Perspective on Emerging Micronutrient Deficiencies in Latin America and the Caribbean.

The moral imperative of public health systems is to maximize the health and welfare of the population to the extent possible. Constraints often include a lack of resources, political will, popular acceptance, or an acceptable safety margin. Major agencies have established iron, iodine, and vitamin A as the principal elements for micronutrients, with folate and zinc on the second plane. As the armamentarium of interventions to favor micronutrient nutrition, for example, preventive health measures, dietary improvement, forms of fortification, and nutrient supplements, is offered in public health policy. The utility of their merger with other nutrients, emergent nutrients, has been considered. The Latin America and Caribbean Region has unique characteristics. The scientific and epidemiology considerations for action in the Region's health concern on 4 emergent nutrient deficiencies of public health-vitamins D and E, essential fatty acids, and choline-are reviewed.

Plain language titleMicronutrient Deficiencies of Interest in Latin America and the CaribbeanPlain language summaryThe diets consumed in the diverse corners and societies in the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean area do not fully supply the vitamins and minerals needed by people of all ages and conditions. Some public health actions are being taken, but only against a limited selection of such nutrients as iron, vitamin A, iodine, and folic acid. The composition of diets and environmental conditions across the region suggests that 4 additional nutrients might be candidates for public health efforts. These include vitamin D, vitamin E, certain large fatty acid molecules, and choline.

Study of anti-tumorigenic actions of essential fatty acids in a murine mammary gland adenocarcinoma by micro-XRF.

In the present work, a statistical experiment based on the microscopy X-ray fluorescence technique was developed to evaluate the effect of diets rich in ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on tumour tissues. Relative variations on the local content of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn were analysed in the experiment. Neoplastic tissues were obtained from mammary gland adenocarcinomas inoculated in mice belonging to three different dietary groups: normal, rich in ω-3 and in ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Slices of 30 microns thick sections of these samples were scanned in the air atmosphere in areas of 5 mm × 5 mm with a spatial resolution of 50 microns using synchrotron radiation. Principal component analysis was employed to analyse the correlation between the X-ray fluorescence signals of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn. The subsequent application of the K-means clustering was used for the automatic segmentation of the image scans. By comparison with conventional histological analysis, the clusters were positively identified as tumour parenchyma, transition and necrotic region. The calculation of the mean content of P, S, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn in these regions showed that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids modify elemental content of tumour parenchyma, suggesting its involvement in the antitumour effects of chia oil and protumour effects of safflower oil.

Association between maternal obesity, essential fatty acids and biomarkers of fetal liver function.

Maternal obesity and the imbalance in linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) levels are related with hepatic disturbances in the offspring. However, whether these alterations are present during fetal life is not well understood. Obese and normal weight pregnant women were recruited to determine fatty acids (FAs) consumption, FAs profile (in maternal erythrocytes, placenta and neonatal very low-density lipoproteins VLDL) and biomarkers of fetal liver function, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin, in umbilical cord blood. Stearic acid (C18:0, ST) was lower, and total n-3 FAs tended to be lower in umbilical cord VLDLs of obese women compared to controls. Independently of maternal obesity, GGT levels in umbilical cord blood was positively correlated with the LA content and negatively correlated with the ALA content in maternal erythrocytes. We conclude that maternal obesity and its imbalance of LA and ALA are associated with changes in biomarkers of fetal liver function.

Fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) cultivated in ponds / Perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomumCuvier, 1818) cultivado em tanques escavados

