Active but not quiescent lupus nephritis during pregnancy is associated with a higher rate of adverse obstetric outcomes: Analysis of a prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the maternal-fetal/neonatal outcome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with and without lupus nephritis (LN) in remission or with active disease. METHODS: A prospective cohort of pregnant patients with SLE (ACR 1997 criteria) was studied from January 2009 to December 2021. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, and immunological variables as well as the usual maternal-fetal/neonatal complications were recorded. We compared four groups according to the status of SLE during pregnancy: patients with quiescent SLE without lupus nephritis, patients with active SLE without lupus nephritis, patients with quiescent lupus nephritis, and patients with active lupus nephritis. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 439 pregnancies were studied, with a median age of 28 ± 6, SLE duration of 60 months (interquartile range 36-120). A higher frequency of maternal and fetal/neonatal complications was observed in patients with active SLE with or without lupus nephritis. Multivariate analysis showed that active LN was a risk factor for gestational hypertension (hazard ratios [HR] 1.95; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-6.39), premature rupture of membranes (HR 3.56; 95% CI: 1.79-16.05) and more frequent cesarean section (HR 1.82; 95% CI: 1.13-2.94). CONCLUSION: LN is associated with a higher frequency of maternal complications, especially in those patients with active disease during pregnancy, and those maternal complications had an impact on poor fetal/neonatal outcomes. Strict control and timely care of LN could improve the obstetric prognosis.

Rotura prematura de membranas: diagnóstico y manejo / Premature Rupture of Membranes: Diagnosis and Management

La rotura prematura de membranas se clasifica según la edad gestacional: a término (a partir de las 37 semanas de gestación), y pretérmino (antes de las 37 semanas). Esta se subdivide en cerca del término (34 y menos de 37 semanas), lejos del término (24 a 34 semanas) y previable (antes de las 24 semanas). Afecta a 8 % de las gestaciones; en pretérmino: 2 % y 4 % de las gestaciones únicas, 7 % a 20 % de las gemelares. Conlleva riesgos como corioamnionitis y desprendimiento prematuro de placenta normoinserta. La infección intraamniótica ocurre en 15 % a 35 % de los casos. El diagnóstico oportuno y el manejo adecuado son vitales para reducir la morbimortalidad asociada. El objetivo de esta revisión es abordar el diagnóstico y el manejo de la rotura prematura de membranas de acuerdo a la edad gestacional(AU)

Premature rupture of membranes is classified according to gestational age: term (from 37 weeks of gestation), and preterm (before 37 weeks). This is subdivided into near-term (34 and less than 37 weeks), far from term (24 to 34 weeks), and previable (before 24 weeks). It affects 8% of pregnancies; Preterm: 2% to 4% of singleton pregnancies, 7% to 20% of twins. It carries risks such as chorioamnionitis and normoinserted placental abruption. Intra-amniotic infection occurs in 15% to 35% of cases. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are vital to reduce associated morbidity and mortality. The aim of this review is to address the diagnosis and management of premature rupture of membranes according to gestational age(AU)

The relationship between active/passive smoking and spontaneous preterm birth: Data from a multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Prematurity is considered to be the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age, with one child dying every 2 s. Smoking is known to be one of the factors associated with prematurity, with both immediate and late consequences. However, it is difficult to obtain concrete data on the relationship between smoking and spontaneous preterm birth. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of active and passive smoking on spontaneous preterm birth. METHODS: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional complementary study that included data on preterm births in 20 maternity hospitals in Brazil between 2011 and 2012. The relationship between smoking category (people who smoke [PWS]; people who smoke indirectly [PWSI]; and people who do not smoke [PWDNS]) and sociodemographic characteristics, birth, and neonatal data was assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies, percentages, the χ2 test, and stepwise comparisons, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The original study included 5295 pregnant participants and their preterm infants. There were 1491 spontaneous preterm births (SPBs); 1191 preterm rupture of membranes; 1468 therapeutic preterm births; and 1146 term births. The proportion of women who were PWS during pregnancy was 13.5%, and 31.6% were PWSI. Pregnant individuals who smoked and who smoked indirectly had a higher incidence of SPBs (61.2%) compared with PWDNS (48.4%; P < 0.0001); however, multivariate analysis did not confirm causality. CONCLUSIONS: This study did not confirm that smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SPB. PWSI also did not have an increased incidence of spontaneous preterm birth or adverse neonatal outcomes.

