Improved Hysteroscopic Resection of Endometrial Polyps Using 6-Fr Micro-Scissors and Forceps.

Endometrial polyps commonly contribute to female infertility, and hysteroscopic resection is the established surgical approach for their treatment. Numerous resection methods are available, with the most used and cost-effective options being cold resection employing micro-scissors or hot resection using an electric loop. However, both methods involve sharp resection, posing a challenge in achieving complete polyp removal while avoiding damage to the uterine endometrium. To address this issue, this study proposes an innovative approach: the combined use of the 6 Fr micro-scissors and forceps under hysteroscopy. The method entails utilizing 6 Fr micro-scissors to initially remove large polyps, followed by using 6 Fr micro-forceps to extract the remaining polyp tissue expeditiously and bluntly near the basal layer of the endometrium. This approach not only prevents surgical damage to the basal layer of the endometrium but also mitigates the risk of residual polyps resulting from incomplete resection. This method is particularly suitable for women with fertility requirements, offering additional considerations for the selection of treatment options for endometrial polyp resection.

PARP-1, EpCAM, and FRα as potential targets for intraoperative detection and delineation of endometriosis: a quantitative tissue expression analysis.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue in abnormal locations, leading to severe symptoms, inflammation, pain, organ dysfunction, and infertility. Surgical removal of endometriosis lesions is crucial for improving pain and fertility outcomes, with the goal of complete lesion removal. This study aimed to analyze the location and expression patterns of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and folate receptor alpha (FRα) in endometriosis lesions and evaluate their potential for targeted imaging. METHODS: Gene expression analysis was performed using the Turku endometriosis database (EndometDB). By immunohistochemistry, we investigated the presence and distribution of PARP-1, EpCAM, and FRα in endometriosis foci and adjacent tissue. We also applied an ad hoc platform for the analysis of images to perform a quantitative immunolocalization analysis. Double immunofluorescence analysis was carried out for PARP-1 and EpCAM, as well as for PARP-1 and FRα, to explore the expression of these combined markers within endometriosis foci and their potential simultaneous utilization in surgical treatment. RESULTS: Gene expression analysis revealed that PARP-1, EpCAM, and FOLR1 (FRα gene) are more highly expressed in endometriotic lesions than in the peritoneum, which served as the control tissue. The results of the immunohistochemical study revealed a significant increase in the expression levels of all three biomarkers inside the endometriosis foci compared to the adjacent tissues. Additionally, the double immunofluorescence analysis consistently demonstrated the presence of PARP-1 in the nucleus and the expression of EpCAM and FRα in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. CONCLUSION: Overall, these three markers demonstrate significant potential for effective imaging of endometriosis. In particular, the results emphasize the importance of PARP-1 expression as a possible indicator for distinguishing endometriotic lesions from adjacent tissue. PARP-1, as a potential biomarker for endometriosis, offers promising avenues for further investigation in terms of both pathophysiology and diagnostic-therapeutic approaches.

The use of oral nomegestrol acetate/estradiol in rapid and random start preparation of endometrium before office hysteroscopic polypectomies: A multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of oral nomegestrol acetate/estradiol in random start rapid preparation of endometrium before office hysteroscopic polypectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: University hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: 80 adult women undergoing office hysteroscopic polypectomy between January 2023 and March 2024 were randomized to intervention (n = 40) or control (n = 40). Exclusion criteria included the presence of endouterine pathology other than endometrial polyps solely. METHODS: Subjects in the intervention group were treated with oral nomegestrol acetate/estradiol 1.5 mg/2.5 mg/day started taking the drug from an indefinite time in the menstrual cycle (random start) for 14 days. Subjects in the control group did not receive any pharmaceutical treatment and underwent polypectomy between days 8 and 11 of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: On the day of the procedure, the difference in pre- and post-office hysteroscopic polypectomy endometrial ultrasound thickness was statistically significant between the two groups, with endometrial thickness in both measurements being thinner for the intervention group (p < 0.001). In the nomegestrol acetate/estradiol-treated group, compared with the control, there was also a statistically significant difference in the physician's assessment of the quality of endometrial preparation (p < 0.001), the quality of visualization of the uterine cavity (p < 0.001), and satisfaction with the performance of the procedure (p < 0.001). Finally, all surgical outcomes analyzed were better in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with nomegestrol acetate/estradiol could provide rapid, satisfactory and low-cost preparation of the endometrium before office polypectomy, thus improving surgical performance and woman's compliance. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06316219.