This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality indices in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Samples were collected from two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between commercial cuts. If ANOVA was statistically significant (α = 0.05), the averages were compared using Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between commercial cuts. The commercial cuts with the highest percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) steak at 47.050%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) fillet at 45.120%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) band at 19.050%. In addition, the band expresses the highest values of omegas 3, 6, 7, and n-9. The indices prescribed ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, indicating that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Nutritional information is important for conservation and processing processes, the development of new products on the market, and guidance on the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e índices de qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As coletas de amostras foram realizadas em duas indústrias de processamento de pescado localizadas no estado de Rondônia, Brasil. O delineamen-to experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com processamento realizado em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) para avaliar diferenças entre cortes comerciais. Quando a ANOVA foi estatisticamente significativa (α = 0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Na composição dos ácidos graxos, houve diferença (p < 0,05) entre os cortes comerciais. O corte comercial com maiores percentagens de ácido graxo saturado (AGSs) foi a posta 47,050%, de ácido graxo monossaturado (AGMs) foi o filé 45,120% e de ácido graxo poli-insaturado (AGPs) foi a banda 19,050%. Esta também expressou os maiores valores de ômegas 3, 6, 7 e n-9. Os índices prescritos ∑AGPs/∑AGSs, ∑AGPs (n-6/∑n-3); índice de aterogenicidade; índice de trombogenicidade; razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos mostram que os cortes comerciais possuem qualidade lipídica. As informações nutricionais são importantes para os processos de conservação e processamento e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos no mercado, bem como orientam a forma de preparo, proporcionando assim segurança comercial para diferentes nichos de mercado.

Sarcopenic metabolomic profile reflected a sarcopenic phenotype associated with amino acid and essential fatty acid changes.

INTRODUCTION: Although sarcopenia greatly affects health and quality of life in older people, its pathophysiological causes are not fully elucidated. To face this challenge, omics technologies can be used. The metabolome gives a vision of the interaction between the genome and the environment through metabolic networks, thus contributing in clarifying the pathophysiology of the sarcopenic phenotype. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study was to compare the plasma metabolome of sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older people. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 20 sarcopenic and 21 non-sarcopenic older subjects with available frozen plasma samples. Non-targeted metabolomic study by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis with later bioinformatics data analysis. Once the significantly different metabolites were identified, the KEGG database was used on them to establish which were the metabolic pathways mainly involved. RESULTS: From 657 features identified, 210 showed significant differences between the study groups, and 30 had a FoldChangeLog2 > 2. The most interesting metabolic pathways found with the KEGG database were the biosynthesis of amino acids, arginine and proline metabolism, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, linoleic acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: The study results allowed us to confirm that the concept of "sarcopenic phenotype" is also witnessed at the plasma metabolite levels. The non-targeted metabolomics study can open a wide view of the sarcopenic features changes at the plasma level, which would be linked to the sarcopenic physiopathological alterations.

Bacterial cellulose an effective material in the treatment of chronic venous ulcers of the lower limbs.

Chronic venous ulcers (CVU) of the lower limbs (LL) are common and cause psychological changes and significant social impact, as they make the patient susceptible to pain, absence from work and social bonds. Some materials are suggested as dressings for the treatment of CVU, but they are expensive and are generally not available for use in public health services. To evaluate the efficacy of the treatment for lower limbs (LL) chronic venous ulcer (CVU) using bacterial cellulose (BC), gel and multi-perforated film associated. A randomized controlled clinical-intervention study was performed among participants with LL CVU, divided into two groups: experimental (EG), treated with BC wound dressing and control (CG), treated with a cellulose acetate mesh impregnated with essential fatty acids (Rayon®). The participants were followed for 180 days, evaluated according to the MEASURE methodology. Thirty-nine patients were treated, 20 from the EG and 19 from the CG. In both groups, the wound area decreased significantly (p < 0.001), the healing rate was similar to the CG. The mean number of dressing changes in the SG was 18.33 ± 11.78, while in the CG it was 55.24 ± 25.81, p < 0.001. The healing dressing of bacterial cellulose, gel and associated film, when stimulating the epithelization of the lesions, showed a significant reduction in the initial area, with a percentage of cure similar to the Rayon® coverage. In addition to requiring less direct manipulation of ulcers.

Óleos encapsulados: perfil de ácidos graxos e contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos / Encapsulated oils: fatty acid profile and contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Os óleos vegetais encapsulados podem ser extraídos a frio e ter como origem fontes não convencionais, reconhecidos por preservarem compostos bioativos característicos e, alguns deles, serem fontes de ácidos graxos essenciais. No entanto, são produtos geralmente onerosos e por este motivo, passíveis de adulteração com óleos de menor qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a identidade e a contaminação por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) de óleos encapsulados. Foram avaliadas catorze amostras, de diferentes tipos e marcas, comercializadas na cidade de São Paulo. Os ensaios realizados incluíram perfil de ácidos graxos e HPAs [benzo(a)antraceno, criseno, benzo(b)fluoranteno e benzo(a)pireno]. Duas amostras (14%) foram consideradas insatisfatórias quanto aos perfis de ácidos graxos, incluindo óleos de coco e borragem. Quanto aos HPAs, as concentrações parao benzo(a)pireno variaram de