Clinical Chorioamnionitis and Neurodevelopment at 5 Years of Age in Children Born Preterm: The EPIPAGE-2 Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between clinical chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental disorders at 5 years of age in children born preterm. STUDY DESIGN: EPIPAGE 2 is a national, population-based cohort study of children born before 35 weeks of gestation in France in 2011. We included infants born alive between 240/7 and 346/7 weeks after preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membranes. Clinical chorioamnionitis was defined as maternal fever before labor (>37.8°C) with ≥2 of the following criteria: maternal tachycardia, hyperleukocytosis, uterine contractions, purulent amniotic fluid, or fetal tachycardia. The primary outcome was a composite, including cerebral palsy, coordination disorders, cognitive disorders, sensory disorders, or behavioral disorders. We also analyzed each of these disorders separately as secondary outcomes. We performed a multivariable analysis using logistic regression models. We accounted for the nonindependence of twins and missing data by generalized estimating equation models and multiple imputations, respectively. RESULTS: Among 2927 children alive at 5 years of age, 124 (3%) were born in a context of clinical chorioamnionitis. Overall, 8.2% and 9.6% of children exposed and unexposed, respectively, to clinical chorioamnionitis had moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental disorders. After multiple imputations and multivariable analysis, clinical chorioamnionitis was not associated with the occurrence of moderate-to-severe neurodevelopmental disorders (aOR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5-1.8). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find any association between clinical chorioamnionitis and neurodevelopmental disorders at 5 years of age in children born at <35 weeks of gestation after preterm labor or preterm premature rupture of membrane.

Prevalência e desfechos materno-fetais de pacientes internadas por amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo no Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí nos anos de 2020 e 2021 / Prevalence and maternal-fetal outcomes in patients hospitalized with preterm premature rupture of membranes at the University Hospital of Jundiaí's Medical School in the years 2020 and 2021

Objetivo: Atualizar a estatística do serviço, reconhecendo a prevalência de amnior- rexe prematura no pré-termo e seus principais desfechos materno-fetais. Méto- dos: Estudo transversal realizado pela análise de prontuários médicos de pacien- tes internadas devido a amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo e de seus respectivos conceptos no Hospital Universitário da Faculdade de Medicina de Jundiaí durante o período de janeiro de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 161 pacientes e 166 conceptos, resultando em uma prevalência de 2,12% no período estudado, com intervalo de confiança de 95% (1,80-2,47). Entre os des- fechos maternos, 2,5% das gestantes compunham critérios para near miss mater- no; enquanto entre os desfechos fetais, o resultado foi de 54,8% dos conceptos apresentando complicações, sendo as mais prevalentes a síndrome do desconfor- to respiratório (36,3%), icterícia (39,5%), baixo peso (27,5%) e hipoglicemia (24,2%). Além disso, 40,4% necessitaram de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva, 22,9% foram classificados como near miss neonatal e 4,4% foram a óbito. Conclu- são: Os resultados seguiram os padrões nacionais e internacionais esperados para prevalência de amniorrexe prematura no pré-termo e seus desfechos materno-fe- tais, com alta porcentagem de internações e complicações neonatais e baixa taxa de complicações maternas.

Objective: To update service statistics, recognizing the preva- lence of the pathology and its main outcomes. Methods: Cros- s-sectional study carried out through the analysis of medical records of patients hospitalized due to preterm premature rup- ture of membranes and their respective fetuses at the Univer- sity Hospital of Jundiaí's Medical School during the period from January 2020 to December 2021. Results: A total of 161 patients and 166 fetuses participated in the research, resulting in a pre- valence of 2.12% in the period studied with 95% confidence in- terval (1.80-2.47). About the outcomes, 2.5% of the pregnant wo- men composed the criteria for maternal near miss; as for the fetus, complications evolved in 54.8% of the fetuses, the most prevalent being respiratory distress syndrome (36.3%), jaundice (39.5%), low birth weight (27.5%) and hypoglycemia (24.2%). In addition, 40.4% required admission to the intensive care unit, 22.9% were neonatal near miss and 4.4% died. Conclusion: The results followed the expected national and international standards for the prevalence of preterm premature rupture of membranes and its maternal and fetal outcomes, with a high percentage of hospitalizations and neonatal complications, and a low rate of maternal complications.

