Fascitis necrosante periocular / Necrotizing Periocular Fasciitis

La fascitis necrosante es una enfermedad rara y potencialmente mortal, que se produce por una infección grave que se disemina desde las fascias superficiales destruyendo el tejido celular subcutáneo y la piel suprayacente. Las formas perioculares de la enfermedad son aún más raras y pueden tener graves consecuencias para el paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue contrastar los hallazgos clínicos y los resultados terapéuticos en una serie de cuatro casos diagnosticados en el Centro Oftalmológico de Holguín en el curso de cinco años. Entre 2017 y 2022 se diagnosticaron cuatro pacientes con formas perioculares de fascitis necrosante en el Centro Oftalmológico de Holguín. Dos pacientes tuvieron antecedentes de trauma menor. El dolor predominó entre los síntomas locales. Se identificaron dos patrones de lesiones: bilateral con ulceración y afectación de la región palpebral superior y unilateral con extensión en ambos párpados y apariencia oscura de la piel. Los pacientes evolucionaron a la gravedad con deterioro del estado general. El desbridamiento del tejido necrótico y el tratamiento con antibióticos de amplio espectro permitieron detener el progreso de la enfermedad, aunque quedaron secuelas anatómicas y funcionales. Un paciente falleció como consecuencia de una leucemia diagnosticada durante su ingreso. El reconocimiento temprano de la fascitis necrosante periocular y su inmediato tratamiento es indispensable para garantizar resultados óptimos y la supervivencia del paciente. Las formas perioculares pueden tener apariencia clínica diversa, lo que debe ser tenido en cuenta ante la sospecha de este cuadro, sobre todo por la similitud inicial con la celulitis preseptal(AU)

Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare and potentially fatal disease caused by a severe infection that spreads from the superficial fasciae destroying the subcutaneous cellular tissue and overlying skin. Periocular forms of the disease are even rarer and can have serious consequences for the patient. The aim of this study was to contrast clinical findings and therapeutic outcomes in a series of four cases diagnosed at the Holguin Ophthalmology Center over the course of five years. Between 2017 and 2022, four patients with periocular forms of necrotizing fasciitis were diagnosed at the Holguín Ophthalmologic Center. Two patients had a history of minor trauma. Pain predominated among the local symptoms. Two patterns of lesions were identified: bilateral with ulceration and involvement of the upper palpebral region and unilateral with extension in both eyelids and dark appearance of the skin. Patients progressed to severity with deterioration of general condition. Debridement of necrotic tissue and treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics halted disease progression, although anatomical and functional sequelae remained. One patient died as a result of leukemia diagnosed during his admission. Early recognition of periocular necrotizing fasciitis and its immediate treatment is essential to ensure optimal outcome and patient survival. Periocular forms can have different clinical appearances, which should be taken into account when suspecting this condition, especially due to the initial similarity with preseptal cellulitis(AU)

Epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y microbiología de los pacientes con fascitis necrosante en el Hospital Nacional de Niños de Costa Rica / Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and microbiology of children with necrotizing fasciitis in a Costa Rican pediatric hospital

Resumen Introducción: A pesar de la morbilidad significativa asociada a la fascitis necrosante (FN), hay pocas publicaciones al respecto y esta es la serie pediátrica más grande proveniente de Latinoamérica. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología, características clínicas y microbiología de la FN en niños costarricenses. Pacientes y Métodos: Revisión de registros clínicos y anatomo-patológicos, período abril de 2002 a abril de 2014 en pacientes bajo 13 años de edad. Resultados: Cumplían requisito de inclusión 19/22 pacientes, 12 tenían co-morbilidad: 26% con antecedente de cirugía reciente y 21% eran neonatos. Etiología se documentó en hemocultivos en 26% y mediante cultivo de tejidos en 63% (un tercio de ellos polimicrobianos). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus fueron los agentes etiológicos más comúnmente hallados. La tasa de fatalidad fue de 42%, una de las más altas de la región. Conclusiones: La FN es una patología grave, inusual, asociada frecuentemente a neonatología y pacientes post-quirúrgicos, con etiología mixta que requiere de asociación de antimicrobianos y cirugía precoz. Su letalidad es elevada en nuestro medio, por sobre series previamente publicadas.