Types of sterilization in feed containing different lipidic sources for golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) / Tipos de esterilização em rações com diferentes fontes lipídicas para hamster golden (Mesocricetus auratus)

The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.(AU)

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.(AU)

Types of sterilization in feed containing different lipidic sources for golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) / Tipos de esterilização em rações com diferentes fontes lipídicas para hamster golden (Mesocricetus auratus)

The Golden hamster has been gaining significance as a new experimental biomodel, finding use as a reliable diagnostic tool in biomedical research and for zoonosis. Authentic data in terms of digestibility, interactions among raw materials and essential nutrients, besides the influence exerted by various sterilization processes on animal behavior remain unclear. We aimed to assess the influence of sterilization, via autoclaving and irradiation, of pellet feeds prepared using salmon or linseed oil on the digestibility and plasma biochemical parameters in Golden hamsters. Randomized evaluations were conducted on 36 adult male Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), distributed in six treatments and six replications, namely: common salmon oil; radiated salmon; autoclaved salmon; common linseed oil; radiated linseed and autoclaved linseed. A remarkable effect of the sterilization was evident on the digestibility and protein solubility of the feed, which was lower for autoclaved diets. There was also a significant effect on blood parameters. Animals fed diets containing linseed oil showed lower blood glucose compared to the others. Thus, the inference reached was that while salmon and linseed oil can be used in laboratory hamster feeds, autoclaving disturbs the nutritional quality of the rations.

O hamster Golden é um importante biomodelo utilizado na pesquisa biomédica e como meio de diagnóstico para zoonoses. Informações de qualidade, digestibilidade, interações das matérias primas e exigências nutricionais, assim como os efeitos decorrentes dos diferentes processos de esterilização sobre o desempenho animal ainda são desconhecidos. Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos da esterilização por autoclavagem e irradiação de rações peletizadas, formuladas com óleo de salmão ou linhaça, sobre a digestibilidade e parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos de hamsters Golden. Foram avaliados 36 hamsters Golden (Mesocricetus auratus), machos adultos distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e seis repetições, a saber: óleo de salmão comum; salmão irradiada; salmão autoclavada; óleo de linhaça comum; linhaça irradiada e linhaça autoclavada. Houve efeito significativo da esterilização sobre a digestibilidade e solubilidade proteica da ração, que foi pior para as rações autoclavadas. Também houve efeito significativo sobre os parâmetros sanguíneos. Animais alimentados com rações contendo óleo de linhaça apresentaram glicemia mais baixa em comparação aos demais. Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça pode ser utilizado em rações para hamsters de laboratório, porém a autoclavação interfere na qualidade nutricional das dietas.

Effect of Essential Fatty Acid Proportion in Feed on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of Essential Fatty Acids proportion (EFAs [n-6, n-3]) in feed through the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil on EFA profile in eggs as well as productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail. We used 120 quail from 7 to 22 weeks of age, in 15 cages in groups of 6 females and 2 males assigned according to the completely randomized design to 3 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were n-6:n-3 proportions 10:1 (control), 4:1 and 1:1. FA profile in yolk, feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were measured. In the egg yolk, n-6 content was similar in the proportions (p>0.05), while n-3 content increased (p 0.01) as n-6:n-3 ratio decreased in the feed. Feed consumption per quail was similar between treatments (p>0.05). In 4:1 and 1:1 proportion laying percentage was greater, but egg weight was lower (p 0.01). Fertility and hatchability were similar between proportions n-6, n-3 (p>0.68). Early and total embryonic mortality was lower in 10:1 and 4:1 proportion (p 0.01); while intermediate and late mortality was similar (p>0.30). The results of the experiment indicate that the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil, to obtain n-6:n-3 proportion of 1:1, 4:1 and 10:1 does not modify feed consumption, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability; but, 4:1 and 10:1 proportions favor a lower embryonic mortality.(AU)