Management and Interventions in Previable and Periviable Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Review.

Importance: Periviable and previable premature rupture of membranes (pPPROM) occurs in <1% of pregnancies but can have devastating consequences for the mother and the fetus. Understanding risk factors, possible interventions, and both maternal and neonatal outcomes will improve the counseling and care provided for these patients. Objective: The aim of this review is to describe the etiology, risk factors, management strategies, neonatal and maternal outcomes, and recurrence risk for patients experiencing pPPROM. Evidence Acquisition: A PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL search was undertaken with unlimited years searched. The search terms used included "previable" OR "periviable" AND "fetal membranes" OR "premature rupture" OR "PROM" OR "PPROM." The search was limited to English language. Results: There were 181 articles identified, with 41 being the basis of review. Multiple risk factors for pPPROM have been identified, but their predictive value remains low. Interventions that are typically used once the fetus reaches 23 to 24 weeks of gestation have not been shown to improve outcomes when used in the previable and periviable stage. Neonatal outcomes have improved over time, but survival without severe morbidity remains low. Later gestational age at the time of pPPROM and longer latency period have been shown to be associated with improved outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: Periviable and previable premature rupture of membranes are uncommon pregnancy events, but neonatal outcomes remain poor, and routine interventions for PPROM >24 weeks of gestation have not proven beneficial. The 2 most reliable prognostic indicators are gestational age at time of pPPROM and length of the latency period.

Asociación entre el grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo y la rotura prematura de membranas pretérmino en un hospital nivel III del Perú / Association between the degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and preterm premature rupture of membranes in a level III hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Determinar la asociación entre el grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo y la rotura prematura de membranas pretérmino (RPMP) en un hospital nivel III de Perú. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio transversal, analítico y observacional en mujeres mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de infección por COVID-19 en el embarazo durante el 2020-2022. Se recogieron variables clínicas y obstétricas. Para el análisis descriptivo se realizaron las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado y exacta de Fisher, y para el análisis multivariado, se calculó la razón de prevalencia mediante regresión de Poisson en modelos crudos y ajustados. Todas las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron considerando un valor de p<0,05 como significativo y con un nivel de confianza de 95%. Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de 163 gestantes con COVID-19, de las cuales el 9,2% tuvieron RPMP, todas fueron casos sintomáticos. Los casos leves de COVID-19 tuvieron 1,10 veces la probabilidad de presentar RPMP (RPa=1,10; IC95%: 1,02−1,18) y los casos moderados/severos tuvieron 1,64 veces esta probabilidad (RPa=1,64; IC95%: 1,43−1,87), en comparación con los casos asintomáticos. Conclusiones. Se identificó que un mayor grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo se asoció a una mayor probabilidad de tener RPMP.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To determine the association between the degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in a level III hospital in Peru. Materials and Methods. Cross-sectional, analytical and observational study in women older than 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, between the years 2020 and 2022. Clinical and obstetric variables were collected. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for the descriptive analysis. For the multivariate analysis, we calculated the prevalence ratio by using Poisson regression in crude and adjusted models. All statistical tests were performed considering a value of p<0.05 as significant and with a confidence level of 95%. Results. We analyzed data from 163 pregnant women with COVID-19, of which 9.2% had PPROM; all were symptomatic cases. Mild COVID-19 cases were 1.10 times more likely to have PPROM (RPa=1.10; 95%CI: 1.02-1.18) and moderate/severe cases were 1.64 times more likely (RPa=1.64; 95%CI: 1.43-1.87), compared to asymptomatic cases. Conclusions. We identified that a higher degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was associated with a higher probability of having PPROM.

Clinical characteristics, complications, and predictive model of histological chorioamnionitis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes.

