ABSTRACT
Paciente feminina, 19 anos, foi admitida na emergência com febre diária e cefaleia. Evoluiu com alteração demarcha, de fala, confusão mental, disartria, dispneia, taquicardia, petéquias nas solas e hemorragia subungueal. Realizado ecocardiograma transesofágicoque revelou valva mitral com espessamento de folhetos, falta de coaptação, moderada insuficiência egrande vegetação (10 mm x 4 mm) aderida ao endocárdio da face posterior do átrio esquerdo. Colheu-se hemocultura positiva para Staphylococcus aureus, e a paciente foi diagnosticada com endocarditeinfecciosa pelos critérios de Duke modificados, dando-se início à antibioticoterapia. Ela apresentou boa evolução clínica, entretanto, a febre persistia. Realizou-se tomografia de crânio, que revelou abscesso cerebral.A paciente então foi submetida à drenagem, com resolução da febre.
A 19 year-old female patient was admitted to the ER with daily fever and headache, progressing to altered gait, unclear speech, mental confusion,dysarthria, dyspnea, tachycardia, petechiae on the soles of the feet and subungual hemorrhage.Transesophageal echocardiography shows thickening of the mitral valve leaflets, lack of coaptation, moderate insufficiency and large vegetation (10mm x 4mm) adhering to theendocardium of the posterior left atrial wall. The blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was diagnosed with infective endocarditisaccording to the modified Duke criteria, and antibiotic treatment was started. Although progressing well in clinical terms, the fever persisted. Cranial tomography showed a brain abscess that was drained, thus lowering the fever.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Young Adult , Brain Abscess/physiopathology , Brain Abscess/therapy , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Heart Atria , Echocardiography, Transesophageal/methods , Staphylococcus aureus , Tomography/methodsABSTRACT
La endocarditis infecciosa es una afección de difícil diagnóstico en Cardiología, con características clínicas muy variadas y una epidemiología cambiante en los últimos años. En la presente revisión se tratan aspectos novedosos sobre su clasificación, etiología y fisiopatología; además, se presentan las herramientas fundamentales para su diagnóstico, punto de partida para su tratamiento médico basado primordialmente en la terapia antimicrobiana, así como los criterios quirúrgicos y la conducta actual en la profilaxis antimicrobiana de esta compleja entidad(AU)
Infective endocarditis is a disease of difficult diagnosis in cardiology, with highly variable clinical characteristics and changing epidemiology in the last few years. The present review dealt with novel aspects on classification, etiology and physiopathology of the disease in addition to the presentation of the fundamental tools for diagnosis, which is the starting point for the medical treatment basically supported on the antimicrobial therapy. It also set forth the surgical criteria and the present performance in the antimicrobial prophylaxis of this complex disease(AU)
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/classification , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
La endocarditis infecciosa es una afección de difícil diagnóstico en Cardiología, con características clínicas muy variadas y una epidemiología cambiante en los últimos años. En la presente revisión se tratan aspectos novedosos sobre su clasificación, etiología y fisiopatología; además, se presentan las herramientas fundamentales para su diagnóstico, punto de partida para su tratamiento médico basado primordialmente en la terapia antimicrobiana, así como los criterios quirúrgicos y la conducta actual en la profilaxis antimicrobiana de esta compleja entidad.
Infective endocarditis is a disease of difficult diagnosis in cardiology, with highly variable clinical characteristics and changing epidemiology in the last few years. The present review dealt with novel aspects on classification, etiology and physiopathology of the disease in addition to the presentation of the fundamental tools for diagnosis, which is the starting point for the medical treatment basically supported on the antimicrobial therapy. It also set forth the surgical criteria and the present performance in the antimicrobial prophylaxis of this complex disease.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/classification , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 63 años de edad con Endocarditis de la Válvula Tricúspide que desarrolló tromboembolismo pulmonar y un síndrome de platipnea-ortodeoxia explicado por la presencia de un formen oval permeable. La paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente después de un reemplazo de la válvula tricúspide.