Histological assessment of endometrial polyps resected by hysteroscopy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the clinical data and pathologic aspects of endometrial polyps (EMPs) excised completely during surgical hysteroscopy and assess the connection between premalignant and malignant EMPs. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study includes 489 participants who underwent hysteroscopy due to endometrial polyps, and the clinical features and histological findings of the resected polyps analyzed. RESULTS: Participants with EMPs were divided into six groups according to histologic findings. The histologic finding of most cases was simple benign endometrial polyp [397 patients (81.2%)]. Malignant polyp was detected in 3 patients (0.6%). The histologic findings according to age, menopausal status, and menstrual bleeding patterns at the time of presentation to the outpatient clinic were compared; however, no significant difference was observed. 237 patients were observed to have menometrorrhagia, which was the most prevalent symptom reported. The distribution of polyp sizes observed at hysteroscopy according to histologic findings was compared, but no significant difference was observed. CONCLUSIONS: EMPs are often benign but can include premalignant or malignant tissue changes. Hysteroscopy is used for direct observation of the uterine cervix and resection of existing polyps, considering the increasing frequency of its use as a diagnostic and treatment tool.

Occult endometrial cancer in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications: a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary hospital in China.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of further reducing the incidence of occult endometrial cancer in women undergoing hysterectomy for benign gynecological indications. METHODS: Patients who underwent hysterectomies for presumed benign gynecologic conditions at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively identified. Patients with occult endometrial cancer, which was defined as endometrial cancer diagnosed on postoperative histopathology with no preoperative confirmed malignancy, were selected. RESULTS: 24/7558 (0.32%; 95% CI 0.20-0.47%) patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications had occult endometrial cancer. Asymptomatic patients with normal endometrial imaging all tended to have favorable pathology. Heavy menstrual bleeding was the most overlooked AUB pattern in the premenopausal group. In the postmenopausal group, all the patients with serous adenocarcinoma or G3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma histology/stage T1b disease/LVSI space invasion had a history of persistent or recurrent PMB ≥ 6 months and/or an intracavitary lesion > 20 mm in diameter. 3/4 of the samples of the postmenopausal patients did not have adequate endometrium for evaluation. CONCLUSION: To further reduce the incidence of occult endometrial cancer, physicians should focus on the patient's bleeding pattern and actively implement endometrial sampling whenever indicated. Transvaginal ultrasonography is a valuable preoperative evaluation. Hysteroscopy with directed biopsy is the preferred procedure in postmenopausal patients.

Stage II endometrial cancer: The diagnostic power of hysteroscopic excisional biopsy and MRI in the pre-operative cervical stroma assessment.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND: Stage II Endometrial cancer (EC) accounts only for 12% of cases. Recent evidences redraw the weight of radicality in this stage as it would seem to have no impact on survival outcomes claiming for radicality when free surgical margins are not ensured to be achieved by simple hysterectomy. Thus, an accurate pre-operative evaluation might be crucial. This study aims to estimate the diagnostic power of Hysteroscopic excisional biopsy (HEB) of cervical stroma alone and combined with Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict the stage and concealed parametrial invasion in patients with preoperative stage II EC. METHODOLOGY: From January 2019 to November 2023, all patients evaluated at the Department of Gynaecology Oncology of Humanitas, Istituto Clinico Catanese, Catania, Italy, with a diagnosis of EC and evidence of cervical stromal diffusion on preoperative MRI and/or office hysteroscopy evaluation, considered suitable for laparoscopic modified type B hysterectomy, were consecutively included in the study. These underwent endometrial and cervical hysteroscopy excisional biopsy (HEB) for histological evaluation before definitive surgery. The data obtained were compared with the definitive histological examination (reference standard). RESULTS: Sixteen patients met the including/excluding criteria and were considered into the study. Stage II endometrial cancer were confirmed in 3 cases (18.7%). We reported 2 (12,5%) parametrial involvement (IIIB), 4 (25%) cases of lymph nodes metastasis (IIIc), 7 (43,7%) cases of I stage. MRI had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy (95% CIs) of 71%, 44%, 50%, 66% and 56.2 % respectively. HEB showed sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy (95 % CI) of 85 %, 89 %, 85 %, 88 % and 87 % respectively. Comparing HEB + MRI to HEB alone, no statistical differences were noted in all fields. Considering parametrial invasion, MRI had better sensitivity but there were no statistical differences to HEB in other fields, showing both a worthy NPV. CONCLUSION: HEB was accurate in all fields for cervical stroma assessment and had a fine NPV to exclude massive cervical involvement up to parametrial. Considering the new FIGO staging a preoperative molecular and histological evaluation of the cervical stroma may be useful. Operative hysteroscopy seems to be a feasible and accurate method for this purpose.