We aimed to analyze the impact of histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) in the presence of preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) on obstetric and neonatal outcomes, and its possible predictability. A retrospective cohort analysis of PPROM cases (20-37 weeks) was conducted comparing the patients with and without HCA, seeking a predictive model of HCA using logistic regression. A total of 295 cases of PPROM were selected, of which 72 (24.4%) had HCA. The group with HCA had a shorter latency period and a greater number of clinical and laboratory criteria in the evolution. The group with HCA had a worse comparative result and presented: lower gestational age at delivery, lower average birth weight, lower Apgar scores, longer neonatal hospitalization, worse maternal clinical conditions and, higher rates of stillbirth, low birth weight (LBW), very low birth weight (VLBW), complications in pregnancy and childbirth, and cesarean delivery due to fetal distress or chorioamnionitis. A predictive model for HCA was developed, with the following independent variables: abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR] = 11.61), uterine activity (noticeable contractions on physical exam) (OR = 5.97), fever (OR = 5.77), latency > 3 days (OR = 2.13), and C-reactive protein (OR = 1.01). With this model, an adequate receiver operating characteristic curve was found, with an area under the curve of 0.726, and some HCA probability curves were constructed for different clinical situations. In this novel study, we present a non-invasive predictive model, with clinical and laboratory variables, which may help in decision-making in a patient with PPROM.

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles microRNAs Are Altered in Women Undergoing Preterm Birth.

Preterm labor (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) lead to high perinatal morbidity/mortality rates worldwide. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) act in cell communication and contain microRNAs that may contribute to the pathogenesis of these complications. We aimed to compare the expression, in sEV from peripheral blood, of miRNAs between term and preterm pregnancies. This cross-sectional study included women who underwent PTL, PPROM, and term pregnancies, examined at the Botucatu Medical School Hospital, SP, Brazil. sEV were isolated from plasma. Western blot used to detect exosomal protein CD63 and nanoparticle tracking analysis were performed. The expression of 800 miRNAs was assessed by the nCounter Humanv3 miRNA Assay (NanoString). The miRNA expression and relative risk were determined. Samples from 31 women-15 preterm and 16 term-were included. miR-612 expression was increased in the preterm groups. miR-612 has been shown to increase apoptosis in tumor cells and to regulate the nuclear factor κB inflammatory pathway, processes involved in PTL/PPROM pathogenesis. miR-1253, miR-1283, miR378e, and miR-579-3p, all associated with cellular senescence, were downregulated in PPROM compared with term pregnancies. We conclude that miRNAs from circulating sEV are differentially expressed between term and preterm pregnancies and modulate genes in pathways that are relevant to PTL/PPROM pathogenesis.

Association between antibiotic prophylaxis and adverse perinatal outcomes in premature rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between antibiotic prophylaxis and adverse perinatal outcomes in premature rupture of membranes. METHODS: This retrospective cohort included pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes (between 24 and 33+6 weeks) who used or did not use prophylactic antibiotics. Pearson's chi-square (χ²) test, Student's t-test, and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A significant effect was observed in patients with premature rupture of membranes using prophylactic antibiotics regarding amniotic fluid index (p=0.007), deepest vertical pocket (p=0.049), duration of antibiotic therapy (p≤0.001), C-reactive protein level upon admission (p≤0.001), leukocyte count upon admission (p=0.007), and length of stay in neonatal intensive care (p=0.047). A significant association was observed between the abovementioned patients and surfactant use during the neonatal period (p=0.04). A higher prevalence of surfactant use was noted in these patients (20.0 vs. 8.7%; p=0.04). CONCLUSION: No association was found between antibiotic prophylaxis and the presence of adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes between 24 and 33+6 weeks of gestation.

Association between the degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and preterm premature rupture of membranes in a level III hospital in Peru. / Asociación entre el grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo y la rotura prematura de membranas pretérmino en un hospital nivel III del Perú.

OBJECTIVES.: To determine the association between the degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in a level III hospital in Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: Cross-sectional, analytical and observational study in women older than 18 years diagnosed with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy, between the years 2020 and 2022. Clinical and obstetric variables were collected. The chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were used for the descriptive analysis. For the multivariate analysis, we calculated the prevalence ratio by using Poisson regression in crude and adjusted models. All statistical tests were performed considering a value of p<0.05 as significant and with a confidence level of 95%. RESULTS.: We analyzed data from 163 pregnant women with COVID-19, of which 9.2% had PPROM; all were symptomatic cases. Mild COVID-19 cases were 1.10 times more likely to have PPROM (RPa=1.10; 95%CI: 1.02-1.18) and moderate/severe cases were 1.64 times more likely (RPa=1.64; 95%CI: 1.43-1.87), compared to asymptomatic cases. CONCLUSIONS.: We identified that a higher degree of severity of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy was associated with a higher probability of having PPROM.

