Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training.

Regular exercise promotes whole-body health and prevents disease, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood1-3. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium4 profiled the temporal transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, lipidome, phosphoproteome, acetylproteome, ubiquitylproteome, epigenome and immunome in whole blood, plasma and 18 solid tissues in male and female Rattus norvegicus over eight weeks of endurance exercise training. The resulting data compendium encompasses 9,466 assays across 19 tissues, 25 molecular platforms and 4 training time points. Thousands of shared and tissue-specific molecular alterations were identified, with sex differences found in multiple tissues. Temporal multi-omic and multi-tissue analyses revealed expansive biological insights into the adaptive responses to endurance training, including widespread regulation of immune, metabolic, stress response and mitochondrial pathways. Many changes were relevant to human health, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular health and tissue injury and recovery. The data and analyses presented in this study will serve as valuable resources for understanding and exploring the multi-tissue molecular effects of endurance training and are provided in a public repository ( https://motrpac-data.org/ ).

Comparison of intramyocellular lipid metabolism in patients with diabetes and male athletes.

Despite opposing insulin sensitivity and cardiometabolic risk, both athletes and patients with type 2 diabetes have increased skeletal myocyte fat storage: the so-called "athlete's paradox". In a parallel non-randomised, non-blinded trial (NCT03065140), we characterised and compared the skeletal myocyte lipid signature of 29 male endurance athletes and 30 patients with diabetes after undergoing deconditioning or endurance training respectively. The primary outcomes were to assess intramyocellular lipid storage of the vastus lateralis in both cohorts and the secondary outcomes were to examine saturated and unsaturated intramyocellular lipid pool turnover. We show that athletes have higher intramyocellular fat saturation with very high palmitate kinetics, which is attenuated by deconditioning. In contrast, type 2 diabetes patients have higher unsaturated intramyocellular fat and blunted palmitate and linoleate kinetics but after endurance training, all were realigned with those of deconditioned athletes. Improved basal insulin sensitivity was further associated with better serum cholesterol/triglycerides, glycaemic control, physical performance, enhanced post insulin receptor pathway signalling and metabolic sensing. We conclude that insulin-resistant, maladapted intramyocellular lipid storage and turnover in patients with type 2 diabetes show reversibility after endurance training through increased contributions of the saturated intramyocellular fatty acid pools. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03065140: Muscle Fat Compartments and Turnover as Determinant of Insulin Sensitivity (MISTY).

Circulating extracellular vesicle characteristics differ between men and women following 12 weeks of concurrent exercise training.

Concurrent resistance and endurance exercise training (CET) has well-studied benefits; however, inherent hormonal and genetic differences alter adaptive responses to exercise between sexes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are factors that contribute to adaptive signaling. Our purpose was to test if EV characteristics differ between men and women following CET. 18 young healthy participants underwent 12-weeks of CET. Prior to and following CET, subjects performed an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise (AHRET) consisting of 6 × 10 back squats at 75% 1RM. At rest and following AHRET, EVs were isolated from plasma and characteristics and miRNA contents were analyzed. AHRET elevated EV abundance in trained men only (+51%) and AHRET-induced changes were observed for muscle-derived EVs and microvesicles. There were considerable sex-specific effects of CET on EV miRNAs, highlighted by larger variation following the 12-week program in men compared to women at rest. Pathway analysis based on differentially expressed EV miRNAs predicted that AHRET and 12 weeks of CET in men positively regulates hypertrophy and growth pathways more so than in women. This report highlights sex-based differences in the EV response to resistance and concurrent exercise training and suggests that EVs may be important adaptive signaling factors altered by exercise training.

