de infección (12-80 por ciento) y el mayor contaje de mohos totales (3,9 Log UFC/g) fueron detectados en trigo, mientras que los mayores niveles de Fusarium spp. (2,3 Log UFC/g) fueron detectados en maíz blanco. Deoxinivalenol fue detectado en trigo y cebada, pero no en maíz. Las muestras de trigo suave rojo de invierno presentaron los mayores niveles de DON (3,2 ug/g), estando este valor encima de los límites permitidos por la FDA. No se encontró correlación entre los contajes de mohos totales, Fusarium spp., grado de infestación, aw y niveles de Don. Estos resultados sugieren que hay que extremar las medidas de control a fin de evitar la importación de cereales contaminados

Nutritional evaluation of table bread fortified with defatted soybean and sesame meals

El valor nutrimental de pan de mesa fortificado con 8 por ciento de harina de soya desgrasada (DSBM), 12 por ciento de DSBM y una mezcla de 8 por ciento DSBM 4 por ciento harina de ajonjolí descremada (DSM) fue determinado mediante pruebas in vivo e in vitro. La fortificación con DSBM y DSM decrementó significativamente la digestibilidad de la proteina (P<0.05) pero mejoró los valores de aminoácidos esenciales y el valor proteico nutritional de los panes. Los panes fortificados contuvieron el doble de lisina y consecuentemente una mejor razón de eficiencia proteica (PER) que los panes testigos. El PER del pan con 8 por ciento DSBM 4 por ciento DSM fue similar (P>0.05) al del pan con 12 por ciento DSBM. El pan fortificado con 8 por ciento DSBM mostró un menor contenido de proteína, aminoácidos y PER que el pan fortificado con 12 por ciento DSBM. Los procedimientos in vitro utilizados para predecir las digestibilidades de la proteína y PER's estimaron adecuadamente a los resultados obtenidos in vivo con ratas de laboratorio

Evaluación de la calidad nixtamalera-tortillera de mezcla maíz-frijol endurecido (Zea mays-phaseolus vulgaris) / Evaluation of the nixtamal-tortilla-making quality of mixtures of maize (Zea mays) and hard beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

En México, algunas variedades de frijol se endurecen durante el almacenamiento requiriendo mucho tiempo para su cocción, frijoles que necesitan más de 4 horas para su cocimiento son declarados por la agencia de Gobierno CONASUPO, inadecuados para el consumo humano. Sin embargo, su valor nutritivo permanece nixtamalera-tortillera de mezclas maíz-frijol endurecido, proteína, evaluación sensorial y vida de anaquel de las tortillas. Estas fueron hechas con 5 y 10 por ciento de frijol endurecido sin testa y comparadas con un testigo 100 por ciento. Las mezclas y el testigo se nixtamalizaron durante 20, 30 y 40 minutos y 1 por ciento de óxido de calcio (CaO). La viscosidad máxima de las masas fue estadísticamente igual al del testigo. La mezcla con 10 por ciento frijol, 90 por ciento maíz y 30 min de nixtamalización proporcinó tortillas con 26.3 por ciento más de proteína que el testigo. La textura evaluada en el Instron mostró que las tortillas con 10 por ciento de frijol son más duras que el testigo, sin embargo, en la evaluación sensorial, los jueces calificaron a las tortillas con 30 min de nixtamalización y recién hechas como las mejores, sin encontrar diferencias significativas entre el testigo y las mezclas con frijol endurecido. El análisis de hongos, levaduras y bacterias a temperatura ambiente y refrigeración (4ºC), mostró que el crecimiento de microorganismos fue directamente proporcional al porcentaje de frijol adicionado y al tiempo de almacenamiento. El mayor número de microorganismos se encontró a temperatura ambiente con 48 h de almacenamiento

Características químicas y nutricionales del grano de cinco (5) genotipos de Canavalia ensiformis / Chemical and nutritional characteristics from grains of five genotypes of Canavalia ensiformis