OBJETIVOS.: Determinar la asociación entre el grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo y la rotura prematura de membranas pretérmino (RPMP) en un hospital nivel III de Perú. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Estudio transversal, analítico y observacional en mujeres mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de infección por COVID-19 en el embarazo durante el 2020-2022. Se recogieron variables clínicas y obstétricas. Para el análisis descriptivo se realizaron las pruebas de Chi Cuadrado y exacta de Fisher, y para el análisis multivariado, se calculó la razón de prevalencia mediante regresión de Poisson en modelos crudos y ajustados. Todas las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron considerando un valor de p<0,05 como significativo y con un nivel de confianza de 95%. RESULTADOS.: Se analizaron los datos de 163 gestantes con COVID-19, de las cuales el 9,2% tuvieron RPMP, todas fueron casos sintomáticos. Los casos leves de COVID-19 tuvieron 1,10 veces la probabilidad de presentar RPMP (RPa=1,10; IC95%: 1,02−1,18) y los casos moderados/severos tuvieron 1,64 veces esta probabilidad (RPa=1,64; IC95%: 1,43−1,87), en comparación con los casos asintomáticos. CONCLUSIONES.: Se identificó que un mayor grado de severidad de la infección por COVID-19 durante el embarazo se asoció a una mayor probabilidad de tener RPMP.

Evaluation of the Effect of Low-dose Aspirin on the Prevention of Preterm Delivery in Women with a History of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery / Avaliação do efeito da aspirina em baixa dose na prevenção do parto prematuro em mulheres com história de parto prematuro espontâneo

Abstract Objective Currently, uteroplacental vascular disorders are considered one of the main mechanisms of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD). Low-dose aspirin is used to prevent pre-eclampsia, which has a similar mechanism; hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin on the prevention of PTD in women with a history of spontaneous PTD. Methods The present pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted on 54 pregnant women in the aspirin group (taking 80 mg daily until the 36th week and classic treatment) and 53 patients in the control group (only receiving classic treatment). Results Forty-three patients (40%) presented before 37 weeks due to symptoms of PTL. Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) occurred in 28 patients (26%), and there was no significant difference between the aspirin and control groups (10 patients [19%] and 18 patients [34%], respectively; p = 0.069). The time of preterm delivery was early (< 34 weeks) in 6 patients (21%), and its cause was spontaneous labor in 23 patients (82%) which was not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Out of 40 patients with spontaneous labor, 25 patients (63%) had a PTD, which was significantly lower in the aspirin group than in the control group (9 patients [45%] versus 16 patients [80%], respectively; p = 0.022). Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrated that despite the reduction in the incidence of PTD using low-dose aspirin, the reduction rate was not statistically significant. On the other hand, in patients with spontaneous labor prone to PTD, aspirin was effective in reducing the incidence of PTD.

Resumo Objetivo Atualmente, os distúrbios vasculares uteroplacentários são considerados um dos principais mecanismos de parto prematuro espontâneo (PTD). A aspirina em baixa dose é usada para prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia, que tem um mecanismo semelhante; portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da aspirina em baixa dosagem na prevenção de PTD em mulheres com história de PTD espontâneo. Métodos O presente ensaio clínico piloto randomizado foi realizado em 54 gestantes do grupo aspirina (tomando 80 mg diários até a 36ª semana e tratamento clássico) e 53 pacientes do grupo controle (somente tratamento clássico). Resultados Quarenta e três pacientes (40%) apresentaram-se antes de 37 semanas devido a sintomas de PTL. O parto prematuro (< 37 semanas) ocorreu em 28 pacientes (26%) e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos aspirina e controle (10 pacientes [19%] e 18 pacientes [34%], respectivamente; p = 0,069). O tempo de parto prematuro foi precoce (< 34 semanas) em 6 pacientes (21%) e sua causa foi trabalho de parto espontâneo em 23 pacientes (82%) que não foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Das 40 pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo, 25 pacientes (63%) tiveram PTD, que foi significativamente menor no grupo aspirina do que no grupo controle (9 pacientes [45%] versus 16 pacientes [80%], respectivamente; p = 0,022). Conclusão Os achados do presente estudo demonstraram que, apesar da redução na incidência de DPT com o uso de aspirina em baixa dosagem, a taxa de redução não foi estatisticamente significativa. Por outro lado, em pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo propensas a PTD, a aspirina foi eficaz na redução da incidência de PTD.