The Influence of a Polyphenol-Rich Red Berry Fruit Juice on Recovery Process and Leg Strength Capacity after Six Days of Intensive Endurance Exercise in Recreational Endurance Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Various nutritional strategies are increasingly used in sports to reduce oxidative stress and promote recovery. Chokeberry is rich in polyphenols and can reduce oxidative stress. Consequently, chokeberry juices and mixed juices with chokeberry content are increasingly used in sports. However, the data are very limited. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of the short-term supplementation of a red fruit juice drink with chokeberry content or a placebo on muscle damage, oxidative status, and leg strength during a six-day intense endurance protocol. METHODS: Eighteen recreational endurance athletes participated in a cross-over high intensity interval training (HIIT) design, receiving either juice or a placebo. Baseline and post-exercise assessments included blood samples, anthropometric data, and leg strength measurements. RESULTS: A significant increase was measured in muscle damage following the endurance protocol in all participants (∆ CK juice: 117.12 ± 191.75 U/L, ∆ CK placebo: 164.35 ± 267.00 U/L; p = 0.001, η2 = 0.17). No group effects were detected in exercise-induced muscle damage (p = 0.371, η2 = 0.010) and oxidative status (p = 0.632, η2 = 0.000). The reduction in strength was stronger in the placebo group, but group effects are missing statistical significance (∆ e1RM juice: 1.34 ± 9.26 kg, ∆ e1RM placebo: -3.33 ± 11.49 kg; p = 0.988, η2 = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Although a reduction in strength can be interpreted for the placebo treatment, no statistically significant influence of chokeberry could be determined. It appears that potential effects may only occur with prolonged application and a higher content of polyphenols, but further research is needed to confirm this.

Endurance Training Inhibits the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway to Alleviate Sarcopenia.

Aging leads to a decrease in muscle function, mass, and strength in skeletal muscle of animals and humans. The transcriptome identified activation of the JAK/STAT pathway, a pathway that is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy, and endurance training has a significant effect on improving sarcopenia; however, the exact mechanism still requires further study. We investigated the effect of endurance training on sarcopenia. Six-month-old male SAMR1 mice were used as a young control group (group C), and the same month-old male SAMP8 mice were divided into an exercise group (group E) and a model group (group M). A 3-month running exercise intervention was performed on group E, and the other two groups were kept normally. Aging caused significant signs of sarcopenia in the SAMP8 mice, and endurance training effectively improved muscle function, muscle mass, and muscle strength in the SAMP8 mice. The expression of JAK2/STAT3 pathway factor was decreased in group E compared with group M, and the expression of SOCS3, the target gene of STAT3, and NR1D1, an atrophy-related factor, was significantly increased. Endurance training significantly improved the phenotypes associated with sarcopenia, and the JAK2/STAT3 pathway is a possible mechanism for the improvement of sarcopenia by endurance training, while NR1D1 may be its potential target. Keywords: Sarcopenia, Endurance training, Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3), Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D member 1 (Nr1d1).

The effect of craniocervical flexion and neck endurance exercises plus pulmonary rehabilitation on pulmonary function in spinal cord injury: a pilot single-blinded randomised controlled trial.

STUDY DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with computerised allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis. OBJECTIVE: This study wanted to prove that cervicocranial flexion exercise (CCFE) and superficial neck flexor endurance training combined with common pulmonary rehabilitation is feasible for improving spinal cord injury people's pulmonary function. SETTING: Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare: Department of Physiotherapy, Taiwan. METHOD: Thirteen individuals who had sustained spinal cord injury for less than a year were recruited and randomised assigned into two groups. The experimental group was assigned CCFEs and neck flexor endurance training plus normal cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. The control group was assigned general neck stretching exercises plus cardiopulmonary rehabilitation. Lung function parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), inspiratory capacity (IC), dyspnoea, pain, and neck stiffness were recorded once a week as short-term outcome measure. RESULT: The experimental group showed significant time effects for FVC (pre-therapy: 80.4 ± 21.4, post-therapy: 86.9 ± 16.9, p = 0.021, 95% CI: 0.00-0.26) and PEFR (pre-therapy: 67.0 ± 33.4; post-therapy: 78.4 ± 26.9, p = 0.042, 95% CI: 0.00-0.22) after the therapy course. Furthermore, the experimental group showed significant time effects for BDI (experimental group: 6.3 ± 3.0; control group: 10.8 ± 1.6, p = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.00-0.21). CONCLUSION: The exercise regime for the experimental group could efficiently increase lung function due to the following three reasons: first, respiratory accessory muscle endurance increases through training. Second, posture becomes less kyphosis resulting increasing lung volume. Third, the ratio between superficial and deep neck flexor is more synchronised. IRB TRIAL REGISTRATION: TYGH108045. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04500223.