Short-term reproductive outcomes analysis and prediction of the modified uterine stent treatment for mild to moderate intrauterine adhesions: experience at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of modified uterine stent in the treatment of mild-to-moderate intrauterine adhesions and explore the relative indicators affecting prognosis prediction. METHODS: A total of 115 patients with mild-to-moderate intrauterine adhesions received a modified uterine stent placement after hysteroscopy adhesiolysis. The second-look hysteroscopy operated after 3 months surgery, and the third-look hysteroscopy operated after 6 months surgery if necessary. The stent was removed when the cavity shape was repaired, then the reproductive outcomes were followed up one year. RESULTS: Menstrual blood volume, endometrial thickness and volume had increased significantly after 3 months surgery. The rates of cavity repaired were 86.96% (100/115) after 3 months surgery and 100% (115/115) after 6 months surgery cumulatively. Endometrial thickness after 3-months surgery was positively associated with uterine cavity shape repaired (P<0.01). The receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed the rate of uterine cavity shape repaired predicted by the model was 0.92, based on the endometrial thickness after 3-months surgery. The rate of pregnancy was 86.09% (99/115) in one year, while the rate of miscarriage accounted for 26.26% (26/99). The median time interval between stent removal and subsequent conception was 3 months. It showed adhesion recurrence was the risk factor for subsequent pregnancy (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A modified uterine stent placement under hysteroscopy was an effective approach for mild-to-moderate intrauterine adhesions, which is easy to operate and worthy for clinical promotion. Endometrial thickness measured by ultrasonography probably has predictive value in adhesion recurrence and subsequent pregnancy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2100051524. Date of registration (retrospectively registered): 26/09/2021.

Accuracy of endometrial sampling in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer: a multicenter retrospective analysis of the JAGO-NOGGO.

BACKGROUND: Accurate preoperative molecular and histological risk stratification is essential for effective treatment planning in endometrial cancer. However, inconsistencies between pre- and postoperative tumor histology have been reported in previous studies. To address this issue and identify risk factors related to inaccurate histologic diagnosis after preoperative endometrial evaluation, we conducted this retrospective analysis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis involving 375 patients treated for primary endometrial cancer in five different gynaecological departments in Germany. Histological assessments of curettage and hysterectomy specimens were collected and evaluated. RESULTS: Preoperative histologic subtype was confirmed in 89.5% of cases and preoperative tumor grading in 75.2% of cases. Higher rates of histologic subtype variations (36.84%) were observed for non-endometrioid carcinomas. Non-endometrioid (OR 4.41) histology and high-grade (OR 8.37) carcinomas were identified as predictors of diverging histologic subtypes, while intermediate (OR 5.04) and high grading (OR 3.94) predicted diverging tumor grading. CONCLUSION: When planning therapy for endometrial cancer, the limited accuracy of endometrial sampling, especially in case of non-endometrioid histology or high tumor grading, should be carefully considered.

Increasing utilization of intrauterine device insertion at hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation for patients with endometrial hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: To examine the utilization and characteristics related to the use of hysteroscopy at the time of endometrial evaluation for endometrial hyperplasia in the outpatient surgery setting. METHODS: This cross-sectional study queried the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Ambulatory Surgery Sample. The study population was 3218 patients with endometrial hyperplasia who underwent endometrial evaluation from January 2016 to December 2019. Performance and clinical characteristics of hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation were assessed with multivariable binary logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 2654 (82.5%) patients had hysteroscopic endometrial tissue evaluation. Patients with postmenopausal bleeding, heavy menstrual bleeding, and polycystic ovary syndrome were more likely to undergo hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation in multivariable analysis (all, adjusted-P < 0.001). Uterine injury occurred in 4.9 per 1000 hysteroscopic endometrial evaluations; none had uterine injury in the non-hysteroscopy cohort. Among the 2654 patients who had hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation, 106 (4.0%) patients had intrauterine device insertion at surgery, and the utilization increased from 2.9 to 5.8% during the study period (P-trend < 0.001). Younger age, more recent year surgery, and obesity were independently associated with increased utilization of intrauterine device insertion at hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation (all, adjusted-P < 0.05). Among 2023 reproductive-age patients with endometrial hyperplasia, 1666 (82.4%) patients underwent hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation. On multivariable analysis, patients with heavy menstrual bleeding were more likely to have hysteroscopic endometrial evaluation (adjusted-P < 0.05). Intrauterine device insertion increased from 3.7% in 2016 to 8.0% in 2019 (P-trend = 0.007). CONCLUSION: This nationwide analysis suggests that the insertion of intrauterine devices at the time of hysteroscopic endometrial tissue evaluation for endometrial hyperplasia is increasing among reproductive-age population.

The association of endometrial closure during cesarean section to the risk of developing uterine scar defect: a randomized control trial.

