Papel do Doppler do ducto venoso na restrição de crescimento intrauterino / Ductus venosus Doppler assessment in intrauterine growth restriction

Objetivo: O crescimento intrauterino restrito (CIUR) por insuficiência placentária persiste como grande desafio obstétrico. A interrupção da gestação representa a única estratégia de condução e baseia-se na predição de desfechos adversos. O Doppler tem valor reconhecido na avaliação seriada das alterações circulatórias nesses fetos, em geral sequenciais e proporcionais à gravidade do insulto hipóxico. Este estudo objetiva revisar as evidências do papel do Doppler de ducto venoso (DV) na predição de morbimortalidade perinatal em gestações complicadas por CIUR placentário grave e precoce. Métodos: Realizou-se revisão narrativa, com busca de artigos publicados nos últimos 10 anos nas bases Medline/PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo, sendo encontradas 132 referências. Pesquisas com animais e gestações múltiplas foram excluídas. Dos 115 artigos selecionados, 34 foram excluídos por inadequação ao tema. A revisão baseou-se nas demais 81 referências, além de trabalhos de reconhecida relevância no tema. Resultados: Estudos demonstram evidência consistente do papel do Doppler de DV na avaliação de fetos com CIUR, com bom valor preditivo para acidemia fetal e desfecho perinatal adverso. As principais estratégias de monitorização se baseiam na combinação do Doppler de vasos arteriais/venosos e parâmetros biofísicos, mas o Doppler de DV seria o melhor parâmetro isolado para predição de comprometimento fetal grave. Conclusão: A incorporação do Doppler de DV na monitorização de fetos com CIUR grave e precoce é capaz de predizer desfechos perinatais críticos. A avaliação de múltiplos vasos fetais parece aumentar a acurácia, porém não há evidência para embasar a definição de protocolos para o manejo clínico.(AU)

Objective: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) due to early onset placental insufficiency remains to be a great challenge in obstetrical practice. Delivery is still the only available strategy of management, and timing such intervention depends on prediction of adverse outcomes. Dopplervelocimetry studies have recognized value in the evaluation of the sequential hemodynamic changes that are stablished in the arterial and venous circulation of these fetuses, which correlate with the severity of hypoxemic insult. This study aims to review evidence on ductus venosus (DV) Doppler`s role as a predictor of perinatal outcome in pregnancies complicated by severe early onset IUGR. Methods: A Medline/PubMed, Lilacs and Scielo search was performed to identify original articles and systematic reviews published in the last 10 years. Eighty-one references were included in this review, in addition to other papers of recognized relevance in the subject. Results: Studies demonstrate consistent evidence on DV Doppler`s role in the longitudinal evaluation of IUGR fetuses, with adequate predictive value for fetal acidemia and adverse outcome. Monitoring strategies are usually based on a combination of arterial and venous Doppler assessment, in addition to biophysical parameters, but DV Doppler seems to be the best single parameter for prediction of severe fetal compromise. Conclusion: Monitoring of fetuses with severe early-onset IUGR through DV Doppler is able to predict critical perinatal outcomes. Evaluation of multiple fetal vessels seems to increase accuracy of prediction, but to this moment there is not enough evidence to recommend protocols of management.(AU)

[Aneurysm of the ascending aorta, hyperthyroidism and pregnancy. Case report]. / Aneurisma de aorta ascendente, hipertiroidismo y embarazo. Caso clinic.

Aortic aneurysms are a rare condition in childhood and youth, etiology, evolution, natural progression and prognosis in pregnancy unknown. Hyperthyroidism occurs when there is a synthesis and/or excessive secretion of thyroid hormones during pregnancy poses difficulty for diagnosis. The new monitoring hemodynamics in pregnancy by transthoracic bioimpedance is a feasible alternative, noninvasive and real-time hemodynamic monitoring pregnant women. CASE REPORT: Primiparity 18, is referred to present tachycardia, hyperthyroidism is diagnosed and drug treatment is initiated with antithyroid from week 14.1 echocardiogram reports bivalve aortic aneurysm in the sinus of Valsalva is performed. He was determined to continue the same under strict hemodynamic and fetal monitoring. Pregnancy concludes at the end obtained through the abdomen, at 40.4 weeks, with male product, weight 2250 g, Apgar 9/9, with growth restriction type I. The mother and baby were discharged simultaneously without complications. CONCLUSSIONS: The hyperdynamic state of pregnant patients in hyperthyroidism and aneurysms is complex and potentially complicable is why the hemodynamic patient monitoring is essential to detect changes in it that endanger the life of the binomial to this condition. Heart disease and hyperthyroidism, in this case, consistent with a fetal complications level is described as intrauterine growth restriction, however narrow and multidisciplinary monitoring and timely interventions binomial lead to satisfactory results in this case.

