Oropharyngeal Swelling and Airway Obstruction from Environmental Cold Exposure: A Case Report.

A 19-year-old male presented with facial frostbite and severe oropharyngeal edema after prolonged riding of a snowmobile without any facial covering. The diffuse swelling eventually progressed to airway obstruction, requiring a surgical airway. No alternative explanation was found for his presentation, making this the first case found in the literature of airway obstruction secondary to environmental cold exposure.

Frostbite treated with hyperbaric oxygen.

This is a case report of a 39-year-old man who participated in a cross-country skiing race in Alaska. A few minutes with a glove-free hand resulted in frostbites. Medical assistance arrived 24 hours later and enoxaparine was administered. After seven days, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) was initiated in Denmark. After 90 days the distal part of the second finger was removed due to mummification. Compared with the original extent of the injury the amputated part was significantly smaller. HBOT as treatment has not yet been described in Danish patients and is only used on an experimental basis worldwide.

Thermal Injuries Occurring to the Foot: A Review.

Thermal injuries are one of the most common injuries in both civilian and combat scenarios. The importance of clinical determination of burn and frostbite injuries and treatment involves understanding the pathophysiology and mechanisms of these injuries while continually reviewing literature and studying new treatment modalities. This present review examines the (1) epidemiology, (2) etiology, (3) pathophysiology and classification, and (4) treatment of thermal injuries occurring to the foot. In addition to the paucity of new literature and studies on thermal injury, this is the first review, to the best of our knowledge, to examine the management of thermal injuries occurring to the foot.

Pediatric Environmental Cold Injuries.

Cold weather injuries are relevant concerns for children during winter sports and outdoor activities. To mitigate the risk of cold injury in this high-risk population, providers can educate parents on proper outdoor attire as well as the added risks of wind and water exposure. There are 2 types of environmental cold injuries: freezing injuries and nonfreezing injuries. Frostbite is a freezing injury from direct contact with cold air or surfaces. The extent of injury depends on the depth to which the freezing extends. Treatment involves rewarming the frozen tissue with warm water baths and considering analgesia. Hypothermia is a nonfreezing cold injury, and it can occur even when ambient temperatures are above freezing. When there is a decrease in the body's core temperature, hypothermia progresses from mild to severe symptoms. Treatment of hypothermia is threefold but is also dependent on the core body temperature, as colder core temperatures will require more aggressive warming techniques. Hypothermia treatment involves passive protection from further heat loss (ie, removing wet clothing), which helps the body to warm itself. Treatment also involves active external rewarming wherein a heat source, such as a heated blanket, is used to increase body temperature. Active internal rewarming is the delivery of heat inside the patient's body, such as warmed intravenous fluids.

Review of our 10 years experience in cold burns at the burn center in the Southeast Anatolia region of Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Frostbite injuries remain to be one of the most complex and current problems of emergency medicine. Although cold burns are less frequent in hot climatic regions, it is a trauma, especially for men in our region. Also, most of the patients have difficulties in gaining early access to health and burn centers. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis on sixteen patients aged between 13 and 82, who were presented to Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital Burn Center due to frostbite injuries. Data of each patient, including age, gender, injury time, extremity injuries, bacteriological observations, and general warming, were obtained from patients' files and computer records. RESULTS: After providing the first intervention to all the patients with trauma, a circulatory disorder of the injury area was deter-mined, and the treatment was provided accordingly. The treatment of these patients required very long and expensive operations, which often resulted in making them disabled. CONCLUSION: Deep frostbites in the cold winter months are frequently observed due to the unconscious use of ice and illegal crossings from the mountains at the Turkey border.

Cryotherapy Induced Burns: A Case Series of Three Patients.