The case of 63 year old woman with Endocarditis at the Tricuspid Valve, pulmonary and paradoxical embolism with platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome is presented. The patient recovered after surgical replacement of the tricuspid valve.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Dyspnea/etiology , Dyspnea/physiopathologyABSTRACT
In spite of the advance in diagnosis and antibiotic and surgical treatment, mortality of infective endocarditis remains high. Recent studies in various countries and in Argentina have shown that the clinical profile of infective endocarditis has changed. Currently the patients are older with higher frequency of degenerative valve disease and prosthetic valve and nosocomial endocarditis. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus as etiological agent has increased. These changes may justify the absence of decrease in mortality and suggests that more aggressive measures are needed based on prospective, well designed and controlled trials.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial , Staphylococcal Infections , Streptococcal Infections , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/physiopathology , Cross Infection , Echocardiography, Doppler , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prosthesis-Related Infections/physiopathology , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Infections/physiopathology , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/physiopathology , Streptococcal Infections/therapy , Viridans StreptococciABSTRACT
A pesar de los avances en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico, la endocarditis infecciosa sigue siendo una enfermedad con una mortalidad elevada. Los estudios llevados a cabo en nuestro país y en otros países demostraron que el perfil clínico del paciente ha cambiado. Existe mayor prevalencia de pacientes añosos con enfermedad degenerativa valvular, las endocarditis protésicas y nosocomiales son más frecuentes y aumentó la presencia del Staphylococcus aureus. Estos cambios podrían justificar la ausencia de disminución en la mortalidad de esta enfermedad y plantean la necesidad de encarar enfoques más agresivos de tratamiento mediante la confección de estudios prospectivos bien diseñados y controlados.
In spite of the advance in diagnosis and antibiotic and surgical treatment, mortality of infective endocarditis remains high. Recent studies in various countries and in Argentina have shown that the clinical profile of infective endocarditis has changed. Currently the patients are older with higher frequency of degenerative valve disease and prosthetic valve and nosocomial endocarditis. The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus as etiological agent has increased. These changes may justify the absence of decrease in mortality and suggests that more aggressive measures are needed based on prospective, well designed and controlled trials.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Staphylococcal Infections , Streptococcal Infections , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Bacteremia/physiopathology , Cross Infection , Echocardiography, Doppler , Echocardiography, Transesophageal , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Prosthesis-Related Infections/physiopathology , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis , Staphylococcal Infections/physiopathology , Staphylococcal Infections/therapy , Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis , Streptococcal Infections/physiopathology , Streptococcal Infections/therapy , Viridans StreptococciABSTRACT
La Endocarditis Infecciosa (El) es una enfermedad grave, dada por la agresividad del agente sobre el aparato cardiovascular y otros órganos. La cirugía de reemplazo valvular (CRV) es el tratamiento definitivo frente al fracaso del tratamiento médico, la cual está asociada a una elevada mortalidad al presentarse con daño estructural severo. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a CRV por El. Pacientes y método: Estudio descriptivo de 32 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a CRV en el período 1993-2005, consignando antecedentes clínicos que determinen una probable mortalidad. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue de 25 por ciento, principalmente en los primeros 15 días (60 por ciento). Los principales factores asociados son sepsis (p =0.002), la cirugía mitro-aórtica (p <0.001) y la presencia de alcoholismo (p =0.049). La probabilidad de supervivencia actuarial es de 78 por ciento a 146 meses. Conclusión: La mortalidad de nuestra serie es semejante a otros centros, existiendo un mayor riesgo en los primeros días post CRV. El reemplazo bivalvular y la presencia de sepsis son los principales factores de riesgo precoz.