Effect of Essential Fatty Acid Proportion in Feed on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of Essential Fatty Acids proportion (EFAs [n-6, n-3]) in feed through the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil on EFA profile in eggs as well as productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail. We used 120 quail from 7 to 22 weeks of age, in 15 cages in groups of 6 females and 2 males assigned according to the completely randomized design to 3 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were n-6:n-3 proportions 10:1 (control), 4:1 and 1:1. FA profile in yolk, feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were measured. In the egg yolk, n-6 content was similar in the proportions (p>0.05), while n-3 content increased (p 0.01) as n-6:n-3 ratio decreased in the feed. Feed consumption per quail was similar between treatments (p>0.05). In 4:1 and 1:1 proportion laying percentage was greater, but egg weight was lower (p 0.01). Fertility and hatchability were similar between proportions n-6, n-3 (p>0.68). Early and total embryonic mortality was lower in 10:1 and 4:1 proportion (p 0.01); while intermediate and late mortality was similar (p>0.30). The results of the experiment indicate that the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil, to obtain n-6:n-3 proportion of 1:1, 4:1 and 10:1 does not modify feed consumption, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability; but, 4:1 and 10:1 proportions favor a lower embryonic mortality.

Composition in fatty acids of mature milk of nursing mothers / Composição em ácidos graxos do leite maduro de nutrizes

Abstract Objectives: to determine the fatty acid composition of mature milk of nursing mothers and its distribution according to some maternal variables. Methods: this is a cross-sectional observational epidemiological study based on the eva-luation of the fatty acid profile of mature human milk. Samples of mature breast milk were taken from 106 nursing mothers, by manual milking and who were after the 5th postpartum week. The milk fat extraction was carried out by using the Bligh and Dyer method and methy-lated with 0.25 mol/L sodium methoxide in methanol diethyl ether. The fatty acid of the milk profile was determined by a Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. Results: among the saturated fatty acids, the highest values were observed for palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), myristic (C14:0) and lauric (C12:0) fatty acids, respectively. Among the monounsaturated fatty acids, there was a higher contribution of oleic (C18:1) and palmi-toleic (C16:1) fatty acids, respectively. The total essential fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic) was 14.94%. Conclusions: a low content of essential fatty acids in the breast milk of the nursing mothers was observed in the present study, which are important for infant growth and deve-lopment. We suggest the need to implement nutrition education strategies aimed for pregnant women and nursing mothers who should be advised to eat healthier foods.

Resumo Objetivos: determinar a composição em ácidos graxos do leite maduro de nutrizes e sua distribuição segundo algumas variáveis maternas. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional, transversal realizado a partir da avaliação do perfil de ácidos graxos do leite humano maduro. Amostras de leite materno maduro foram obtidas de 106 nutrizes, a partir da 5ª semana pós-parto, por meio de ordenha manual. A extração da gordura do leite foi realizada através do método de Bligh e Dyer, e metiladas com metóxido de sódio 0,25 mol/L em metanol dietil - éter. O perfil de ácidos graxos do leite foi determinado por um Cromatógrafo a Gás equipado com detector por ionização de chamas. Resultados: dentre os ácidos graxos saturados, foram observados valores mais elevados para os ácidos graxos palmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0), mirístico (C14:0) e láurico (C12:0), respectivamente. Entre os ácidos graxos mono-insaturados, verificou-se maior contribuição dos ácidos graxos oleico (C18:1) e palmitoleico (C16:1), respectivamente. O total de ácidos graxos essenciais (linoleico e α- linolênico) foi de 14,94%. Conclusões: foi observado baixo teor de ácidos graxos essenciais no leite materno das nutrizes do presente estudo, que são importantes para o crescimento e desenvolvimento do lactente, sugerindo-se a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de educação nutricional direcionadas a gestantes e nutrizes que devem ser orientadas a consumir alimentos mais saudáveis.

Edible mushrooms as a ubiquitous source of essential fatty acids.

