Wondering and Wandering: In Defense of Free Association and the Fundamental Rule.

"Free association" and the "fundamental rule" are bedrock for psychoanalytic therapy and apply to what both patient and analyst should experience in the process. The article traces Sigmund Freud's revolutionary recognition of the importance of free association that began with his tribute to the works of Ludwig Börne and Friedrich Schiller. The author invokes other proposals akin to free association made by artists and scientists, including John Keats, Charles Dickens, Robert Frost, Thomas S. Kuhn, Arthur Koestler, and Albert Einstein. While emphasizing the importance and the liberatory potential of free association as it relates to effective treatment and discovery, the author contends that there is a "moral press" for both the patient and the analyst to permit free associative thoughts, particularly to question assumptions about how things are supposed to be.

Soft diamonds: poetic sentiment, poetic speech, and poetic specimen in the clinical hour.

Three links between poetry and psychoanalysis are highlighted in this paper. These refer to the presence, in the clinical hour, of (i) poetic sentiment, (ii) poetic speech, and (iii) poetic specimen. Each is elucidated in detail and with the help of socio-clinical vignettes. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate that, through the affirmative holding and partial unmasking of the instinctual-epistemic conflation in verse and free-association, both poetry and psychoanalysis seek to transform the private into shared, the hideous into elegant, and the unfathomable into accessible.

The "Small World of Words" free association norms for Rioplatense Spanish.

Large-scale word association datasets are both important tools used in psycholinguistics and used as models that capture meaning when considered as semantic networks. Here, we present word association norms for Rioplatense Spanish, a variant spoken in Argentina and Uruguay. The norms were derived through a large-scale crowd-sourced continued word association task in which participants give three associations to a list of cue words. Covering over 13,000 words and +3.6 M responses, it is currently the most extensive dataset available for Spanish. We compare the obtained dataset with previous studies in Dutch and English to investigate the role of grammatical gender and studies that used Iberian Spanish to test generalizability to other Spanish variants. Finally, we evaluated the validity of our data in word processing (lexical decision reaction times) and semantic (similarity judgment) tasks. Our results demonstrate that network measures such as in-degree provide a good prediction of lexical decision response times. Analyzing semantic similarity judgments showed that results replicate and extend previous findings demonstrating that semantic similarity derived using spreading activation or spectral methods outperform word embeddings trained on text corpora.

Câncer materno: a compreensão da criança e suas representações / Maternal cancer: the child's understanding and its representations / Cáncer materno: comprensión del niño y sus representaciones

O câncer é uma doença crônico-degenerativa, que tem como uma de suas principais características a capacidade de invadir tecidos e órgãos do corpo, favorecendo o crescimento desordenado de células. É uma doença que impacta fortemente a pessoa enferma e todos à sua volta, incluindo sua família e seus amigos. A partir desse cenário, este trabalho visou compreender a visão da criança e o impacto emocional sofrido diante do diagnóstico de câncer da mãe. Buscou-se avaliar, a partir de ferramentas lúdicas e do desenho-estória, o entendimento da criança em relação ao processo de adoecimento materno, tomando como base o referencial psicanalítico para reconhecer como ela lidou com a situação. Participaram desta pesquisa uma mulher de 39 anos com diagnóstico de câncer em remissão e seu filho de 9 anos. Os resultados demonstraram que o adoecimento materno causou impactos emocionais significativos e assustadores para o infante, gerando fantasias irreais relacionadas ao câncer e a si próprio. Dessa forma, considera-se de fundamental importância o cuidado estendido aos familiares do indivíduo doente, a fim de que se tenha um olhar a todos que sofrem diante desse contexto.(AU)

Cancer is a chronic-degenerative disease that has as one of its main characteristics the ability to invade tissues and organs of the body, favoring the disordered cell growth. It is a disease that strongly impacts the sick person and everyone around them, including their family and friends. Based on this scenario, this work aimed to understand the child's view and the emotional impact suffered in the face of the mother's cancer diagnosis. It sought to evaluate, with ludic tools and drawing history, the child's understanding about the mother's illness process, based on the psychoanalytic framework to recognize how they deal with the situation. A 39-year-old woman diagnosed with cancer, in remission, and her 9-year-old son participated in this research. The results showed that the maternal illness caused significant and frightening emotional impacts for the infant, creating unrealistic fantasies related to cancer and to himself. Thus, the care extended to the sick individual's family and to the relatives is considered of fundamental importance, to give a complete care for all those who suffer in this context.(AU)