Infectious endocarditis is a severe illness related to the aggressiveness of the microbial agent to the cardiovascular system. Heart valve replacement surgery is the definitive treatment in these patients but is related to high mortality when the structural damage is severe. Objective: To assess risk factors related to mortality in patients operated for complicated endocarditis. Patients and method: Descriptive study of 32 patients operated between 1993-2005 period in which clinical factors were evaluated and related to mortality. Results: Overall mortality was 25 percent, mainly in the first two weeks after surgery (60 percent). Mortality related risk factors were sepsis (p =0.002), mitro-aortic replacement (p <0.001) and alcoholism (p =0.049). Actuarial survival probability is 78 percent to 146 months in the group. Conclusion: Mortality is similar to others cardiac centres and is higher in the first two weeks alter surgery. Mitro aortic replacement and sepsis are the main factors of early mortality risk.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Endocarditis, Bacterial/surgery , Endocarditis, Bacterial/mortality , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Chile/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/mortality , Echocardiography , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial , Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Survival Rate , Time FactorsABSTRACT
This study sought to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylcoccus aureus and viridans group streptococci strains collected from the forearm skin and saliva of 30 patients at high risk of endocarditis. Agar susceptibility tests of antibiotics routinely utilized in dentistry were used to verify antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains. Of the Staphylcoccus aureus strains, 50% were resistant to ampicillin, 53.3% to amoxicillin, 60.0% to penicillin G, 13.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate, 20.0% to azithromycin, 27.6% to clarithromycin, 23.3% to erythromycin, 3.3% to cefazolin, and 6.7% to clindamycin. Regarding streptococci, 16.7% of the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 16.7% to amoxicillin, 23.3% to azithromycin, 23.3% to clarithromycin, 30.0% to erythromycin, 13.3% to cefazolin, 26.7% to clindamycin, 16.7% to penicillin G, and 3.3% to amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pathogens associated with bacterial endocarditis exhibited elevated resistance rates against the antibiotics used for prophylaxis in dentistry.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Saliva/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Viridans Streptococci/drug effects , Aged , Amoxicillin/pharmacology , Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination/pharmacology , Ampicillin/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Azithromycin/pharmacology , Cefazolin/pharmacology , Clarithromycin/pharmacology , Clindamycin/pharmacology , Disease Susceptibility , Erythromycin/pharmacology , Female , Humans , Male , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Penicillin G/pharmacology , Risk Factors , Skin/microbiologyABSTRACT
Despite progress in the management of infective endocarditis, delays in diagnosis or prior antimicrobial treatment may adversely influence the symptom duration and outcome. The duration of symptoms in patients with infective endocarditis was studied in 683 cases among 653 patients with 703 episodes of the disease; patients were hospitalized within 10 days of symptom onset in 169 (24.7%) cases. Antimicrobial therapy before hospital admission was administered to 257 (36.5%) patients. Overall mortality was 25.6%. Symptom duration was longer when antimicrobials were administered before diagnosis (58.8+/-78.1 vs. 44.8+/-54.9 days), when vegetations were detected on echocardiogram (53.5+/-68.2 vs. 38.8+/-47.3) and among patients admitted before 1990 (42.3+/-67.1 vs. 54.2+/-62.4 days). Symptom duration was shorter in patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (26.8+/-34.2 vs. 59.3+/-71.6 days). In 54 (26.5%) episodes of prosthetic valve endocarditis, patients had symptoms for more than 30 days. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent agent among patients with symptoms up to 10 days (41.2%) and Streptococcus among those with symptoms over 20 days (53.9%). Symptom duration did not significantly differ in regard to medical (51.3+/-69.2 days) or surgical (46.7+/-55.7 days) treatment. Mortality increased as symptom duration decreased and was highest for patients who experienced symptoms for less than 10 days (36.1%). In some patients medical care may be delivered relatively late in the course of infective endocarditis. Administration of antibiotics previous to hospital admission increased duration of symptoms, and cardiac valve prosthesis, staphylococcal infection and death were associated with more acute disease.