Abstract Background: Despite the significant associated morbidity of necrotizing fasciitis (NF), few studies have been published and this is the larger pediatric series in Latin America. Aim: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and microbiology of NF in Costa Rican children. Methods: Review of clinical and pathological records, period April 2002 to April 2014, in patients under 13 years of age. Results: 19/22 patients met the inclusion requirement, 12 had co-morbidity: 26% with a history of recent surgery and 21% were neonates. Etiology was documented in blood cultures in 26% and by tissue culture in 63% (one third of them polymicrobial). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the three most common etiologic agents. Case fatality rate was 42%, one of the highest in our region. Conclusion: NF is a serious, unusual pathology, frequently associated with neonatology and post-surgical patients, with a mixed etiology that requires the association of antimicrobials and early surgery. Its lethality is high in our setting, over previously published series.

[Epidemiology, clinical manifestations and microbiology of children with necrotizing fasciitis in a Costa Rican pediatric hospital]. / Epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas y microbiología de los pacientes con fascitis necrosante en el Hospital Nacional de Niños de Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Despite the significant associated morbidity of necrotizing fasciitis (NF), few studies have been published and this is the larger pediatric series in Latin America. AIM: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and microbiology of NF in Costa Rican children. METHODS: Review of clinical and pathological records, period April 2002 to April 2014, in patients under 13 years of age. RESULTS: 19/22 patients met the inclusion requirement, 12 had co-morbidity: 26% with a history of recent surgery and 21% were neonates. Etiology was documented in blood cultures in 26% and by tissue culture in 63% (one third of them polymicrobial). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the three most common etiologic agents. Case fatality rate was 42%, one of the highest in our region. CONCLUSION: NF is a serious, unusual pathology, frequently associated with neonatology and post-surgical patients, with a mixed etiology that requires the association of antimicrobials and early surgery. Its lethality is high in our setting, over previously published series.

Epidemiology and outcome of necrotizing fasciitis in children: an active surveillance study of the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology, management, and outcome of pediatric necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in Canada before full implementation of varicella immunization programs. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective cohort study of all children under age 16 years identified by the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP). RESULTS: Between November 1, 2001 and October 31, 2003, 36 NF cases were identified (mean age, 5.9 +/- 5 years). Group A streptococcus (GAS)-related and non-GAS-related NF accounted for 2.12 and 0.81 cases per million children, respectively. The annual incidence was substantially higher in children under age 5 years (5.9 vs 1.8 per million; P = .0002). Males over age 1 year had the highest disease burden, with 12 cases per million, versus 3.2 cases per million for females under age 1 year (P < .0001). Most (15/26; 58%) GAS-related cases were associated with varicella. Complications occurred in 29 children (78%), and 2 children (5.4%) died. CONCLUSION: In the prevaccine era, NF occurred most commonly in Canadian children under age 5 years, with a peak incidence in males under age 1 year. There is substantial associated morbidity and about 5% mortality. The data provide baseline incidence of disease and a surveillance mechanism for NF after the implementation of publicly funded varicella immunization programs in Canada.

[Cesarean-associated complications: the importance of a scarcely justified use]. / Complicaciones asociadas a la cesárea: la importancia de un uso módicamente justificado.

Undoubtedly, cesarean section is one of the most important surgical procedures for solving obstetrical problems. However, the steady increase in its use might be reflecting a non-medically justified utilization. This work reviews the main complications associated to cesarean section and their effect on the health of mothers and their children. An additional objective is to highlight the importance of establishing clinical protocols aimed at identifying those cases in which a cesarean section should be practiced. The implementation of these guidelines might help to reduce the effect that factors such as preferences of medical personnel or women's demand exert upon the increase of cesarean section use.

Fasciíte necrotizante / Necrotizing fasciitis

A fasciíte necrotizante é uma infecçäo dos tecidos moles, causada geralmente por bactérias virulentas produtoras de toxinas. Caracteriza-se por necrose ampla do tecido celular subcutâneo e fáscias, com relativa preservaçäo da pele e músculos adjacentes. Está freqüentemente associada com toxemia sistêmica grave, sendo geralmente fatal se näo reconhecida prontamente e tratada de modo agressivo. As medidas terapêuticas específicas incluem o desbridamento cirúrgico, antibioticoterapia e medidas de suporte, como administraçäo de líquidos intravenosos e monitorizaçäo hemodinâmica.