PURPOSE: The surgical technique for uterine closure following cesarean section influences the healing of the cesarean scar; however, there is still no consensus on the optimal technique regarding the closure of the endometrium layer. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of closure versus non-closure of the endometrium during cesarean section on the risk to develop uterine scar defect and associated symptoms. METHODS: A randomized prospective study was conducted of women undergoing first elective cesarean section at a single tertiary medical center. Exclusion criteria included previous uterine scar, preterm delivery and dysmorphic uterus. Women were randomized for endometrial layer closure versus non-closure. Six months following surgery, women were invited to the ambulatory gynecological clinic for follow-up visit. 2-D transvaginal ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate the cesarean scar characteristics. In addition, women were evaluated for symptoms that might be associated with uterine scar defect. Primary outcome was defined as the residual myometrial thickness (RMT) at the uterine cesarean scar. Data are presented as median and interquartile range. RESULTS: 130 women were recruited to the study, of them follow-up was achieved in 113 (86.9%). 61 (54%) vs. 52 (46%) of the women were included in the endometrial closure vs. non-closure groups, respectively. Groups were comparable for patient's demographic, clinical characteristics and follow-up time for postoperative evaluation. Median RMT was 5.3 (3.0-7.7) vs. 4.6 (3.0-6.5) mm for the endometrial closure and non-closure groups, respectively (p = 0.38). Substantially low RMT (< 2.5 mm) was measured in four (6.6%) women in the endometrial closure group and three (5.8%) of the women in the non-closure group (p = 0.86). All other uterine scar sonographic measurements, as well as dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain and intermenstrual bleeding rates were comparable between the groups. CONCLUSION: Closure versus non-closure of the endometrial layer during cesarean uterine incision repair has no significant difference in cesarean scar characteristics and symptom rates at 6 months follow-up.

Effects of endometrial versus non-endometrial suturing on isthmocele development; a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Incomplete healing after cesarean section (CS) can result in isthmocele formation. When suturing the uterus, fully folding the wound lips may embed the endometrial layer into the myometrium, leading to isthmocele development. Hence, this study aimed to compare the effects of endometrial and non-endometrial suturing on isthmocele development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial included 274 patients. Women who underwent primary CS were randomly allocated to one of the two study groups: endometrial suturing and non-endometrial suturing. The primary outcome was isthmocele rate at postpartum 6 months. Secondary outcomes were the volume of the isthmocele, thickness of the residual myometrium, menstrual irregularities (intermenstrual spotting), and the relationship between the isthmocele and uterine position. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients (81 in the endometrial suturing group and 78 in the non-endometrial suturing group) were analyzed. The incidence of isthmocele was significantly lower in the non-endometrial suturing group than in the endometrial suturing group (12 [15.4%] vs. 24 [29.6%] patients; p = 0.032). Menstrual irregularities, such as intermenstrual spotting, were significantly higher in the endometrial suturing group than in the non-endometrial group (p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: Uterine closure with non-endometrial suturing was associated with significantly lower isthmocele development and less intermenstrual spotting compared to that with endometrial suturing.

Ultrasound Appearance of the Endometrium Post-Radiofrequency Ablation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the post-ablative endometrium to improve knowledge of its sonographic findings. METHODS: This was an Institutional Review Board approved prospective study of patients who underwent second-generation endometrial ablation from 2016 to 2019 at a single health system. Patients had postoperative transvaginal ultrasounds at 2, 6, and 12 months. Ultrasound reports were analyzed for endometrial thickness, description of the endometrium and myometrium, presence of uterine fibroids, and uterine size. Statistical tests for repeated measures were utilized. RESULTS: There were 68 patients with the average age of 42 (SD 6) years and a BMI of 33 (SD 8). Preoperatively the average endometrial thickness was 10 mm, uterine length was 9.7 cm, and 38.2% had leiomyoma. The average endometrial thickness decreased at each ultrasound: 8.4 mm (SD 3.4), 7.2 mm (SD 3.0), and 5.8 mm (SD 2.5) at 2, 6, and 12 months, respectively. When comparing endometrial thickness postoperatively there was a significant difference at 2 and 12 months (P = .041), and 6 and 12 months (P = .031). There was no change during the postoperative period in the presence of leiomyoma, hyperechoic endometrium, hypoechoic endometrium, heterogeneous endometrium, and cystic endometrium on the ultrasounds. CONCLUSION: After ablation with a second-generation device, the endometrial thickness on ultrasound decreases with time following surgery. Additional studies correlating these findings to clinical outcomes would be useful.