Subject(s)
Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Analysis of Variance , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Chi-Square Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Cohort Studies , Echocardiography , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnostic imaging , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Time Factors , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Objetivo: se pretendió identificar cuáles factores en pacientes con bacteremia por estafilococo dorado (ED) predicen el desarrollo de endocarditis infecciosa(EI). Diseño: estudio de casos y controles retrospectivo. Marco de referencia: todos los casos fueron adquiridos en la comunidad, sin historia de abuso de drogas de uso intravenoso y egresados del Servicio de Medicina Interna del HUSVP en el período comprendido entre junio de 1991 y junio de 1996. Pacientes: se analizaron 58 casos de bacteremia por ED sensible a meticilina, de los cuales 24 (41.4 por ciento) cumplían criterios diagnósticos para EI. Mediciones principales: prevalencia de endocarditis infecciosa, frecuencia de complicaciones y frecuencia de factores de riesgo en casos y controles. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 37.5ñ 17.8 años y la distribución por sexos fue la siguiente: 17 mujeres y 41 hombres. Se determinó foco primario en 33 pacientes; 21 en piel, cuatro en pulmón y siete en otros sitios. Presentaron enfermedad de base 22.4 por ciento y enfermedad cardíaca preexistente el 29.33 por ciento. Ni la ausencia de foco infeccioso primario (p=0.246), ni la duración de la fiebre en el momento del diagnóstico ni la presencia de neumonia (p=0.224) predijeron la presencia de EI. La existencia de enfermedad sistemática de base (p=0.00009), enfermedad estructural cardíaca preexistente (p=0.00014), artritis )p=0.0065) y glomerulonefritis (p=0.0033) se asociaron con EI. La presencia de abcesos de tejidos blandos como foco infeccioso primario es más frecuente en los pacientes con bacteremia sin EI (p=00014). Conclusión: en pacientes con bacteremia por ED extrahospitalaria la presencia de enfermedad sistématica de base, enfermedad cardiaca estructural previa, artritis y glomerulonefritis nos obligan a descartar la presencia de EI
Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteremia/etiology , Bacteremia/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/diagnosis , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Staphylococcal Infections/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Se han reportado diversas especies de bacilos Gram negativos como causantes de endocarditis infecciosa (EI). El género Citrobacter es un grupo diferente de bacilos Gram negativos aeróbicos, que existen en el agua, algunos alimentos y como comensales en el tracto gastrointestinal de animales y humanos. Son organismos ubicuos y no son causa frecuente de infecciones en el hombre. Se reportan dos casos de EI por Citrobacter sp. confirmados por histopatología, ecocardiografía y hemocultivos; y aún cuando el número de casos reportados en la literatura (3) es muy pequeño para obtener conclusiones, se encontró un comportamiento agresivo de la enfermedad con pobre respuesta al tratamiento médico, requiriendo en la mayoría de los casos manejo quirúrgico y asociándose a una alta mortalidad
Subject(s)
Humans , Citrobacter/isolation & purification , Citrobacter/pathogenicity , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Endocarditis, Bacterial/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Las infecciones sistémicas por pasteirella multicida son poco frecuentes. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 29 años de edad con historia de fiebre reumática que presentó endocarditis de la válvula mitral y cuyo microorganismo causal fue pasteurella multocida. La paciente presentó múltiples fenómenos embólicos que incluso ocasionaron sangrado del tubo digestivo. La respuesta al tratamiento médico no fue exitosa por lo que requirió de reemplazo valvular mitral. Las infecciones por Pasteurella se han relacionado con la exposición a perros y gatos; la paciente que nos ocupa señaló haber tenido contacto estrecho con dos perros. Este es el primer caso de endocarditis infecciosa por pasteurella multocida notificado en la literatura latinoamericana y el octavo en la literatura mundial
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Endocarditis, Bacterial/etiology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Pasteurella Infections/complications , Pasteurella Infections/physiopathology , Pasteurella multocida/pathogenicityABSTRACT
La endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad grave cuya mortalidad oscila entre el 10 y el 30 porciento, que por lo general afecta el endocardio de las válvulas y solo ocacionalmente el endocardio mural que reviste las cavidaes cardíacas. Se revisa el estado actual del Diagnóstico y tratamiento de esta infección, así como las medidas preventivas aconsejadas