No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals.

BACKGROUND: Athletes commonly use creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate for performance enhancement. While their isolated effects are well-described, less is known about their potential additive effects. METHODS: Following a baseline trial, we randomized 12 endurance-trained males (age: 25 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.7 ± 4.6 mL kg-1 min-1; mean ± SD) and 11 females (age: 25 ± 3 years, VO2max: 50.2 ± 3.4 mL kg-1 min-1) to 5 days of creatine monohydrate (0.3 g kg-1 per day) or placebo loading, followed by a daily maintenance dose (0.04 g kg-1) throughout the study. After the loading period, subjects completed four trials in randomized order where they ingested caffeine (3 mg kg-1), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg-1), placebo, or both caffeine and sodium bicarbonate before a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 15-s sprint, and 6-min time trial. RESULTS: Compared to placebo, mean power output during 15-s sprint was higher following loading with creatine than placebo (+34 W, 95% CI: 10 to 58, p = 0.008), but with no additional effect of caffeine (+10 W, 95% CI: -7 to 24, p = 0.156) or sodium bicarbonate (+5 W, 95% CI: -4 to 13, p = 0.397). Mean power output during 6-min time trial was higher with caffeine (+12 W, 95% CI: 5 to 18, p = 0.001) and caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (+8 W, 95% CI: 0 to 15, p = 0.038), whereas sodium bicarbonate (-1 W, 95% CI: -7 to 6, p = 0.851) and creatine (-6 W, 95% CI: -15 to 4, p = 0.250) had no effects. CONCLUSION: While creatine and caffeine can enhance sprint- and time trial performance, respectively, these effects do not seem additive. Therefore, supplementing with either creatine or caffeine appears sufficient to enhance sprint or short intense exercise performance.

Effects and long-term outcomes of endurance versus resistance training as an adjunct to standard medication in patients with stable COPD: a multicenter randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Comparisons between endurance training (ET) and resistance training (RT) have produced equivocal findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The purpose of our study is to investigate the effectiveness and long-term outcomes of adding ET and RT to conventional medical treatment in patients with COPD. A secondary objective is to investigate the clinical improvements resulting from exercise training in patients with different disease severities. METHODS: The study was a multicenter, prospective trial in people with stable COPD. The cohort was randomized to three groups: individualized medical treatment group (MT), MT + endurance training group (MT + ET) and MT + resistance training group (MT + RT). Exercise was performed 3 times weekly over a 12-week period. The endpoints of exercise capacity, health-related quality of life, COPD symptoms, lung function, and anxiety and depression questionnaires were re-evaluated at baseline, at the completion of the intervention and at 6 and 12-month follow-up. According to the COPD assessment tool offered by GOLD guidelines, patients were stratified into GOLD A and B groups and GOLD C and D groups for further subgroup analysis. RESULTS: The intention-to-treat (ITT) population included 366 patients, 328 of them completed the study protocol over 12 months (the PP-population). There were no significant differences in the primary outcome, quality of life, between patients who underwent medical treatment (MT) alone, MT + endurance training (MT + ET), or MT + resistance training (MT + RT) at the completion of the intervention, 6-, or 12-month follow-up. Additionally, no significant differences were observed between MT, MT + RT, or MT + ET groups concerning the primary outcome, exercise capacity (3MWD), after initial 3 months of intervention. However, a small statistically significant difference was noted in favor of MT + ET compared to MT + RT at 12 months (ITT: Δ3MWD in ET vs RT = 5.53 m, 95% confidence interval: 0.87 to 13.84 m, P = 0.03) (PP: Δ3MWD in ET vs RT = 7.67 m, 95% confidence interval: 0.93 to 16.27 m, P = 0.04). For patients in the GOLD C and D groups, improvement in quality of life following ET or RT was significantly superior to medical intervention alone. Furthermore, upon completion of the exercise regimen, RT exhibited a greater improvement in anxiety compared to ET in these patients (ITT: ΔHAD-A at 3-month: RT = -1.63 ± 0.31 vs ET = -0.61 ± 0.33, p < 0.01) (PP: ΔHAD-A at 3-month: RT = -1.80 ± 0.36 vs ET = -0.75 ± 0.37, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study presents evidence of the beneficial effects of ET and RT in combination with standard medical treatment, as well as the long-term effects over time after the intervention. While the statistically significant effect favoring ET over RT in terms of exercise capacity was observed, it should be interpreted cautiously. Patients in severe stages of COPD may derive greater benefits from either ET or RT and should be encouraged accordingly. These findings have implications for exercise prescription in patients with COPD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR-INR-16009892 (17, Nov, 2016).