Many different species of mushrooms are consumed around the world, after harvesting from nature or cultivated under controlled conditions. Fruiting bodies of mushrooms from the Agaricus, Lentinula, and Pleurotus genera are reported as the most cultivated and commercialized ones in many countries, while wild edible mushroom species vary greatly according to the growth location. Mushrooms are nutritionally well-balanced sources of carbohydrates and proteins, with low fat concentrations, usually ranging from 0.1 to 16.3% making them very health foods. Although mushrooms are not a choice source of lipids, they contain essential fatty acids such as linoleic, oleic, and linolenic in their lipid profiles, usually as the major constituents. Therefore, compared to other food of vegetal and animal origin, mushrooms have the advantage of possessing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Percentage of these fatty acids (in 100 g of total fatty acids) in mushrooms varies greatly: linoleic acid ranges from 0.0-81.1%, oleic acid between 1.0 and 60.3%, and linolenic acid from 0.0-28.8%. A global overview of the lipid composition of mushrooms is presented in this review, emphasizing the presence and levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA. Literature points that, in mushrooms, unsaturated fatty acid levels are generaly greater than those of saturated ones, regardless of the continent where the mushroom is cultivated or harvested. Comparing individually different species of the same mushroom (Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Boletus edulis) from different continents, similar fatty acid profile is also frequently observed. The great variety of edible mushrooms found worldwide and their consistent production of fatty acids, regardless the geographic source, make mushrooms an important source of essential fat acids for a human health diet.

Ambulatory setting of patients with surgical site infections after a cardiac intervention. / Cenário ambulatorial de pacientes com sítio cirúrgico infectado após intervenção cardíaca.

OBJECTIVE: Verifying the clinical-surgical profile and the results of patients monitored in an surgical wound ambulatory after a cardiac surgeries. METHODS: This is a historical cohort research with patients submitted to cardiac surgery and monitored for a year in an outpatient surgical wound clinic from a hospital specialized in cardiology. The study analyzed the prevalent microorganisms in infections, the products used in the dressings, the time of follow-up, and the type of therapy established in the dressings. RESULTS: Among the 150 patients, most were sexagenarians (61.7 ± 11.4 years), hypertensive patients (75%), and diabetic (44.7%). There were 12 patients with mediastinitis (8%) and 44 with surgical site infection (29.3%). Fatty acids (80%) and calcium alginate (19%) were used for wound healing. The mean follow-up time was 35 ± 71 days. CONCLUSION: Sexagenary, hypertensive, diabetic and revascularized patients constituted the population monitored in the wounds outpatient clinic. The SSI and mediastinitis rates found were acceptable and similar to those in literature.

Elaboração de cardápio para pacientes adultos de um centro de referência em queimaduras: Relato de experiência / Menu preparation for adult patients from a burn reference center: Experience report / Preparación de cardapio para pacientes adultos de un centro de referencia de quemaduras: Reporte de caso

Objetivo: Descrever o planejamento de um cardápio equilibrado qualitativamente e quantitativamente, para pacientes adultos vítimas de queimaduras do Centro de Tratamento de Queimados em Salvador, Bahia. Trata-se de um relato de caso, para o qual foi feito levantamento de dados baseado em protocolos e nas diretrizes mais atuais em terapia nutricional para queimaduras para revisar o cardápio oferecido aos pacientes hospitalizados no Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Relato do Caso: Foi calculado o cardápio padrão atual das seis refeições oferecidas e dois cardápios propostos através do sistema de avaliação e prescrição Dietwin® com informações acerca do valor energético total, macronutrientes e micronutrientes. Houve ajuste da oferta energética total, de 2810Kcal/dia para uma média de 2546,77Kcal/dia, correspondendo a 36Kcal/Kg/dia, para um adulto referência de 70Kg. Houve aumento na oferta de proteína de 85,88g/dia para média de 111,46g/dia, 1,59 g/Kg/dia. Com o aumento da oferta proteica, a relação de calorias por gramas de nitrogênio foi reduzida de 179,5:1 do cardápio original, para uma média de 118,26:1. A oferta lipídica foi reduzida de 26,66% para em média 21,5%. A relação ômega 6:ômega 3 foi reduzida de 7,39:1 para 1,16:1, nos cardápios propostos. Conclusões: Os cardápios propostos estão de acordo com as evidências científicas mais recentes, com ajustes quantitativos da oferta calórica, proteica e lipídica, além de melhora da composição qualitativa dos carboidratos e ácidos graxos essenciais.