In which cases should endometrial destruction be performed during an operative hysteroscopy? Clinical practice guidelines from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF)

To provide guidelines from the French College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (CNGOF), based on the best evidence available, concerning the impact of endometrial destruction on bleeding and endometrial cancer risk reduction in patients candidates for operative hysteroscopy.Recommendations were made according to AGREE II and the GRADE® (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) systems to determine separately the quality of evidence (QE) and in the level of recommendation. In a retrospective study comparing the incidence of endometrial cancer in 4776 patients with menorrhagia treated with endometrial destruction vs 229 945 patients with a medical treatment. There was a non-significant reduced risk of developing endometrial cancer (HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.15-1.40; p = .17). In premenopausal women, five studies compared the incidence of endometrial cancer in patients treated with endometrial ablation/destruction (EA/D) to the incidence of endometrial cancer in a comparable population of women from national registers, all of which show reduced risk of endometrial cancer after endometrectomy. In case of menopausal metrorrhagia, the prevalence of endometrial cancer is 9%, by analogy with the results found in premenopausal patients, the combination of endometrial ablation during operative hysteroscopy seems justified. In a retrospective cohort of 177 non-menopausal patients treated with myomectomy for metrorrhagia and/or menorrhagia, a significantly better control of bleeding at 12 months was found when myomectomy was combined with endometrectomy using roller-ball (OR: 0.18 [95% Cl 0.05-0.63]; p = 0.003). In premenopausal women with heavy menstrual bleeding, when an operative hysteroscopy is performed, it is recommended to propose an endometrial ablation/destruction in order to prevent the risk of endometrial cancer, (QE3) and to prevent recurrence of bleeding (QE2). In menopausal women, it is probably recommended to also perform an endometrial ablation/destruction in case of operative hysteroscopy in order to prevent the risk of endometrial cancer (QE1).

Tumor de células de la granulosa del ovario de tipo adulto: revisión de 7 casos / Adult granulosa cell tumour of the ovary: A report of 7 cases

El tumor de células de la granulosa (TCG) es una neoplasia poco común que se clasifica en 2 subtipos, adulto y juvenil. Se presenta una serie de 7 casos de TCG, de tipo adulto, diagnosticados en nuestro hospital entre los años 2003 y 2017. La edad media al diagnóstico fue de 47 años, todos en estadio i. Se realizó biopsia intraoperatoria en 4 pacientes, con resultado de TCG en 3 de ellas y de cáncer de ovario en una. El estudio anatomopatológico se realizó en diferido en los otros 3 casos. El tratamiento fue siempre quirúrgico, realizándose adyuvancia con quimioterapia en un caso. Cinco pacientes presentaron hiperplasia endometrial concomitante, y una un carcinoma de mama de forma sincrónica. Durante el seguimiento se objetivaron 2 recurrencias. En nuestra serie se confirma la asociación del TCG a otras enfermedades hormonodependientes. A pesar del buen pronóstico de esta neoplasia los casos de recidiva tardía no son infrecuentes, y es necesario llevar a cabo un seguimiento a largo plazo

Granulosa cell tumour (TCG) is an uncommon neoplasia that has two subtypes, adult and juvenile. We present a report of 7 cases of adult-type TCG, that were diagnosed in our center during 2003 and 2017. The average age at diagnosis was 47 years, and all were in stage I. In four patients an intraoperative biopsy was performed, in three of which the diagnosis of TCG was obtained. Treatment was surgical in all cases, and in one case required adjuvant chemotherapy. Five patients presented with concomitant endometrial hyperplasia, and one had a synchronous breast carcinoma. During follow-up, 2 recurrences were observed. In our series, the association of TCG with other hormone-dependent pathologies was confirmed. Despite a good prognosis of this cancer, cases of late recurrence are not uncommon, and a long-term follow-up is required

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria / Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease

Objetivo: Estudiar los factores de riesgo y la relación entre los hallazgos clínico-ecográficos y los hallazgos microbiológicos y anatomopatológicos en el contexto de una enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo realizado entre enero de 2010 y noviembre de 2015. Se incluyó a aquellas pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria registradas en la base de datos informatizada del Servicio de Obstetricia y Ginecología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil y con criterios para ser hospitalizadas. Se excluyeron las pacientes tratadas de forma ambulatoria. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra de 112 pacientes con una edad media de 35,4 años. Solamente el 11,6% cumplían todos los criterios mínimos de diagnóstico de enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria. Los patógenos aislados en mayor porcentaje fueron clamidia y gonococo. Se hizo biopsia de endometrio en un 55,6% de los casos y la ecografía informó de una imagen sugestiva de EPI en un 56,3%. La pauta antibiótica más empleada fue la asociación de clindamicina y gentamicina. Se instauró tratamiento de la pareja sexual en el 48,2% de los casos. El 82,15% de las pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusión: La población estudiada es atípica en cuanto a edad media y factores de riesgo, aunque la recogida de datos en la anamnesis es mejorable. La incidencia de gonorrea ha disminuido en nuestro medio, coincidiendo con la aparición de nuevos patógenos que adquieren mayor importancia. Se debe insistir en la toma de biopsia de endometrio para aumentar el índice de sospecha y en la realización del tratamiento a la pareja sexual. Aun así, los resultados del tratamiento hospitalario y quirúrgico fueron favorables