The Acute, Short-, and Long-Term Effects of Endurance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome Profiles.

A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are involved in skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise is fundamentally important to take full advantage of the enormous benefits that exercise training offers in disease prevention and therapy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the transcriptional signatures that distinguish the endurance-trained and untrained muscles in young adult males (24 ± 3.5 years). We characterized baseline differences as well as acute exercise-induced transcriptome responses in vastus lateralis biopsy specimens of endurance-trained athletes (ET; n = 8; VO2max, 67.2 ± 8.9 mL/min/kg) and sedentary healthy volunteers (SED; n = 8; VO2max, 40.3 ± 7.6 mL/min/kg) using microarray technology. A second cohort of SED volunteers (SED-T; n = 10) followed an 8-week endurance training program to assess expression changes of selected marker genes in the course of skeletal muscle adaptation. We deciphered differential baseline signatures that reflected major differences in the oxidative and metabolic capacity of the endurance-trained and untrained muscles. SED-T individuals in the training group displayed an up-regulation of nodal regulators of oxidative adaptation after 3 weeks of training and a significant shift toward the ET signature after 8 weeks. Transcriptome changes provoked by 1 h of intense cycling exercise only poorly overlapped with the genes that constituted the differential baseline signature of ETs and SEDs. Overall, acute exercise-induced transcriptional responses were connected to pathways of contractile, oxidative, and inflammatory stress and revealed a complex and highly regulated framework of interwoven signaling cascades to cope with exercise-provoked homeostatic challenges. While temporal transcriptional programs that were activated in SEDs and ETs were quite similar, the quantitative divergence in the acute response transcriptomes implicated divergent kinetics of gene induction and repression following an acute bout of exercise. Together, our results provide an extensive examination of the transcriptional framework that underlies skeletal muscle plasticity.

The Improvement in Exercise Performance during Reduced Muscle Mass Exercise is Associated with an Increase in Femoral Blood Flow in Older and Younger Endurance-Trained Athletes.

This study investigated whether the improved performance observed with maximal self-paced single-leg (SL), compared with double-leg (DL) cycling, is associated with enhanced femoral blood flow and/or altered tissue oxygenation. The hyperaemic response to exercise was assessed in younger and older athletes. Power output was measured in 12 older (65 ± 4 y) and 12 younger (35 ± 5 y) endurance-trained individuals performing 2 x 3 min maximal self-paced exercise using SL and DL cycling. Blood flow (BF) in the femoral artery was assessed using Doppler ultrasound and muscle oxygenation was measured using near-infrared spectroscopy on the vastus lateralis. SL cycling elicited a greater power output (295 ± 83 vs 265 ± 70 W, P < 0.001) and peak femoral BF (1749.1 ± 533.3 vs 1329.7 ± 391.7 ml/min, P < 0.001) compared with DL cycling. Older individuals had a lower peak BF in response to exercise (1355.4 ± 385.8 vs 1765.2 ± 559.6 ml/min, P = 0.019) compared with younger individuals. Peak BF in response to exercise was correlated with power output during SL (r = 0.655, P = 0.002) and DL (r = 0.666, P = 0.001) cycling. The greater exercise performance during SL compared with DL cycling may be partly explained by a greater hyperaemic response when reducing active muscle mass. Despite regular endurance training, older athletes had a lower femoral BF in response to maximal self-paced exercise compared with younger athletes.