Guia practica clinica para el manejo de parto pretermino / Clinical practice guide for the management of preterm birth

El parto pretérmino en la región centroamericana tiene variaciones en cada país, así como la mortalidad perinatal neonatal y materna que se deriva de la condición. La atención adecuada sigue siendo una barrera en las zonas con más limitaciones en los servicios y el personal sanitario disponible. El parto pretérmino es considerado un problema con implicaciones sociales y económicas que produce impacto a corto, mediano y largo plazo (Goldenberg, 2012). El 75% de las complicaciones que genera conllevan a un aumento en la mortalidad infantil. La mayoría de sus factores de riesgo son considerados como prevenibles con la implementación de medidas sencillas y económicas (WHO, 2015). La investigación clínica de esta condición, en una gran mayoría, se ha generado en países de alto ingreso (Opiyo, 2017) 1 . Algunas veces se desconocen los resultados de algunas intervenciones en condiciones de recursos limitados. Esta guía presenta y pretende abordar algunas de estas limitaciones. También alerta sobre algunas intervenciones que pueden producir más problemas y dificultades si se implementan, al considerar los recursos disponibles en los lugares donde se desarrollaron las investigaciones que generaron la evidencia y hacer la comparación con la realidad de los países de Centroamérica en donde se usará la evidencia. Por otra parte, para cada recomendación que en este instrumento se facilita, los resúmenes de evidencia consideran las efectividades clínicas y los efectos adversos cuando han estado disponibles.

Factores de riesgo asociados al trabajo de parto pretérmino en gestantes del Hospital Universitario Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia septiembre-diciembre 2018 / Risk factors associated to preterm labor in pregnant patients in teaching Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia September-December 2018

Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al trabajo de parto pre-término en gestantes del Hospital Universitario Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia, periodo septiembre­diciembre 2018. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con una muestra de 52 mujeres. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados con el sistema Epi-info 7.0. Resultados: el estudio muestra que entre los factores de riesgo más relevantes se encuentra la multiparidad, mostrando que el 65.4 % tuvieron un número mayor a dos embarazos, de las cuales se encontró que el 52.9 % tienen historia de abortos. Otros factores de riesgo asociados a partos prematuros es la enfermedad obstétrica relacionada, con mayor relevancia la anemia, con un 31.6 %, seguida por las infecciones urinarias con un 17.5 %. Conclusión: el estudio demuestra que dentro de los factores de riesgo asociados a partos pretérminos se encuentran la anemia con un 31.6 % y las infecciones urinarias con un 17.5 %, además el 48.1 % de las pacientes tenían una edad gestacional que rondaba entre 33 y 36 semanas de gestación.

Objective: Determine the risk factors associated to preterm labor in pregnant patients in ''Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia'' in Santo Domingo, September­December 2018. Methods: It is a descriptive, retrospective, and a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 52 women. The data collected was processed with the system Epi-info 7.0. Results: The study shows that multiparity is one of the most relevant risk factors for preterm delivery, showing that 65.4% had a number equal or greater than 2 pregnancies, of which 52.9% had a history of abortion. Others risk factors related to preterm delivery is a concomitant diseases within the pregnancy, being the anemia the most relevant with 31.6% and follow up by urinary tract infections with 17.5%. Conclusion: The study shows that within the risk factors associated with preterm delivery, anemia is within 31.6% and the urinary tract infections are 17.5%, Also related to preterm delivery we have the gestational age which was around 33 ­ 36 weeks in 48.1% of the preterm deliveries.

El prematuro tardío, ¿qué sabemos desde el punto de vista perinatal? / The late premature, what do we know from the perinatal point of view?