Objective: To analyse the risk factors and the relationship between clinical and sonographic findings and microbiological and pathological findings in the context of pelvic inflammatory disease. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational study conducted between January 2010 and November 2015. Patients with a diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease, registered in the electronic database of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, who met the hospitalisation criteria for the Gynaecology Department, were selected. Patients treated on an outpatient basis were excluded. Results: A sample of 112 patients was obtained, with a mean age of 35.4 years. Only 11.6% of patients met all minimum diagnosis criteria of pelvic inflammatory disease. Chlamydia and gonorrhoea were the most frequently isolated pathogens. Endometrial biopsy was performed in 55.6% of the cases, while ultrasonography showed images suggestive of pelvic inflammatory disease in 56.3% of the patients. The combination of clindamycin and gentamicin was the most used antibiotic regimen, with 48.2% of sexual partners being treated. A number of 82.15% of patients underwent surgery. Conclusion: The study population is atypical in terms of average age and risk factors, although there is room for improvement in relation to data collected from the patients’ medical history. The incidence of gonorrhoea has declined in our area, which is consistent with the emergence of new pathogens that are more prevalent. Endometrial biopsy should be performed to increase the index of suspicion and the treatment of sexual partners. On the whole, however, the hospital and surgical treatment results were favourable

Cirugía oncológica ginecológica mediante puerto único y endoscopia operatoria por orificios naturales empleando equipamiento convencional / Combined laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (less) and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in gynaecologic oncology using conventional equipment

Objetivo: Describir y valorar la aplicabilidad de la combinación de las técnicas de puerto único y del natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) en el tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer ginecológico empleando solo instrumental convencional. Material y métodos: Se realiza un estudio retrospectivo de 30 pacientes tratadas por cáncer ginecológico desde junio de 2012 hasta junio de 2014. Todos los procedimientos se hicieron mediante técnica de puerto único o NOTES híbrido. Se empleó equipamiento convencional, el mismo que empleamos en la laparoscopia multipuerto. Resultados: Ventiuna pacientes (70%) fueron operadas mediante puerto único umbilical; 8 casos (30%) mediante NOTES híbrido. En un caso se realizó un doble puerto único para abordaje retroperitoneal y transperitoneal simultáneo. Los procedimientos empleados fueron: histerectomía en 10 cánceres de endometrio y en 2 cánceres de cuello. En 6 casos se asoció además una linfadenectomía pélvica o una biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela. En 3 casos, se realizó además una linfadenectomía paraaórtica. En un caso se realizó linfadenectomía pélvica y paraaórtica transperitoneal para estadificación de un cáncer de cérvix. Se realizó estadificación ovárica en 3 casos de carcinoma de ovario borderline y en 2 casos infiltrantes. Finalmente, en 3 casos se utilizó el puerto único para evaluación de resecabilidad. En 5 casos (16,66%) fue necesario utilizar algún trocar auxiliar para el abordaje paraaórtico. No fue necesaria ninguna conversión a laparotomía. No se observaron complicaciones intraoperatorias y tan solo se observaron complicaciones menores postoperatorias en 5 casos y una complicación mayor en una paciente de 72 años con un cáncer de células claras endometrial IAG3 que presentó insuficiencia cardíaca en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: Los procedimientos de puerto único y NOTES son procedimientos seguros y válidos para el manejo quirúrgico del cáncer ginecológico