Comprehensive assessment of the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on lipid profile, glycemic control, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the effect of concurrent strength combined with endurance training on the lipid and glucose profile of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using Meta-analysis. METHODS: The literature was searched from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) databases for relevant randomized controlled trials with dates from the date of establishment to June 2023, and the included studies were individually assessed according to the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool in the Cochrane Systematic Assessor's Handbook, and the data were analyzed using RevMan 5.4 analysis software to analyze and process the data. RESULTS: A total of 9 articles were included, including 589 subjects, including 308 in the experimental group and 281 in the control group. The results of Meta analysis showed that concurrent strength combined with endurance training improved TC (SMD = -1.12, 95% CI = [-1.81, -0.44], P < 0.01), TG (SMD = -0.46, 95% CI = [-0.85, -0.07], P < 0.05), LDL-C (SMD = -1.3, 95% CI = [-2.09, -0.50], P < 0.01), HDL-C (SMD = 0.61, 95% CI = [0.05, 1.17], P < 0.05), FBG (SMD = -0.65, 95% CI = [-1.27, -0.04], P < 0.05), HOMA-IR (SMD = -1.23, 95% CI = [-2.40, -0.06], P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Concurrent strength combined with endurance training has a positive effect on the improvement of lipid and glucose profile in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Comparative study of radioprotective effects of endurance training in irradiation-induced nephropathy of rat model.

OBJECTIVES: Considering the antioxidant properties of endurance training, this study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training on serum levels of oxidative stress and structural changes in the kidney tissue of rats exposed to X-ray irradiation. METHODS: In this experimental study, 24 rats weighing 220±20 g were randomly divided into four groups (healthy control, healthy with moderate-intensity continuous training, X-ray control, and X-ray with moderate-intensity continuous training). The two groups of rats were irradiated with 4 Gy X-rays. The two training groups also performed moderate-intensity continuous training for 10 weeks. Twenty-four hour after the last training session, the blood serum of rats was collected and kidney tissue was isolated for stereological studies. RESULTS: In this study, X-ray irradiation of the whole body of rats caused a significant increase in kidney volume, cortex volume, interstitial tissue volume, glomerular volume, and serum level of MDA (p≤0.05), but the medulla volume, volume of proximal tubules (total volume, volume of epithelium, and lumen), volume of distal tubules (total volume, volume of epithelium, and lumen), and the length of the proximal and distal tubules had no effect. In addition, TAC and SOD levels were significantly decreased in the radiation control group. Furthermore, performing endurance training in X-ray-irradiated rats significantly reduced kidney volume, cortex volume, glomerular volume, and serum MDA level (p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-intensity continuous training can improve the rate of destruction of kidney tissue in rats exposed to X-rays by reducing oxidative stress and subsequently increasing antioxidant capacity.

Short-duration dynamic power training with elastic bands combined with endurance training: a promising approach to hypertension management in older adults.

Previous studies have investigated the effects of different combined training programs involving traditional resistance training and aerobic exercise on hemodynamic parameters and arterial stiffness in older adults. However, little is known about the impact of power training combined with endurance training on these variables in hypertensive older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dynamic power training with elastic bands combined with endurance training on arterial stiffness and hemodynamic parameters in hypertensive older adults. Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned to the control group (CG; n = 13) and the intervention group (n = 13). IG participants performed power training with elastic bands combined with endurance training twice a week for 8 weeks. Pulse pressure, central pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, SBP, DBP, central SBP, and central DBP were assessed before and after 8 weeks using the triple pulse wave velocity method. Pulse pressure, central pulse pressure, pulse wave velocity, SBP, DBP, central SBP, and central DBP significantly improved after 8 weeks of intervention (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that power training with elastic bands combined with endurance training reduces arterial stiffness and significantly improves hemodynamic parameters in older adults diagnosed with grade 1 hypertension. In addition, underscores the potential of this approach as a promising strategy for the management of hypertension in older adults.

Telic-Paratelic Dominance and Heart Rate Variability in Athletes Engaged in Power and Endurance Training.