[A case study of anaphylaxis in a pregnant woman]. / Choque anafiláctico en una gestante en el tercer trimestre de embarazo.

We report a case of anaphylaxis in a 35+5 week of pregnancy patient who came to the Emergency Room with shortness of breath, hypotension and loss on fetal wellbeing. Due to her medical history and given the clinical picture at that time, an anaphylactic shock was suggested as the most probable diagnose. The administration of dexchlorpheniramine and methylprednisolone resulted in an immediate and positive reaction. Simultaneously, an improvement in the fetus cardiotocographic record was objectified. The patient was hospitalized for 48 hours, after which she was discharged. In case of suspicion of anaphylaxis in a pregnant woman, four aspects should be handled: the severity of the anaphylaxis chart, individual complications regarding a pregnant woman, unfavorable effects of the regularly used treatment during that specific gestation, and the need of fetal extraction based of gestational age.

Métodos de vigilância fetal intraparto / Methods of intrapartum fetal surveillance

A avaliação do bem-estar fetal durante assistência ao trabalho de parto é um dos principais objetivos da Obstetrícia. O método mais utilizado para essa avaliação é a monitorização eletrônica fetal contínua. Em razão de sua limitada capacidade diagnóstica, outros métodos complementares têm sido investigados para esse fim, como a ausculta intermitente, a estimulação digital no escalpe fetal, a oximetria de pulso, o eletrocardiograma fetal e a coleta de amostras de sangue do couro cabeludo fetal. Após revisão da literatura, foi concluído que são necessários mais estudos para determinar a verdadeira utilidade, na prática clínica, dos métodos complementares à monitorização eletrônica fetal contínua para avaliação fetal intraparto.

The evaluation of intrapartum fetal well-being is one of the main objectives of Obstetrics. The most used method for this assessment is the continuous electronic fetal monitoring. Because of their limited diagnostic capabilities, other complementary methods have been investigated for evaluation of intrapartum surveillance, as intermittent auscultation, digital fetal scalp stimulation, pulse oximetry, fetal electrocardiogram and fetal scalp blood sample. After a review of articles, we concluded that more studies are needed to determine the true usefulness in clinical practice of complementary methods to continuous electronic fetal monitoring for intrapartum fetal monitoring.

Avaliação biofísica complementar da vitalidade fetal / Additional biophysical evaluation of fetal surveillance

O nascimento de um feto saudável sempre constituiu um dos principais objetivos da Obstetrícia. Nos dias atuais, vários procedimentos têm sido utilizados com esta finalidade, porém, apesar da evolução dos métodos diagnósticos e da melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia do sofrimento fetal, ainda existem lacunas no conhecimento sobre o comportamento do feto frente à hipóxia. Outro fator complicador na avaliação do sofrimento fetal é o grande número de doenças maternas com diferentes fisiopatologias que podem interferir no bem-estar fetal. Esta revisão tem como objetivo descrever os principais métodos de avaliação biofísica da vitalidade fetal, com base nas melhores evidências científicas correntemente disponíveis na literatura, e incluindo níveis de evidências e graus de recomendação. Será abordada a avaliação da vitalidade fetal nos casos de insuficiência placentária, não sendo estudadas as situações especiais, como diabetes e gestação múltipla. Evidencia-se uma falta de consenso sobre qual procedimento deve ser utilizado na avaliação da vitalidade fetal, na prática clínica diária. As sociedades internacionais recomendam a realização da doplervelocimetria, da cardiotocografia e do perfil biofísico fetal apenas em gestantes de alto risco, com suspeita de insuficiência placentária ou com restrição de crescimento intrauterino

The birth of a healthy baby has always been an important goal of Obstetrics. Nowadays, many procedures have been used for this purpose, but despite great development in diagnostic methods and better understanding of pathophysiology of fetal distress, there are still gaps in knowledge about fetal behavior in situations of hypoxia. Another complicating factor in the assessment of fetal distress is the large number of maternal diseases with different pathophysiology, which can compromise fetal well-being. This review aims at describing the main methods for fetal assessment, based on the best scientific evidence currently available, including levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Only fetal evaluation in cases of placental insufficiency will be addressed, and special situations such as diabetes and multiple pregnancies will not be studied. Current evidences show a lack of consensus on what is the best procedure to assess fetal well-being in clinical practice. International societies recommend the performance of Doppler velocimetry, cardiotocography, and fetal biophysical profile only in high-risk pregnancies with suspected placental insufficiency or restricted intrauterine growth

[Disputes and history of fetal heart monitoring]. / Controversias e historia del monitoreo cardiaco fetal.