El cáncer es una enfermedad crónico-degenerativa, que tiene como una de sus principales características la capacidad de invadir tejidos y órganos, favoreciendo un crecimiento desordenado de las células. Enfermedades como esta impactan fuertemente a la persona que está enferma y a todos los que la rodean, incluidos familiares y amigos. Considerando esta situación, este estudio tuvo como objetivo comprender la percepción de un niño y el impacto emocional que sufrió ante el diagnóstico del cáncer vivido por su madre. Se pretendió evaluar, utilizando herramientas lúdicas y de dibujo-cuento, la comprensión del niño al proceso de enfermedad materna, buscando reconocer cómo el niño manejó este proceso a partir del referencial teórico psicoanalítico. En esta investigación participaron una mujer de 39 años diagnosticada de cáncer en remisión y su hijo de 9 años. Los resultados mostraron que los impactos emocionales de la enfermedad materna fueron significativos y aterradores para el infante, generando fantasías irreales relacionadas con el cáncer y él mismo. De esta forma, el cuidado extendido a la familia del individuo que está enfrentando esta enfermedad es importante para promover una atención integral a quienes la padecen en este contexto.(AU)

Liquid Modernity and Imagistic Production: Reflections on Social Media and Free Associations.

Social media has profound impact on how we experience the world and interact with others. Rapidly advancing technology has created platforms that have become increasingly image-based and emotionally manipulative. Do the new patterns of communication change patients' mental processes? Is free association becoming more imagistic? Contemporary clinical settings invite new perspectives on the intersections between the social and individual realms, patients' modes of expression, and analysts' interpretations.

Hope, health and cure: the meanings of the vaccine against COVID-19 / Esperança, saúde e cura: os significados da vacina contra a COVID-19 / Esperanza, salud y curación: los significados de la vacuna contra la COVID-19

The objective of this study was to identify the meanings that Brazilians attribute to the vaccines against COVID-19. A non-probabilistic sample of 1,817 Brazilians was used, each of whom answered a sociodemographic questionnaire and then the free word association technique was applied, with the inducing stimulus "vaccine for COVID-19". This data was analyzed using descriptive statistics in the SPSS software and the textual analysis was completed using IRaMuTeQ. The results were organized into classes: (1) "Vaccine - a glimmer of hope", portraying the expectation of healing and freedom; (2) "Vaccine - a scientific response to prevention", showing the role of research; and (3) "Vaccine - fears and political aspects", highlighting obstacles to vaccination. The results also demonstrated differences in responses depending on the region; adhesion to isolation; history of infection and hospitalization for COVID-19; being a frontline health professional; and being from a risk group. It is concluded that understanding the meanings of vaccination is essential for planning more effective interventions in immunization. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os significados que brasileiros atribuem às vacinas contra a COVID-19. Contou-se com amostra não probabilística de 1.817 brasileiros, que responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico e à técnica de associação livre de palavras, com estímulo indutor "vacina para COVID-19", analisados por meio de estatística descritiva no software SPSS e análise textual no IRaMuTeQ. Os resultados organizaram-se em classes: (1) "Vacina - um sopro de esperança", retratando a expectativa de cura e liberdade; (2) "Vacina - uma resposta da ciência para a prevenção", lembrando o papel das pesquisas; e (3) "Vacina - temores e aspectos políticos", ressaltando entraves à vacinação. Também trouxe diferenças nas evocações em função da região; adesão ao isolamento; histórico de infecção e internação por COVID-19; ser profissional de saúde da linha de frente e ser do grupo de risco. Conclui-se que compreender os significados da vacinação é essencial ao planejamento de intervenções mais efetivas na imunização. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los significados que los brasileños atribuyen a las vacunas contra la COVID-19. Contamos con una muestra de 1.817 brasileños, quienes respondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico y la técnica de asociación libre de palabras, con el estímulo inductor "vacuna para COVID-19", analizado mediante estadística descriptiva en el SPSS y análisis textual en el IRaMuTeQ. Los resultados se organizaron en clases: (1) "Vacuna - un soplo de esperanza", retratando la expectativa de curación y libertad; (2) "Vacuna - una respuesta científica a la prevención", recordando el papel de la investigación; y (3) "Vacuna: miedos y aspectos políticos", destacando los obstáculos para la vacunación. También se identificaron diferencias en las respuestas según la región; la adherencia al aislamiento; los antecedentes de infección y hospitalización por COVID-19; ser un profesional de la salud de primera línea; y pertenecer a un grupo de riesgo. Se concluye que comprender los significados de la vacunación es fundamental para planificar intervenciones más efectivas de inmunización. (AU)

Qualitative research interviewing: application and use of free association.