Purpose: The current study aimed to evaluate the telic-paratelic tendency and heart rate variability in athlete participants from different sports activities.Methods: We assigned 117 healthy participants (M age = 20, SD = 3 years) into three groups according to their training activity: power-trained (PT; n=43), endurance-trained (ET; n=36), and healthy untrained individuals (n=38). We assessed their telic-paratelic tendencies with the validated Telic Dominance Scale and their autonomic nervous system activity with heart rate variability (HRV) analyses.Results: Our findings revealed no significant differences in the telic-paratelic tendencies between ET and PT groups. However, significant differences were observed between athletes and untrained individuals (p = 0.001). Indeed, compared to untrained participants, ET and PT athletes had a greater telic tendency (both p = 0.001), were more focused on planning orientation (ET: p = 0.003; PT: p=0.001), and less often avoided arousal or activation (For ET 31% and for PT 26% of participants). The paratelic tendency was more important in untrained individuals, with most of these participants lacking in seriousmindedness and planning. In addition, we found higher HRV in paratelic ET athletes (SDNN p = 0.050, LF p = 0.022, and LF/HF p = 0.031) compared to their telic peers.Conclusion: our results suggest that sport activity did not influence the telic-paratelic tendency. Nevertheless, this tendency differentiates trained from untrained participants. HRV was higher among paratelic ET athletes, potentially reflecting less stress and more training adaptability in these athletes.

Effects of short-term exercise and endurance training on skeletal muscle mitochondria damage induced by particular matter, atmospherically relevant artificial PM2.5.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the potential of short-term aerobic exercise to mitigate skeletal muscle mitochondrial damage following ambient PM2.5 exposure, and how 12 weeks of endurance training can enhance aerobic fitness to protect against such damage. Methods: Twenty-four male C57BL/6 J mice were split into sedentary (SED, n = 12) and endurance training (ETR, n = 12) groups. The ETR group underwent 12 weeks of training (10-15 m/min, 60 min/day, 4 times/week), confirmed by an Endurance Exercise Capacity (EEC) test. Post-initial training, the SED group was further divided into SSED (SED and sedentary, n = 6) and SPE (SED and PM2.5 + Exercise, n = 6). Similarly, the ETR group was divided into EEX (ETR and Exercise, n = 6) and EPE (ETR and PM2.5 + Exercise, n = 6). These groups underwent 1 week of atmospherically relevant artificial PM2.5 exposure and treadmill running (3 times/week). Following treatments, an EEC test was conducted, and mice were sacrificed for blood and skeletal muscle extraction. Blood samples were analyzed for oxidative stress indicators, while skeletal muscles were assessed for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and mitochondrial damage using western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: After 12 weeks of endurance training, the EEC significantly increased (p < 0.000) in the ETR group compared to the SED group. Following a one-week comparison among the four groups with atmospherically relevant artificial PM2.5 exposure and exercise treatment post-endurance training, the EEX group showed improvements in EEC, oxidative metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidant functions. Conversely, these factors decreased in the EPE group compared to the EEX. Additionally, within the SPE group, exercise effects were evident in HK2, LDH, SOD2, and GPX4, while no impact of short-term exercise was observed in all other factors. TEM images revealed no evidence of mitochondrial damage in both the SED and EEX groups, while the majority of mitochondria were damaged in the SPE group. The EPE group also exhibited damaged mitochondria, although significantly less than the SPE group. Conclusion: Atmospherically relevant artificial PM2.5 exposure can elevate oxidative stress, potentially disrupting the benefits of short-term endurance exercise and leading to mitochondrial damage. Nonetheless, increased aerobic fitness through endurance training can mitigate PM2.5-induced mitochondrial damage.

Endurance training increases mitochondrial myoglobin and enhances its interaction with complex IV in rat plantaris muscle.

AIM: Endurance exercise training is known to increase mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this are not fully understood. Myoglobin (Mb) is a member of the globin family, which is highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscles. We recently found that Mb localizes inside mitochondria in skeletal muscle and interacts with cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COXIV), a subunit of mitochondrial complex IV, which regulates respiration by augmenting complex IV activity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of endurance training on Mb-COXIV interaction within mitochondria in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were subjected to 6-week treadmill running training. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the plantaris muscle was removed under anesthesia and used for biochemical analysis. RESULTS: The endurance training increased mitochondrial content in the skeletal muscle. It also augmented complex IV-dependent oxygen consumption and complex IV activity in isolated mitochondria from skeletal muscle. Furthermore, endurance training increased Mb expression at the whole muscle level. Importantly, mitochondrial Mb content and Mb-COXIV binding were increased by endurance training. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that an increase in mitochondrial Mb and the concomitant enhancement of Mb interaction with COXIV may contribute to the endurance training-induced upregulation of mitochondrial respiration by augmenting complex IV activity.