Objective: To describe and assess the feasibility of combining natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single-site surgery in gynaecological cancer using only conventional laparoscopic equipment. Material and methods: A retrospective review of 30 patients with gynaecological cancer, managed by either laparoendoscopic single-site surgery or hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery technique, from June 2012 to June 2014. Only conventional trocars, grasping forceps and sealing devices were used, similar to multiport laparoscopic surgery. Results: Twenty-one (70%) patients were managed by umbilical laparoendoscopic single-site surgery, while 8 (30%) patients underwent a hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery. One patient underwent a double retroperitoneal and transperitoneal single-site approach. Hysterectomy was performed in 10 cases of endometrial cancer and 2 of cervical cancer, while hysterectomy plus pelvic lymphadenectomy or sentinel node biopsy was conducted in 6 cases of endometrial cancer. Hysterectomy plus pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy was performed in 3 patients with endometrial cancer. Transperitoneal pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy was conducted in one case for cervical cancer staging. Staging was also performed in 3 patients with borderline ovarian cancer and in 2 cases of infiltrating cervical carcinoma. Single-port laparoscopic debulking surgery was performed in the remaining 3 cases. Additional 5-mm ports were used in 5 (16.66%) cases to perform para-aortic lymphadenectomy, but no conversion to laparotomy was needed. There were no intraoperative complications, with minor postoperative complications observed in only 5 cases. There was one postoperative major complication: Heart failure in a 72-year-old female patient with clear cell endometrial cancer stage IAG3, who needed to be referred to the cardiology department during her hospitalisation. Conclusion: Combined laparoendoscopic single-site surgery and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is a safe and feasible procedure in the surgical treatment of gynaecological cancer

Neoplasia vulvar intraepitelial / Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia

Objetivo: realizar una revisión de la literatura a propósito de un caso de neoplasia vulvar intraepitelial de alto grado tratada con imiquimod tópico. Conclusión: el tratamiento tópico con imiquimod constituye una alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico de la neoplasia vulvar intraepitelial. En el caso que se presenta se logró la completa desaparición de la lesiones tras doce semanas de tratamiento. Existen otros tratamientos tópicos que pueden ser tenidos en cuenta, como el 5-fluoracilo o cidofovir. Dada la posibilidad de recurrencias, se debe realizar un seguimiento estrecho de estas pacientes durante al menos cinco años (AU)

Objective: To review the literature and present a clinical case of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia that was treated with topical Imiquimod. Conclusion: Topical treatment with Imiquimod is an alternative to surgical treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. In the case presented, complete disappearance of the lesions was achieved after twelve weeks of treatment. There are other treatments that can be taken into account, such as 5-fluoracil and cidofovir. Given the possibility of recurrence, these patients should be closely followed during at least five years (AU)

Tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de endometrio: ¿qué pasaría si no realizamos biopsia intraoperatoria? / Surgical treatment of endometrial cancer. What would it happen if intraoperative biopsy were not performed?

Objetivo. Analizar las discordancias entre la estadificación pre- y posquirúrgica en los cánceres de endometrio operados en nuestro servicio. Material y método. Estudio retrospectivo de los cánceres de endometrio operados por vía laparoscópica entre el 1 de enero de 2005 y el 31 de agosto de 2014. Se han calculado la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo de la resonancia nuclear magnética y la biopsia de endometrio realizadas antes de la intervención quirúrgica, así como el porcentaje de mujeres que podrían haber sido infra- y sobretratadas en el caso de no haber realizado biopsia intraoperatoria de la pieza de histerectomía. Resultados. Hemos operado 174 cánceres de endometrio. La sensibilidad de la resonancia nuclear magnética para el diagnóstico de tumores en estadio I fue del 95,09%, la especificidad de 63,33%, el valor predictivo positivo de 93,37% y el valor predictivo negativo de 70,37%. Para la biopsia preoperatoria la sensibilidad para detectar tumores de grado 1 fue del 90,91%, la especificidad del 65,38%, el valor predictivo positivo de 74,77% y el valor predictivo negativo de 86,44. De no haber realizado biopsia intraoperatoria 21 mujeres (12,65%) de las 166 en estadio I hubiesen sido infratratadas y un 3,61% hubiesen sido sobretratadas. Conclusión. En los estadios iniciales del cáncer de endometrio la biopsia intraoperatoria de la pieza quirúrgica resulta imprescindible para evitar sobre e infratratamientos (AU)

Objectives. To analyse differences between preoperative and postoperative staging in a series of patients with endometrial cancer who underwent surgery in our department. Material and methods. We conducted a retrospective study of malignant endometrial tumours treated by laparoscopic surgery between January 1st 2005 and August 31st 2014. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy performed before the intervention. We estimated the percentage of women at risk of over- and under-treatment if intraoperative biopsy had not been performed. Results. We included 174 malignant endometrial tumours. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging was 95.09, 63.33, 93.37 and 70.37%, respectively. For preoperative biopsy, the results were sensitivity (90.91%), specificity (65.38%), positive predictive value (74.77%) and negative predictive value. (86.44%). If intraoperative biopsy had not been performed, 12 of 166 (12.65%) women in stage 1 would have been undertreated and 3.61% would have been overtreated. Conclusion. Intraoperative biopsy should be mandatory in the early the stages of endometrial cancer to avoid under- and over-treatment (AU)

Endometriosis pulmonar torácica: presentación de 2 casos de una enfermedad muy poco frecuente / Thoracic Pulmonary Endometriosis: Two Reports of a Rare Disease