BACKGROUND: Free association is a core concept of the free association narrative interview method, an approach that is well-known among researchers in the UK who are interested in using psychoanalytic ideas in qualitative psycho-social research. AIM: To examine the relationship between the framing of the psychoanalytic concept of free association in the contexts of qualitative research interviewing, clinical psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. DISCUSSION: This article considers the definition of free association in psychology and psychoanalysis. It then explores free association's role in the free association narrative method, in terms of interview technique and the analysis of interview material. CONCLUSION: Researchers should carefully consider differences in the contexts of research, clinical psychoanalysis and psychotherapy to avoid makeshift integrations of clinical concepts. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The free association narrative interview method is an attractive approach for researchers interested in applying psychoanalytic ideas in their studies. However, researchers should carefully reflect on the meanings of the clinical ideas and terminology they use.

Free Association and Inner Speech-On the Internal Form of Words.

This comment paper reviews Fossa (2022) from the perspective of the semiotics of inner speech. The syntactic and semantic features of inner speech described in Vygotsky, Thinking and Speech, Chap. 7, are, on the one hand, a source of creativity through the affective dimension of inner spech and, on the other hand, a therapeutic function of psychoanalysis and other forms of psychotherapy. The function of inner speech in the pre-reflective dimension is the focus of Fossa's edited volume. In order to reinforce this argument, the present paper takes as its cue the internal forms of words discussed by Potebnya and examines them. The internal form of words has certain primordial features and evokes a figure (образ; picture). Internal forms have figurative properties. Through this context-independent figuration (phonological, visual image, experiential sense of meaning), semantics causes a unit with other words in a loose semantic linkage. As they are not bound by the external form of segmented speech, they bring about a sense of reification, as if the internal form repeats itself in the proximity of semantic sense, even if the manifested expressive content is different. The internal form of words, in which the form conveys meaning as it is, reveals the semiotic character of dreams and free association, which psychoanalysis uses as clinical material. Many psychotherapies actively use pre-linguistic mediating effects, because surrendering to the internal forms that are repeated in inner speech allows the subject to return to a pre-reflective dimension from which a new subject can be recovered. From the above, this paper has shown that in the boundary zone of the transition from inner speech to outer speech situations, exposure to alterity, to intimate unknown, is involved in the constitution of the subject.

Some Arguments About Free Association as a Technique.

Freud, early in psychoanalytic history, modified hypnotic technique and recommended, in its stead, free association. This paper takes a close look at the theoretical foundations of that technique in light of theoretical developments over the past hundred plus years. It is argued that free association is similar to an asymptote, which is never quite reached. Moreover, it is argued that the direction to free associate is contraindicated in many, if not most, psychological disturbances. Guided association or avoidance of free association is sometimes required. For a limited group of patients, whose major ego functions (abstraction, integration, and reality testing), ego strengths (impulse control, affect tolerance, and containing primary process), object relations (capacities for empathy, trust, and closeness), and superego (shame/guilt) are intact, the direction to use the couch and attempt to free associate may still be quite useful. For most people who present for treatment, however, this approach is likely not beneficial. The complex arguments about the decision-making process regarding free association are discussed.

Offline dominance and zeugmatic similarity normings of variably ambiguous words assessed against a neural language model (BERT).

For any research program examining how ambiguous words are processed in broader linguistic contexts, a first step is to establish factors relating to the frequency balance or dominance of those words' multiple meanings, as well as the similarity of those meanings to one other. Homonyms-words with divergent meanings-are one ambiguous word type commonly utilized in psycholinguistic research. In contrast, although polysemes-words with multiple related senses-are far more common in English, they have been less frequently used as tools for understanding one-to-many word-to-meaning mappings. The current paper details two norming studies of a relatively large number of ambiguous English words. In the first, offline dominance norming is detailed for 547 homonyms and polysemes via a free association task suitable for words across the ambiguity continuum, with a goal of identifying words with more equibiased meanings. The second norming assesses offline meaning similarity for a partial subset of 318 ambiguous words (including homonyms, unambiguous words, and polysemes divided into regular and irregular types) using a novel, continuous rating method reliant on the linguistic phenomenon of zeugma. In addition, we conduct computational analyses on the human similarity norming data using the BERT pretrained neural language model (Devlin et al., 2018, BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. ArXiv Preprint. arXiv:1810.04805) to evaluate factors that may explain variance beyond that accounted for by dictionary-criteria ambiguity categories. Finally, we make available the summarized item dominance values and similarity ratings in resultant appendices (see supplementary material), as well as individual item and participant norming data, which can be accessed online ( https://osf.io/g7fmv/ ).