The concept of fetal heart monitoring to determine the fetal wellbeing state has been employed for almost 300 years, but in the last 50 years it has observed drastic changes due to the incorporation of the electronic devices that has started controversy since the moment of its description and point of start. The purpose of this article is to mention the key points and controversial moments in the history of the cardiotocography

[Liver transplantation during pregnancy in a patient with acute liver failure]. / Trasplante hepático durante el embarazo en una paciente con insuficiencia hepática aguda grave.

Liver transplantation is the best therapeutic approach in patients with acute liver failure. This clinical presentation during pregnancy is an unusual and dramatic event. We report the case of a 18 year-old woman with cryptogenic acute liver failure who underwent successful orthotopic liver transplantation at 20 weeks of pregnancy. Both outcomes were analyzed. Fetal death was observed within 48 hours after liver transplant. After six months of follow-up, the patient is doing well. This case illustrates the challenge of treating acute liver failure during pregnancy and demonstrates that liver transplantation is a feasible therapeutic option for treatment of patient with this condition.

[Assessment of fetal vitality and perinatal results in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass]. / Avaliação da vitalidade fetal e resultados perinatais em gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux.

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal vitality assessed in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and verify maternal complications and perinatal results. METHODS: Hospital charts of all pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were reviewed retrospectively. All cases followed at the specialized prenatal care that gave birth in this institution, between July 2001 and September 2009, were reviewed. The assessment of fetal vitality (cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry) performed in the last week before delivery were analyzed. The maternal variables investigated were: demographic data, maternal complications, mode of delivery, complications during delivery and postpartum, maternal blood exams and perinatal results. RESULTS: During the study period 30 pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were identified and 24 of them had undergone assessment of fetal vitality. All patients presented normal cardiotocography, normal fetal biophysical profile and normal results at the umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. One case presented with oligohydramnios. The main complication observed was maternal anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL, 86.7%). Cesarean section was performed in 21 pregnancies (70%). Delivery complications included one case of adherences, one hematoma and infection of abdominal wall scar and one postpartum hysterectomy for myoma and uterine atony. The proportion of small infants for gestational age was 23.3%. CONCLUSION: Fetal vitality was not compromised in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The main maternal complication was anemia, therefore these women require specific nutritional counseling and a broad evaluation for micronutrient deficiencies at early pregnancy.

Avaliação da vitalidade fetal e resultados perinatais em gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux / Assessment of fetal vitality and perinatal results in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da avaliação da vitalidade fetal de gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux, verificando as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais. MÉTODOS: No período de julho de 2001 a setembro de 2009, foram analisados, retrospectivamente, dados de prontuário de pacientes com gestação após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux, acompanhadas em pré-natal especializado e cujo parto foi realizado na instituição. Foram analisados os exames de avaliação da vitalidade fetal (cardiotocografia, perfil biofísico fetal e dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais) realizada na semana anterior ao parto. As variáveis maternas investigadas foram: dados demográficos, complicações clínicas maternas, tipo de parto, complicações no parto e pós-parto, exames hematimétricos maternos e resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: Trinta gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux foram identificadas e 24 delas foram submetidas à avaliação da vitalidade fetal. Todas as pacientes apresentaram resultados normais na cardiotocografia, no perfil biofísico fetal e na dopplervelocimetria das artérias umbilicais. Houve um caso de oligohidrâmnio. A principal complicação observada foi anemia materna (Hb < 11,0 g/dL, 86,7 por cento). A cesárea foi realizada em 21 pacientes (70 por cento). As complicações do parto incluíram um caso de aderências, um de hematoma e infecção de parede e um de histerectomia pós-parto por miomatose e atonia uterina. A proporção de recém-nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional foi de 23,3 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve comprometimento do bem-estar fetal em gestações após gastroplastia com derivação em Y de Roux. A principal complicação materna foi a anemia e essas mulheres requerem aconselhamento nutricional específico com ampla avaliação das deficiências de micronutrientes desde o início da gravidez.

OBJECTIVE: To study fetal vitality assessed in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass'and verify maternal complications and perinatal results. METHODS: Hospital charts of all pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were reviewed retrospectively. All cases followed at the specialized prenatal care that gave birth in this institution, between July 2001 and September 2009, were reviewed. The assessment of fetal vitality (cardiotocography, fetal biophysical profile and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry) performed in the last week before delivery were analyzed. The maternal variables investigated were: demographic data, maternal complications, mode of delivery, complications during delivery and postpartum, maternal blood exams and perinatal results. RESULTS: During the study period 30 pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were identified and 24 of them had undergone assessment of fetal vitality. All patients presented normal cardiotocography, normal fetal biophysical profile and normal results at the umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry. One case presented with oligohydramnios. The main complication observed was maternal anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL, 86.7 percent). Cesarean section was performed in 21 pregnancies (70 percent). Delivery complications included one case of adherences, one hematoma and infection of abdominal wall scar and one postpartum hysterectomy for myoma and uterine atony. The proportion of small infants for gestational age was 23.3 percent. CONCLUSION: Fetal vitality was not compromised in pregnancies after gastroplasty with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. The main maternal complication was anemia, therefore these women require specific nutritional counseling and a broad evaluation for micronutrient deficiencies at early pregnancy.