Objective: To describe the planning of a qualitatively and quantitatively balanced dietary for adult burn victims of the Centro de Tratamento de Queimados in Salvador - Bahia. This is a case report, which data were collected based on the most current protocols and guidelines in nutritional therapy for burns to revise the dietary offered to patients hospitalized in Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Case Report: The current standard dietary of the six meals offered and two menus proposed through the Dietwin® prescription and evaluation system with information on total energy value (VET), macronutrients and micronutrients were calculated. There was adjustment of the total energy supply, from 2810 Kcal / day to an average of 2546.77 Kcal / day, corresponding to 36Kcal / Kg / day, for an adult reference of 70Kg. There was an increase in protein supply from 85.88g / day to a mean of 111.46g / day, 1.59g / kg / day. With the increase in protein supply, the ratio of calories per grams of nitrogen was reduced from 179.5:1 of the original menu, to an average of 118.26:1. The lipid supply was reduced from 26.66% to an average of 21.5%. The W6: W3 ratio decreased from 7.39: 1 to 1.16: 1 on the proposed menus. Conclusions: The proposed menus are in accordance with the latest scientific evidence, with quantitative adjustments of the caloric, protein and lipid supply, as well as improvement of the qualitative composition of carbohydrates and essential fatty acids.

Objetivo: Describir la planificación de un menú equilibrado cualitativamente y cuantitativamente, para pacientes adultos víctima de quemaduras del Centro de Tratamento de Queimados en Salvador - Bahia. Se trata de un relato de caso, donde se hizo la recolecta de datos basados en protocolos y pautas más actuales en terapia nutricional para quemaduras para revisar el menú ofrecido a los pacientes hospitalizados em lo Hospital Geral do Estado da Bahia. Reporte de Caso: Se calculó el menú estándar actual y dos menús propuestos a través del sistema de evaluación y prescripción Dietwin® con informaciones a cerca del valor energético total, macronutrientes y micronutrientes. Hubo ajuste de la oferta energética total, de 2810Kcal/día para una media de 2546,77Kcal/día, correspondiendo a 36Kcal/Kg/día, para un adulto referencia de 70Kg. Se observó un aumento en la oferta de proteína de 85,88g/día para un promedio de 111,46g/día, 1,59g/Kg/día. Con el aumento de la oferta proteica, la relación de calorías por gramos de nitrógeno fue reducida de 179,5:1 del menú original, para una media de 118,26:1. La oferta lipídica se redujo del 26,66% para un promedio del 21,5%. La relación W6: W3 disminuyó de 7,39:1 a 1,16:1, en los menús propuestos. Conclusiones: Los menús propuestos están de acuerdo con las evidencias científicas más recientes, con ajustes cuantitativos de la oferta calórica, proteica y lipídica, además de mejora de la composición cualitativa de los carbohidratos y ácidos grasos esenciales.

Topical essential fatty acid oil on wounds: Local and systemic effects.

BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal plants and their derivatives is increasing, and approximately one-third of all traditional herbal medicines are intended for wound treatment. Natural products used in these treatments include vegetable oils, which are rich in essential fatty acids. Once in contact with an ulcerative surface, the oil reaches the blood and lymphatic vessels, thus eliciting systemic effects. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the local and possible systemic effects of essential fatty acids (sunflower oil) applied topically to rat wounds. METHODS: Cutaneous punch wounds (6 mm) were produced on the dorsa of 30 rats. Saline (SS), mineral oil (MO) or essential fatty acid (EFA) solutions were applied topically. Healing was evaluated after 2, 4 and 10 days (n = 5 per group) by visual and histological/morphometric examination, second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy, and cytokine and growth factor quantification in the scar tissue (real-time PCR) and in serum (ELISA). RESULTS: MO/EFA-treated animals had higher IGF-1, leptin, IL-6 and IFN-γ mRNA expression and lower serum IL-6 levels than the control (SS/MO) animals. SHG analysis showed no difference in collagen density between the animals treated with MO and EFA. CONCLUSION: EFA treatment induces topical (observed by local IGF-1, leptin, IL-6 and IFN-γ production) and systemic effects, lowering IL-6 levels in the serum. As the oil is widely used to shorten ulcer healing time, studies are needed to evaluate the treatment safety and possible undesired effects.