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbimortalidad neonatal en Chile. Los prematuros tardíos, definidos como nacimientos entre 34 semanas con 0 días (34+0) y 36 semanas con 6 días (36+6) de gestación, representan el 70-80% de los prematuros y se asocian a baja morbilidad y excepcional mortalidad si se comparan con partos bajo 34 semanas, pero significativamente mayor al compararlos con partos de término. Los prematuros tardíos son el resultado de diversas condiciones obstétricas, tales como síndromes hipertensivos del embarazo, rotura prematura de membranas, colestasia intrahepática del embarazo y comorbilidad médica. El propósito de esta revisión es actualizar la información asociada a los prematuros tardíos y dar una visión de las tendencias en el uso de corticoides y el manejo expectante de la rotura prematura de membranas con el objetivo de disminuir las complicaciones en este grupo de prematuros.

Abstract Preterm delivery is the most important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Chile. Late preterm, defined as deliveries between 34 +0 and 36+6-weeks accounts for 70-80% of preterm and is associated with non-severe morbidity and extremely low mortality when compared with deliveries below 34 weeks but significantly high when compared with full term babies. Late preterm deliveries are a result of several obstetric conditions, such a hypertensive disorder, premature rupture of membranes, intrahepatic cholestasis, and maternal medical comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to update the information associated with the risks of late preterm and to guide in the new trends in the application of steroid and expectant management for premature rupture of membranes in order to reduce the frequency of late preterm.

Vaginal probiotics on the outcomes of premature rupture of membranes: a pilot randomised clinical trial.

The published literature shows that a balanced vaginal microbiota can have a favourable impact on decreasing the prevalence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM). We studied the effects of vaginal probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and L. gasseri) on the outcomes of PROM in pregnant women between 24 and 36 weeks of gestation. We performed a randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled study. A total of 27 participants were divided into two groups-group 1 (probiotics; n = 16) and group 2 (placebo; n = 11). Although most outcomes did not show much variation, the latency period and gestational age at delivery were higher in group 1 than in group 2. Thus, vaginal use of L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri along with standard treatment appears to increase the latency period and gestational age at delivery in women with PROM.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Delaying delivery increases the risk of infections, but the prolongation of pregnancy allows further foetal maturation, thus reducing the risk of complications associated with premature birth. Moreover, a more extended latency period in pregnancies of <37 weeks of gestation is associated with a better neonatal prognosis.What do the results of this study add? The use of probiotics (L. rhamnosus and L. gasseri) prolongs the latency period in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Probiotics are an exciting option for extending the time to delivery in cases of premature rupture of the membrane, allowing the maturation of the foetal lung.

Maternal and perinatal outcomes in midtrimester rupture of membranes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes following expectant management of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 18 and 26 weeks and to identify maternal morbidity and prognostic factors for neonatal outcomes. METHODS: Data were collected from all pregnant women who presented PPROM between 18+0 and 26+0 weeks admitted into two tertiary centers in Brazil from 2005 to 2016. The neonatal adverse outcomes (mortality or the development of a severe morbidity) and maternal adverse outcomes were analyzed and compared among four groups (180/7 to 200/7 weeks, 20+1 to 220/7 weeks, 22+1 to 240/7 weeks and 24+1 to 260/7 weeks). A multiple logistic regression was performed for each predictor of neonatal adverse outcomes, and the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves for birth weight and gestational age at birth were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 101 women with PPROM during the study period, 97 fulfilled the eligible criteria. Among these patients, 30 (30.9%) had a miscarriage or stillbirth. Overall there were 67/97 (69.1%) livebirths, 45/97 newborns survived to discharge (46.3%), and 53/97 (54.6%) experienced severe neonatal adverse outcome. The median latency period was seven days, with 36 (37.1%) patients ending the pregnancy in 2-14 days. Among 29 patients with PPROM at 24+1 to 260/7 weeks, only 13 (44.8%) delivered between 2 and 14 days. Multivariate analysis has demonstrated that the independent predictor for adverse neonatal outcome was birthweight. The maternal morbidity was high; however, the expectant management did not increase the rate of severe maternal morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: PPROM between 18+0 and 26+0 weeks has high morbidity and mortality, and the only significant independent predictor of severe adverse neonatal outcomes is birthweight. Maternal morbidity is high, however, the expectant management is not increased by expectant management.