[Antenatal fetal surveillance]. / Avaliação da vitalidade fetal anteparto.

The present context of medical practice demands from the obstetrician and gynecologist broad understanding of the scientific and technological advances of the area. The main purpose of prenatal evaluation is to identify fetuses at risk for adverse events or death, for preventive action to avoid mishappenings. The determination of fetal biophysical profile reaches its maximum efficiency when applied within the clinical context of each case. In high risk gestations, the Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery has shown to be useful to improve perinatal outcome. In the fetal growth deficit, due to severe placentary insufficiency, Doppler velocimetry of the venous duct has been showing to be an important tool in handling of the cases before the 34th week of gestation. Although no test itself is considered the best to evaluate the fetus's prenatal vitality, the joint analysis of all methods may lead to a better understanding of the fetal response to hypoxia.

Avaliação da vitalidade fetal anteparto / Antenatal fetal surveillance

O contexto atual da atividade médica exige do obstetra e ginecologista ampla compreensão dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos de sua área. O objetivo primordial da avaliação fetal antenatal é identificar fetos de risco para eventos adversos ou para o óbito e, assim, atuar preventivamente para evitar o insucesso. O perfil biofísico fetal atinge sua máxima eficiência quando aplicado dentro do contexto clínico de cada caso. Em gestações de alto risco, a doplervelocimetria da artéria umbilical mostrou-se útil para melhorar os resultados perinatais. Na restrição de crescimento fetal por insuficiência placentária grave, antes da 34ª semana de gestação, a doplervelocimetria do ducto venoso tem sido importante instrumento na condução dos casos. Nenhum teste isoladamente é considerado o melhor na avaliação da vitalidade fetal anteparto, entretanto, a análise conjunta de todos os métodos irá propiciar melhor compreensão da resposta fetal à hipóxia.

The present context of medical practice demands from the obstetrician and gynecologist broad understanding of the scientific and technological advances of the area. The main purpose of prenatal evaluation is to identify fetuses at risk for adverse events or death, for preventive action to avoid mishappenings. The determination of fetal biophysical profile reaches its maximum efficiency when applied within the clinical context of each case. In high risk gestations, the Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery has shown to be useful to improve perinatal outcome. In the fetal growth deficit, due to severe placentary insufficiency, Doppler velocimetry of the venous duct has been showing to be an important tool in handling of the cases before the 34th week of gestation. Although no test itself is considered the best to evaluate the fetus's prenatal vitality, the joint analysis of all methods may lead to a better understanding of the fetal response to hypoxia.

Análise crítica dos métodos de avaliação da vitalidade fetal com base em evidências científicas / Critical analysis of methods for fetal vitality assessment based on scientific evidences

Tem-se observado incremento nas taxas de mortalidade perinatal, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Com o intuito de se reduzir esses índices, devem ser obtidas informações sobre as condições fetais durante a gestação e o parto. Vários métodos têm sido utilizados para monitorizar fetos durante a gestação. Dentre eles, podem-se citar a contagem de movimentos fetais, a cardiotocografia, o estímulo vibroacústico fetal, perfil biofísico fetal, oximetria de pulso, eletrocardiograma fetal e doplervelocimetria. A associação dos métodos de avaliação da vitalidade fetal é a melhor opção para se estudar os estados hipóxicos fetais. Entretanto, é importante o conhecimento de cada método para que haja indicação adequada durante a propedêutica de fetos com hipóxia. Reunimos, no mesmo trabalho, os métodos de avaliação da vitalidade fetal e suas indicações baseadas em revisões sistemáticas de literatura, trials e ensaios clínicos randomizados, com níveis de evidência 1. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer revisão sistemática dos métodos de avaliação da vitalidade fetal com base em evidências científicas.

An increase in perinatal mortality rates has been observed especially in low and medium income countries. Data regarding fetal conditions during pregnancy and delivery are important to reduce these rates. Several methods have been used for fetal monitoring during pregnancy, including the determination of the number of fetal movements, cardiotocography, fetal vibroacoustic stimulation, fetal biophysical profile, pulse oximetry, fetal electrocardiogram, and dopplervelocimetry. A combination of methods for the assessment of fetal vitality is the best option to evaluate fetal hypoxic states. However, knowledge about each method is important for adequate indication during the assessment of fetuses with hypoxia. We combined, in the same study, methods for the assessment of fetal vitality and their indications based on a systematic review of randomized clinical trials reporting level 1 evidence. Thus, the objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review of methods for the assessment of fetal vitality based on scientific evidence.