Uma leitura teórico-clínica de uma análise: o fato clínico como operador metodológico / A theoretical-clinical reading of an analysis: the clinical fact as a methodological operator / Una lectura teórico-clinica del análisis: el hecho clínico como herramienta metodológica

O presente artigo é oriundo de pesquisa acadêmica que teve como objetivo estudar a clínica psicanalítica e seus efeitos por meio da apresentação de fragmentos de uma análise já encerrada. Para alcançar esse objetivo, utilizamos a ferramenta metodológica do fato clínico, articulando o material clínico com alguns pontos da teoria psicanalítica. Como resultado, apontamos que é possível fazer uma leitura teórico-clínica de uma experiência de análise sob a perspectiva dos movimentos discursivos, em especial do sujeito do inconsciente ($) e do objeto a, conforme apresentados na proposição dos Quatro Discursos de Lacan. Acreditamos que este estudo enfatiza a importância da especificidade da pesquisa em psicanálise em sua dimensão clínica e os possíveis efeitos produzidos por esse processo terapêutico. Dessa maneira, entendemos que a divulgação deste trabalho pode contribuir para a discussão da prática clínica entre colegas do campo psicanalítico e acadêmico, bem como para a difícil tarefa da apresentação do material clínico com a sustentação teórica necessária, a fim de fortalecermos a sempre fundamental transmissão da psicanálise.(AU)

This article comes from academic research that aimed to study the psychoanalytic clinic and its effects by presenting fragments of an analysis that has already ended. To achieve this goal, we used the methodological tool of the clinical fact, articulating the clinical material with some points of psychoanalytic theory. As a result, we point out that it is possible to make a theoretical-clinical reading of an analysis experience from the perspective of discursive movements, in particular, the subject of the unconscious ($) and of the object a, as presented in the proposition of Lacan's Four Discourses. We believe that this study emphasizes the importance of the specificity of research in psychoanalysis in its clinical dimension and the possible effects produced by this therapeutic process. In this way, we understand that the dissemination of this work can contribute to the discussion of clinical practice among colleagues in the psychoanalytic and academic fields, as well as to the difficult task of presenting clinical material with the necessary theoretical support, to strengthen the always fundamental transmission of psychoanalysis.(AU)

Este artículo surge de una investigación académica que pretendió estudiar la clínica psicoanalítica y sus efectos mediante la presentación de fragmentos de un análisis que ya terminó. Para lograr este objetivo, se utilizó la herramienta metodológica del hecho clínico articulando el material clínico con algunos puntos de la teoría psicoanalítica. El resultado permite señalar que es posible realizar una lectura teórico-clínica de una experiencia de análisis desde la perspectiva de los movimientos discursivos, en particular el sujeto del inconsciente ($) y el objeto a, como se presenta en la proposición de los cuatro discursos de Lacan. Este estudio enfatiza la importancia de la especificidad de la investigación en psicoanálisis en su dimensión clínica y los posibles efectos que produce este proceso terapéutico. De esta forma, la difusión de este trabajo puede contribuir a la discusión de la práctica clínica entre colegas del campo psicoanalítico y académico, así como a la difícil tarea de presentar material clínico con el soporte teórico necesario para fortalecer la siempre fundamental transmisión del psicoanálisis.(AU)

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

What Is Expressed in "Free-Association"? Theoretical Notes on the Erotic Poetics of freier Einfalle.