Se realizó la caracterización del grano de cinco genotipos de Canavalia ensiformis, mediante la determinación de la composición química proximal, presencia de factores antinutricionales (Canavalia y título hemaglutinante) y digestibilidad in vitro. Los genotipos estudiados fueron: Original, Yaracuy, Valle de la Pascua, U-02 y Tovar. Los resultados de la composición química proximal mostraron diferencias significativas entre los genotipos a excepción de la humedad, encontrándose los siguientes promedios: Proteína: 31,37 por ciento, fibra: 8,10 por ciento: cenizas: 2,93 por ciento, grasa: 2,97 por ciento y humedad: 11,68 por ciento. El contenido de canavanina de los genotipos fue variable, oscilando los valores entre 2,02 a 4,86 por ciento presentando el genotipo u-02 el valor mayor, respocto al título hemaglutinante varió entre +2 y +5. La digestibilidad proteica in vitro de las harinas arrojó diferencias signifacativas entre los genotipos, la cual varió entre 47,51 por ciento y 51,84 por ciento, valores muy por debajo al mostrado por la caseína (97,3 por ciento)

Tannin elimination and improvement of the digestibility of protein sorghum grains / Eliminación de taninos y aumento de la digestibilidad proteica del sorgo

Three hybrids of sorghum grains [Sorghumbicor (L) Moench] containing 3.8,3.0 and 0.2 por ciento of tannins were treated. Abrasive dehulling and storage of moist of moist grains were tested separately and in combination to reduce the tannin content and to improve the nutritional quality of grains. The moisture content of the grains was increased from 12 to 30 por ciento by humidifying them with water, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate or sodium hypochlorite solutions. Abrasive dehulling of the grains to a yield between 75 and 80 por ciento, humidifying the grains with acetic acid (1 por ciento v/v) and storing them during 7 days at 20ºC proved be the most effective procedure. In this way tannin can be totally reduced and the un vitro digestibility of protein can be increased to 87.5 por ciento

Cambios en algunos factores antifisiológicos y nutritivos de las semillas de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) durante la germinación / Antiphysiological and nutritional factors changes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) seeds during germination

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo la evaluación de los efectos de germinación sobre la calidad nutricional en dos variedades comerciales de sorgo bajo en taninos: sorgo rojo sin testa (ICSY-LM 89513) y sorgo blanco (ISIAO Dorado). Después de 24 horas de germinación la concentración de taninos condensados (equivalentes de catequina) se redujo en 60 por ciento y 40 por ciento para el sorgo rojo y blanco respectivamente. Sin embargo los niveles de taninos se incrementaron a 100 por ciento a las 96 horas de germinación. La concentración de ácido fítico disminuyó cerca del 90 por ciento a las 96 horas para ambas variedades. El contenido de lisina se incrementó en 110 por ciento (72 horas de germinación) y 129 por ciento (48 horas) para el sorgo blanco y rojo respectivamente. Los contenidos de tiamina, niacina y riboflavina se incrementaron en 73,200 y 353 por ciento respectivamente para el sorgo rojo a las 72 h. de germinación y 15,44 y 93 por ciento respectivamente para el sorgo blanco a las 48 horas de germinación. La digestibilidad enzimática "in vitro" se incrementó a las 72 h. en 39.3 por ciento para el sorgo blanco. La concentración de albúminas fue incrementada a las 72 horas en 80 por ciento y 74 por ciento para el sorgo rojo y blanco respectivamente. La Relación de Eficiencia Proteica Calculada indica mejorías nutricionales con la germinación, resultando este proceso un método práctico y sencillo que prevee mejores propiedades nutricionales a las semillas de sorgo para ser usado como alimento humano

Hábitos preferenciales de los consumidores de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L) en México / Preferential habits of consumers of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) in Mexico

El conocimiento de los hábitos preferenciales de los consumidores de frijol es fundamental para definir los objetos en los programas de mejoramiento genético y para diseñar las estrategias de mercadeo en una región o país determinados. El presente trabajo se basó en la aplicación de 1514 encuestas a consumidores de frijol de 14 entidades federativas de la República Mexicana. Para la interpretación de los resultados el país se dividió en cuatro regiones: Noroeste, Centro y Sur. En la región Noroeste el 98 por ciento de los encuestados consume frijol "Azufrado" (amarillo azufre); en el Noreste el 70 por ciento concume "Pinto" (beige con motas cafés) y "Bayo" (Beige); en la zona Sur el 90 por ciento consume frijol "Negro", mientras que en la zona Centro se consume todas las clases comerciales. Se detectó que dentro de cada clase comercial existen preferencias específicas en relación al tamaño y brillantez del grano; sin embargo, en la clase comercial Negro los consumidores prefieren el grano de testa opaca y tamaño de 18-22/100 semillas mientras que en la clase "Flor de Mayo" (beige con motas rosas) los consumidores prefieren grano de testa brillante y tamaño de 30-35/100 semillas. La principal característica que utilizan los consumidores para definir sus preferencias es el tiempo de cocción y el sabor. Se detectó que entre los consumidores de frijol los hábitos preferenciales están muy arraigadas pues el 70 por ciento declaró no estar dispuesto a cambiar el frijol de su preferencia aún cuando la clase alternativa fuese más barata. Por otro lado, los consumidores normalmente no remojan el grano en agua ni agregan sal al inicio del proceso de cocción para no afectar el sabor y apariencia del frijol. Estos resultados fueron confirmados con pruebas sensoriales. En el presente trabajo también se discuten aspectos relacionados con formas de procesamiento y consumo y algunos aspectos de mercadeo del grano de frijol