Efeito de ácidos graxos essenciais e tocoferol na dieta de vacas em lactação / Effect of essential fatty acids and tocoferol in the diet of lactanting cows

A inclusão de aditivos na alimentação animal tem se tornado uma preocupação dos consumidores devido os riscos à saúde humana, portanto, os aditivos extraídos de plantas podem ser uma alternativa para substituir os antibióticos melhorando a produtividade. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo, composição do leite e carga parasitária de vacas Holandesas lactantes suplementadas com aditivo rico em ácidos graxos essenciais e tocoferol. Utilizou-se 16 vacas em lactação, divididas em dois grupos, animais tratados com o aditivo (10/g/animal/dia) e animais do grupo controle. A cada 15 dias foi realizado o Califórnia mastite teste e o controle leiteiro, para análise dos seguintes parâmetros: produção de leite; proteína, gordura; lactose; sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas. A cada 14 dias foram realizados a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, e a contagem de moscas (Haematobia irritans) e carrapatos (Rhiphicephalus Boophilus microplus). Não houve diferença na qualidade e produção de leite, assim como na carga parasitária dos animais, verificando que a administração do aditivo não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não diminuiu a carga parasitária de vacas holandesas. (AU)

The inclusion of additives in animal feed has become a concern of consumers due to the risks to human health, therefore the additives extracted from plants can be an alternative to replace the antibiotics improving productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, milk composition and worm burden of lactating Holstein cows supplemented with essential fatty acid and tocopherol. Sixteen lactating cows were divided in two groups, animals treated with the additive (10 μg/animal/day) and animals from the control group. Every 15 days, the California mastitis test and evaluation of milk were made to analyze the following parameters: milk production; protein, fat; lactose; total solids and somatic cell counts. The counting of eggs per gram of feces and counting of flies (Haematobia irritans) and ticks (Rhiphicephalus Boophilus microplus) were performed every 14 days. There was no difference in the quality and milk yield, as well as in the worm burden of the animals, verifying that the administration of the additive did not improve the productive performance and did not decrease the worm burden of the Holstein cows.(AU)

Efeito de ácidos graxos essenciais e tocoferol na dieta de vacas em lactação / Effect of essential fatty acids and tocoferol in the diet of lactanting cows

A inclusão de aditivos na alimentação animal tem se tornado uma preocupação dos consumidores devido os riscos à saúde humana, portanto, os aditivos extraídos de plantas podem ser uma alternativa para substituir os antibióticos melhorando a produtividade. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o desempenho produtivo, composição do leite e carga parasitária de vacas Holandesas lactantes suplementadas com aditivo rico em ácidos graxos essenciais e tocoferol. Utilizou-se 16 vacas em lactação, divididas em dois grupos, animais tratados com o aditivo (10/g/animal/dia) e animais do grupo controle. A cada 15 dias foi realizado o Califórnia mastite teste e o controle leiteiro, para análise dos seguintes parâmetros: produção de leite; proteína, gordura; lactose; sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas. A cada 14 dias foram realizados a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, e a contagem de moscas (Haematobia irritans) e carrapatos (Rhiphicephalus Boophilus microplus). Não houve diferença na qualidade e produção de leite, assim como na carga parasitária dos animais, verificando que a administração do aditivo não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não diminuiu a carga parasitária de vacas holandesas.

The inclusion of additives in animal feed has become a concern of consumers due to the risks to human health, therefore the additives extracted from plants can be an alternative to replace the antibiotics improving productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, milk composition and worm burden of lactating Holstein cows supplemented with essential fatty acid and tocopherol. Sixteen lactating cows were divided in two groups, animals treated with the additive (10 μg/animal/day) and animals from the control group. Every 15 days, the California mastitis test and evaluation of milk were made to analyze the following parameters: milk production; protein, fat; lactose; total solids and somatic cell counts. The counting of eggs per gram of feces and counting of flies (Haematobia irritans) and ticks (Rhiphicephalus Boophilus microplus) were performed every 14 days. There was no difference in the quality and milk yield, as well as in the worm burden of the animals, verifying that the administration of the additive did not improve the productive performance and did not decrease the worm burden of the Holstein cows.