La endometriosis se caracteriza por el crecimiento del endometrio fuera de la cavidad uterina o el miometrio. No hay signos radiológicos específicos que indiquen una endometriosis. En la literatura se describen lesiones parenquimatosas, nódulos o bullas. El diagnóstico de certeza y el tratamiento son posibles a menudo con la cirugía. A una mujer de 42 años de edad con hemoptisis intermitente (asociada al ciclo menstrual) desde hacía 2 años se le diagnosticó una endometriosis y fue tratada mediante una toracotomía. Otra mujer de 30 años fue remitida a nuestro departamento a causa de un neumotórax recurrente causado por una endometriosis subyacente, y se le aplicó un tratamiento quirúrgico que puso de manifiesto la presencia de focos de endometrio en el diafragma

Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrium outside the uterine cavity or myometrium. There is no specific radiologic finding that defines endometriosis. Parenchymal lesions, nodules or blebs are reported in the literature, although this clinical entity is rare. Definitive diagnosis and treatment are often possible with surgery. We report here two cases: a forty-two-year-old female patient with a 2-year history of intermittent hemoptysis associated with her menstrual cycle was diagnosed as having endometriosis and treated via thoracotomy; another 30-year-old female referred to our department due to recurrent pneumothorax caused by underlying endometriosis underwent surgical treatment which revealed endometrial foci on the diaphragm

Achados histeroscópicos na cavidade endometrial após ablação endometrial / Hysteroscopic appearance of the endometrial cavity after endometrial ablation

OBJETIVO: Verificar o aspecto da cavidade uterina após a ablação endometrial histeroscópica, a prevalência de sinéquias após o procedimento e, com isso, avaliar a importância da histeroscopia realizada no pós-operatório dessas pacientes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, os laudos dos exames de 153 pacientes que haviam sido submetidas à histeroscopia ambulatorial após ablação do endométrio devido a sangramento uterino anormal de causa benigna, no período entre janeiro de 2006 e julho de 2011. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos: HIST≤60 (n=90), com pacientes submetidas ao exame no período de 40 a 60 dias após o procedimento, e grupo HIST>60 (n=63), das que foram examinadas entre 61 dias e 12 meses. RESULTADOS: No grupo HIST≤60, 30% das pacientes apresentavam algum grau de sinéquia; aderências grau I foram descritas em 4,4%; grau II em 6,7%; grau IIa em 4,4%; grau III em 7,8%; e 2,2% apresentavam grau IV. No HIST>60, sinéquias foram descritas em 53,9% dos casos, 3,2% tinham sinéquias grau I; 11,1%, grau II; 7,9%, grau IIa; 15,9%, grau III; e 4,8%, grau IV. Hematometra foi descrito em 2,2% dos casos do HIST≤60 e em 6,3% no HIST>60. CONCLUSÕES: A cavidade uterina de pacientes submetidas à histeroscopia ambulatorial até 60 dias após a ablação endometrial mostrou menor número de sinéquias quando comparada com as cavidades uterinas de pacientes que foram submetidas ao exame após 60 dias. Acompanhamento em longo prazo é necessário para avaliar plenamente o impacto da histeroscopia ambulatorial após a ablação endometrial. .

PURPOSE: To examine the aspect of the uterine cavity after hysteroscopic endometrial ablation, to determine the prevalence of synechiae after the procedure, and to analyze the importance of hysteroscopy during the postoperative period. METHODS: The results of the hysteroscopic exams of 153 patients who underwent outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation due to abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology during the period from January 2006 to July 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: HIST≤60 (n=90) consisting of patients undergoing the exam 40-60 days after the ablation procedure, and the group HIST>60 (n=63) consisting of patients undergoing the exam between 61 days and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: In the HIST≤60 group, 30% of the patients presented some degree of synechiae: synechiae grade I in 4.4% of patients, grade II in 6.7% , grade IIa in 4.4%, grade III in 7.8%, and grade IV in 2.2%. In the HIST>60 group, 53.9% of all cases had synechiae, 3.2% were grade I, 11.1% grade II, 7.9% grade IIa, 15.9% grade III, and 4.8% grade IV. Hematometra was detected in 2.2 % of all cases in group HIST≤60 and in 6.3% of all cases in group HIST>60. CONCLUSIONS: The uterine cavity of the patients submitted to diagnostic hysteroscopy up to 60 days after endometrial ablation showed significantly fewer synechiae compared to the uterine cavity of patients who underwent the exam after 60 days. Long-term follow-up is necessary to fully evaluate the importance of outpatient hysteroscopy after endometrial ablation regarding menstrual patterns, risk of cancer and prevalence of treatment failure. .