Changes in food consumption in Brazil / Cambios en el consumo de alimentos en Brasil

Changes in eating have occurred in the last decades in several countries associated to demographic, economic, social and epidemiologic factors. In Brazil, the available data about food consumption are the result of Family Surveys undertaken by Getúlio Vargas Foundation and IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) in 1961/1963 and 1987/88, respectively, and the National Study of Family Expenditure (ENDEF), carried ouy by IBGE during 1974/75. They reveal as principal tendencies the decreasing consumption of staple foodstuffs (beans, rice, manioc flour), pork meat, lard and butter, the replacement of bovine meat for chiken, and the increase in the consumption of eggs, milk products and vegetable oils. Based on these surveys, the intake of macronutrients in urban areas showed a decrease of carbohydrate and an increase of fat contribution as sources of calories, an increase in the consumption of animal protein detriment of vegetable protein, and substitution of animal fats for vegetable fats. It was also observed an increase an increase in the use of industrialized foodstuffs, directly related to income, leading to a greater diversity of foodstuffs and lower consumption of staple foods. Recent studies with adult and elderly population from the city of Sao Paulo show a reduction in the consumption of fatty and fried foods and sugar, and an increase in the consumption of fruits and because concern. Studies that take into account the verified changes in eating habits and the new consumption tendencies, as well as their impact on nutritional and health conditions of the Brazilian urban population, are presently needed

Relaciones entre la composición nutricional y parámetros anatómicos en sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) / Relations between nutritional composition and anatomical parameter in sorghum (Sorgum bicolor L. Moench)

Los parámetros químicos nutricionales con diferencias significativas (P=0.05) entre 10 variedades de sorgo, así como los rangos observados fueron: lípidos (2,76 a 3,75 por ciento), fibra cruda (60,6 a 64,7 por ciento), proteína (9,01 a 11,43 por ciento), extracto libre de nitrógeno (77,65 a 83,07 por ciento), almidón (60,65 a 64,20 por ciento), taninos (2.50 a 10.16 mg/g) y calorías totales (380 a 400 Kcal). El contenido de cenizas fue de 1,17 a 1,91 por ciento, la digestibilidad de la proteína (23,8 a 38,8 por ciento) y del almidón "in situ" (54,4 a 66,6 por ciento) no fueron estadísticamente diferentes. Entre los componentes químicos se tuvieron la siguientes correlaciones positivas con significancia: carbohidratos con calorías y grasa con fibra. Entre las correlaciones negativas destacan: grasa y fibra con carbohidratos, fibra con calorías, y digestibilidad "in vitro" de la proteína con taninos. Con la finalidad de tratar de obtener equivalencias analíticas para sustituir determinación anatómica o química; ya sea total o parcialmente, y facilitar la selección de variedades para distintos usos, y el procesamiento adecuado para el grano, se identifican correlaciones entre los datos químicos obtenidos en este estudio con las características anatómicas determinadas en un trabajo previo con las mismas muestras, detectándose 19 coeficientes significativos, de los que 8 fueron positivos y 11 negativos. entre las correlaciones con potencialidad de sustitución analítica destacan: tamaño del gránulo de almidón del endospermo córneo (EC) y longitud de las células del endospermo harinoso (EH), con cantidad de almidón; tamaño del cuerpo de proteína del EH, con digetibilidad de la proteína; largo y ancho de las células de aleurona con el contenido de fibra y de agua. Entre las correlaciones negativas sobresalen: tamaño del gránulo de almidón del EC y EH, con ceniza; tamaño del cuerpo de proteína del EC, con cantidad del almidón y con tamaño de los gránulos del mismo; largo y ancho de las células de la aleurona con carbohidratos y con calorías totales; y tamaño de las células de la aleurona con carbohidratos y con calorías totales; y tamaño de las células del mesocarpio con contenido de grasa