Adherence and potential factors of adherence to a resistance, coordination and endurance training in older retirement home residents over 6 months.

INTRODUCTION: High exercise adherence is a key factor for effective exercise programmes. However, little is known about predictors of exercise adherence to a multimodal machine-based training in older retirement home residents. AIMS: To assess exercise adherence and potential predictors of adherence. Furthermore, to evaluate user acceptance of the multimodal training and the change in exercise self-efficacy. METHODS: In this sub-analysis of the bestform-F study, a total of 77 retirement home residents ≥65 years (mean age: 85.6 ± 6.6 years, 77.9% female) participated in a 6-month machine-based resistance, coordination and endurance training. Attendance to the training was documented for each training session. To identify potential predictors a multiple linear regression model was fitted to the data. Analyzed predictors included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), physical function, exercise self-efficacy, and physical activity history. Different domains of user acceptance (e.g. safety aspects, infrastructure) and exercise self-efficacy were assessed by a questionnaire and the exercise self-efficacy scale (ESES), respectively. RESULTS: Mean exercise adherence was 67.2% (median: 74.4%). The regression model (R2 = 0.225, p = 0.033) revealed that the 6-minute walk test (6-MWT) at baseline significantly predicted exercise adherence (ß: 0.074, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.006-0.142, p = 0.033). Different user domains were rated at least as good by 83.9%-96.9% of participants, reflecting high acceptance. No statistically significant change was found for exercise self-efficacy over 6 months (mean change: 0.47 ± 3.08 points, p = 0.156). CONCLUSION: Retirement home residents attended more than two thirds of offered training sessions and physical function at baseline was the key factor for predicting adherence. User acceptance of the training devices was highly rated. These findings indicate good potential for implementation of the exercise programme.

The impact of individualised versus standardised endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in inactive adults.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in physically inactive adults. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. METHODS: Fifty-four participants aged 21-55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18). The fitness-fatness index was calculated by dividing cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) by the waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as likely responders to the intervention if a change of ≥1 fitness-fatness index unit was achieved. RESULTS: The individualised group showed the greatest fitness-fatness index improvement (between group difference p < 0.001), with 100 % of this group classified as likely responders, compared to the standardised (68 %) and non-exercise control (0 %) groups. CONCLUSIONS: An individualised, threshold-based exercise programme may produce more favourable changes in the fitness-fatness index than a standardised exercise programme.

The role of GPR81-cAMP-PKA pathway in endurance training-induced intramuscular triglyceride accumulation and mitochondrial content changes in rats.

The athlete's paradox phenomenon involves the accumulation of intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG) in both insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive endurance athletes. Nevertheless, a complete understanding of this phenomenon is yet to be achieved. Recent research indicates that lactate, a common byproduct of physical activity, may increase the accumulation of IMTG in skeletal muscle. This is achieved through the activation of G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) leads to the suppression of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway. The mechanism accountable for the increase in mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle triggered by lactate remains incomprehensible. Based on current research, our objective is to explore the role of the GPR81-inhibited cAMP-PKA pathway in the aggregation of IMTG and the increase in mitochondrial content as a result of prolonged exercise. The GPR81-cAMP-PKA-signaling pathway regulates the buildup of IMTG caused by extended periods of endurance training (ET). This is likely due to a decrease in proteins related to fat breakdown and an increase in proteins responsible for fat production. It is possible that the GPR81-cAMP-PKA pathway does not contribute to the long-term increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and content, which is induced by chronic ET. Additional investigation is required to explore the possible hindrance of the mitochondrial biogenesis and content process during physical activity by the GPR81-cAMP-PKA signal.