Premature rupture of membranes - A cause of foetal complications among lupus: A cohort study, systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to analyse the frequency of premature rupture of membranes (PROMs) among 190 women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed up at the Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto from 2011 to 2018 and to review the literature on PROM in patients with SLE. METHODS: A cohort study of SLE patients was conducted by analysing the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, clinical manifestations of lupus, modified disease activity index for pregnancy, drugs used during pregnancy, intercurrent maternal infections and obstetric outcomes. Additionally, seven electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scielo, Scielo Brazil, Virtual Health Library Regional Portal and Google Scholar) were systematically searched. The search was updated on 3 February 2020. RESULTS: Infections (relative risk (RR): 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.5-6.7, p = .001), history of serositis (RR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.31-5.11, p = .006) and anti-RNP positivity (RR: 3.08, 95% CI: 1.39-6.78, p = .005) were associated risk factors for PROM, while anti-RNP positivity (RR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.35-8.40; p = .009) were associated with premature PROM (PPROM). The prevalence of PROM and PPROM was 28.7% and 12.9%, respectively. In the systematic review, the prevalence of PROM and PPROM was 2.7%-35% (I2 = 87.62%) and 2.8%-20% (I2 = 79.56%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PROM, both at term and preterm, occurs more frequently in women with lupus than in the general population. A history of serositis, anti-RN, infections and immunosuppression during pregnancy may increase the susceptibility to PROM. The systematic review did not find any study with the main objective of evaluating PROM/PPROM in women with lupus.

Beneficios de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino y factores que intervienen en la eficacia del tratamiento: revisión narrativa / Benefits of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes and factors involved in the efficacy of the treatment: narrative review

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbilidad y de mortalidad perinatal, y hasta un tercio de los casos presentan rotura prematura de membranas. La infección intrauterina que asciende desde la vagina es su principal causa en un hospital público de Chile. Esta revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library incluye estudios publicados sobre los diferentes factores infecciosos que intervienen en el resultado adverso perinatal y la eficacia de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino. Además, contiene recomendaciones de sociedades científicas sobre el uso de antibióticos en estos casos. Los ensayos concluyen que los antimicrobianos prolongan el embarazo, disminuyen la corioamnionitis clínica y reducen variadas morbilidades neonatales, pero no reducen la mortalidad perinatal ni las secuelas tardías en la infancia. Los resultados adversos obstétricos, especialmente los neonatales, y las secuelas dependen de la existencia de invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica o de infección cérvico-vaginal, de la virulencia de los microorganismos aislados, del compromiso inflamatorio/infeccioso de la placenta (corioamnionitis histológica, funisitis) y de la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. Para mejorar los resultados adversos obstétricos neonatales en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino, los esquemas de antibióticos deben ser eficaces, cubriendo el amplio espectro microbiológico existente y actuando sobre los factores infecciosos implicados en la gravedad de la infección. Además, deben administrarse de manera intensiva y prolongada hasta el parto.

Abstract Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and up to a third of them have premature rupture of membranes. Intrauterine infection that rises from the vagina is its main cause in a public hospital in Chile. This narrative review by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library includes published studies of the different infectious factors involved in perinatal adverse outcome and of the efficacy of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes. It also contains recommendations from scientific societies on the use of antibiotics in these cases. These trials conclude that antimicrobials prolong pregnancy, decrease clinical chorioamnionitis, and reduce various neonatal morbidities, but do not reduce perinatal mortality or infant sequelae. Obstetric and especially neonatal adverse outcomes in these patients depend on the existence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or cervicovaginal infection, of the virulence of the isolated microorganisms, of inflammatory/infectious involvement of the placenta (histological chorioamnionitis, funisitis) and fetal inflammatory response. To improve adverse neonatal obstetric outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes, antibiotic regimens must be effective, covering the wide existing microbiological spectrum and acting on infectious factors responsible for the severity of the infection. In addition, they must be administered aggressively and for a long time until delivery.

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. METHODS: The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained from the charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. RESULTS: The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n = 77 and 20.7% [n = 47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged > 30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p = 0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p = 0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement > 360 mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04-145.56; p < 0.001)) and < 345 mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p < 0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p = 0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p = 0.041), and cervical dilatation < 5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p = 0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. CONCLUSION: This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the C-section indications.