Despite the historical importance of free-association to psychoanalysis, there are theoretical tensions within the discipline as to how we think about what is expressed in free association and why it might be important to listen and become aware of ourselves free associatively. This method has usually been conceived of as a mode of speaking with the purpose of listening in order to hear and to arrive at the formulations of interpretation and insight. Rather than solely having this epistemological purpose, it can also be considered as an ontological freeing of subtle energies leading to greater aliveness. Pivotal to this way of approaching psychoanalytic processes are the "helpful notions" of psychic energy and of repression, with the latter being understood not as an eviction of representational forms from the domain of consciousness, but rather as the deformation of representations into traces of psychic energy that remain actively disruptive within us. The author suggests that, through free-associative processes, the patient and the psychoanalyst can become aware of movements of psychic energy that cannot be formulated in the representationality of self-consciousness. This unorthodox reading of Freud's discoveries leads to an interesting "ontoethical" appreciation of psychoanalytic processes as somatically grounded and erotically poetic.

Discovering the structure and organization of a free Cantonese emotion-label word association graph to understand mental lexicons of emotions.

Emotions are not necessarily universal across different languages and cultures. Mental lexicons of emotions depend strongly on contextual factors, such as language and culture. The Chinese language has unique linguistic properties that are different from other languages. As a main variant of Chinese, Cantonese has some emotional expressions that are only used by Cantonese speakers. Previous work on Chinese emotional vocabularies focused primarily on Mandarin. However, little is known about Cantonese emotion vocabularies. This is important since both language variants might have distinct emotional expressions, despite sharing the same writing system. To explore the structure and organization of Cantonese-label emotion words, we selected 79 highly representative emotion cue words from an ongoing large-scale Cantonese word association study (SWOW-HK). We aimed to identify the categories of these emotion words and non-emotion words that related to emotion concepts. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to generate word clusters and investigate the underlying emotion dimensions. As the cluster quality was low in hierarchical clustering, we further constructed an emotion graph using a network approach to explore how emotions are organized in the Cantonese mental lexicon. With the support of emotion knowledge, the emotion graph defined more distinct emotion categories. The identified network communities covered basic emotions such as love, happiness, and sadness. Our results demonstrate that mental lexicon graphs constructed from free associations of Cantonese emotion-label words can reveal fine categories of emotions and their relevant concepts.

"Call Me by Your Name": The Wrong Action: From Ferenczi to Enactment as a Process.

It is always hard for psychoanalysis to connect free associations and action. With Freud, action could be interpreted only when it referred to the transference; otherwise, action was a resistance to the possibility of free association. Unlike Freud, Ferenczi recognized the importance of the analyst's acting-out as the patient's unconscious request for experiences of trauma to be mobilized. By presenting a clinical case, the author offers the analyst's error as the mobilization of a traumatic block. The error activates a "Process of enactment," whereas if the error is not considered positively, it is simply a mistake, or the loss of a creative opportunity.

A articulação teórica da associação livre / The theoretical articulation of free association

Mapeia-se o processo de articulação teórica da associação livre entre 1900 e 1913. Defende-se que esse procedimento só é nomeado e elevado à condição de regra fundamental retroativamente após avanços na técnica, na metapsicologia e na clínica. Inicialmente, as diretrizes da associação livre estão mescladas ao método de interpretação dos sonhos. Constituíram passos estratégicos em direção ao seu reconhecimento: a problematização do manejo da transferência, a constatação de um resquício de sugestão no vínculo analista-analisando, os desenvolvimentos metapsicológicos acerca da fantasia, as considerações sobre a função da abstinência no tratamento analítico e o debate sobre a modulação da atenção na escuta do analista e na fala do analisando. Realizam-se alguns apontamentos de caráter ético e epistemológico sobre a atualidade da associação livre, destacando-se a importância da participação do analista para a efetivação dessa técnica.

K-clique percolation in free association networks and the possible mechanism behind the [Formula: see text] law.

It is important to reveal the mechanisms of propagation in different cognitive networks. In this study, we discuss the k-clique percolation phenomenon as related to the free association networks including the English Small World of Words project (SWOW-EN). We compared different semantic networks and networks of free associations for various languages. Surprisingly, k-clique percolation for all [Formula: see text] 6-7 is possible on free association networks of different languages. Our analysis suggests new universality patterns for a community organization of free association networks. We conjecture that our result can provide a qualitative explanation of Miller's [Formula: see text] rule for the capacity limit of working memory. A new model of network evolution extending the preferential attachment is suggested, providing the observed value of [Formula: see text].

Fear of Crime Among Caribbean Women in University: A Qualitative Exploration Using the Free Association Narrative Method.

Women attending university are generally at a heightened risk of victimization. As such, there is an emerging body of literature exploring fear of crime among them. Although several studies have explored this phenomenon quantitatively, relatively few have investigated fear of crime among this group of women in their own words. Using a sample of women at the University of the West Indies, this study seeks to address this gap. The study reveals strong support for the shadow of sexual assault theory as the women interviewed overwhelmingly describe their fear of crime against the background of their perceived vulnerability to rape.

Representação social sobre o aprendizado de estudantesdeOdontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão inseridos em Estágio Curricular na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Social representation on the learning of dentistry students from the Federal University of Maranhão includedin the curricular internship in Primary Health Care

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a representação social sobre o aprendizadode estudantes do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Maranhão,ao finalde um estágio curricularno contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde,e comparar os resultadoscom as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais vigentes. Foi realizado um estudo de natureza qualitativa, por meio de um questionário, instrumento utilizado para avaliar o estágio, do qual somente a primeira questão era de interesse para este estudo. Nessa questãoera solicitado ao aluno queevocasse,em ordem crescente de importância,cinco palavras que demonstrassem seu aprendizado ao fim do estágio. O questionário foi preenchido pelos egressos do 5º período entre 2016 e 2019, totalizando 100 avaliações.Foi considerada uma abordagem estrutural e Análise Prototípica, na qual se considera a frequência e a ordem das palavras, compondo um núcleo central e periferias. Osoftware utilizado, o OpenEVOC®, identificou 500 termos evocadose 10 que formaram a representação social. O núcleo central foi composto pelos termos: planejamento, conhecimento e gestão; a primeira periferia: organização; na zona de contraste: territorialização e humanização; e segunda periferia: comprometimento, realidade, paciência e metas. As evocações sugerem que o estágiofoicomposto por atividades que dotassemos profissionais de competências e habilidades necessáriasdo novo perfil de profissional. A representação social dos estudantes do curso de Odontologia, inseridos em um estágio ambientado na Atenção Primária à Saúde, é marcada por termos característicos da implementação de conhecimentos do sistema público de saúde brasileiro e reflete conteúdos conexos com as diretrizes curriculares do curso (AU).

This study aimed to identify the social representation on the learning of students of the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Maranhão, at the end of a curricular internship in Primary Health Care, and compare the results with the current National Curricular Guidelines. A qualitative study was carried out using a questionnaire, an instrument used to assess the internship, and only the first question was of interest to this study. In this question, students were asked to evoke five words that demonstrated their learning at the end of the internship in increasing order of importance. The questionnaire was completed by graduates from the 5thperiod between 2016 and 2019, totaling 100 evaluations. A structural approach and Prototypical Analysis were adopted, considering the frequency and order of words, composing a central and peripheral core. Software OpenEVOC® identified 500 evoked terms and 10 that established a social representation. The central core consisted of the following terms: planning, knowledge, and management; the first periphery: organization; the contrast zone: territorialization and humanization; and the second periphery: commitment, reality, patience, and goals. Evocations suggested that the internship consisted of activities that equipped the professionals with the necessary skills and abilities for the new professional profile. The social representation of students in the Dentistry course included in an environmental internship in Primary Health Care is marked by terms typical of implementing knowledge in the Brazilian public health system and shows the course's curricular programs' contents (AU).

The Free Association Task: Proposal of a Clinical Tool for Detecting Differential Profiles of Semantic Impairment in Semantic Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease.

Backround and Objectives: It is widely agreed that patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and patients suffering from semantic dementia (SD) might fail clinically administered semantic tasks due to a different combination of underlying cognitive deficits: namely, degraded semantic representations in SD and degraded representations plus executive control deficit in AD. However, no easy administrable test or test battery for differentiating the semantic impairment profile in these populations has been devised yet. Materials and Methods: In this study, we propose a new easy administrable task based on a free association procedure (F-Assoc) to be used in conjunction with category fluency (Cat-Fl) and letter fluency (Lett-Fl) for quantifying pure representational and pure control deficits, thus teasing apart the semantic profile of SD and AD patients. Results: In a sample of 10 AD and 10 SD subjects, matched for disease severity, we show that indices of asymmetric performance contrasting F-Assoc and each of the two verbal fluency tasks yield a clearly distinguishable discrepancy pattern across SD and AD. We also provide empirical support for the validity of an asymmetry measure contrasting F-Assoc and Cat-FL as an index of control impairment. Conclusions: The present study suggests that the free association procedure provides a pure measure of degradation of semantic representations avoiding the confound of possible concomitant executive deficits.