Whole-body cryotherapy involves the use of a specially designed liquid nitrogen cryochamber to expose the body to cold, dry air (below -100°C) for short periods of time and has been gaining popularity in the field of sports and exercise science as an aid in recovery following exercise or injury. While proponents of cryotherapy claim that it can reduce inflammation and expedite muscle recovery, there has yet to be published literature that supports these claims. While there is no evidence that cryotherapy provides any benefits, there is a risk for injury with the use of these devices owing to the extreme cold temperatures that are used. We present the three cases of patients who suffered frostbite injuries secondary to single cryotherapy sessions. The first case involved a 26-year-old male who suffered a full-thickness frostbite injury that eventually required excision and grafting, while cases 2 and 3 involve a 17-year-old male and a 28-year-old male who both suffered partial-thickness injuries.

[Corrosions and frostbites].

Thermal burns are by far the most frequent and account for approx. 90% of all burns, while frostbites, chemical and electrical burns (CB) cover the remaining approx. 10%. This review gives an overview of the treatment of corrosions and frostbites. CB and frostbites are relatively rare and prompt initiation of proper treatment is essential for both. CB should be diluted as soon as possible, preferably with a neutralizing solution. Treatment of systemic hypothermia comes before management of peripheral frostbite. Frostbites involve thawing in warm water, followed by vasodilation, thrombolysis and amputation if indicated.

A Tibetan adolescent girl suffered frostbite on the journey of pilgrimage: A case report.

Frostbite in Southwestern China has been overlooked due to its low incidence, relatively mild temperature and lack of literature published before. However, it needs to be further studied for religious diversity and distinct geomorphology. In this article, we reported an 18-year-old Tibetan girl who suffered from blizzard attack during pilgrimage. Her feet and several fingers showed mummified gangrene upon physical examination with poor movement. She was diagnosed with 3rd to 4th degree of frostbite. The girl was given oral ibuprofen, debridement and other regular treatment daily, but she was eventually amputated due to insufficient thrombolytic management in primary hospital, delayed informing consent in the referral hospital and ethnic conflict between religion and guidelines. This case enriched the experience of managing complex frostbite in Tibetan population and alarms that efforts should be integrated to protect pilgrims and mountaineers in the Tibetan region.

Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite-A Scoping Review.

Frostbite is tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures and constitutes an important cause of morbidity in cold climate zones and high altitude. The direct effects of sub-zero temperatures lead to tissue freezing, electrolyte shifts and pH alterations, microvascular damage, and eventually to cell death. Upon rewarming, inflammatory reperfusion injury and thrombosis may lead to further tissue damage. Several studies and various case reports show that many patients suffer from long-term sequelae such as vasomotor disturbances (associated with susceptibility to refreezing), and neuropathic and nociceptive pain, as well as damage to skeletal structures. There are still many uncertainties regarding the pathophysiology of these sequelae. It has been shown that the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) family plays a role in cold allodynia. Botulinum Toxin type A (BTX-A) injections have been reported to be beneficial in vasomotor and neuropathic disturbances secondary to frostbite. Epidural sympathetic block has been used for short-term treatment of frostbite induced chronic pain. Furthermore, amitriptyline, gabapentinoids, and duloxetine may have some benefits. Frostbite arthritis clinically resembles regular osteoarthritis. In children there is a risk of epiphyseal cartilage damage leading to bone deformities. Despite some promising therapeutic concepts, the scarcity of data on frostbite long-term sequelae in the literature indicates the need of more in-depth studies of this pathology in all its aspects.

Development of Second-degree Frostbite in Two Service Members Wearing Issued Cold Weather Footgear Traversing Sea Ice.

Frostbite, or the freezing of the tissues by exposure to conditions below the freezing point of water, is an unsettling and potentially dangerous condition that one can develop while living and working in cold environments below 0°C without proper protections. Civilians and military personnel operating in prolonged field conditions in temperatures below freezing rely on advanced fabrics and multiple layers to maintain body heat around the extremities to prevent frostbite. Here, we detail the situation and findings of frostbite in 2 American service members who were exposed to temperatures of approximately -19.5°C for 5 hours while hiking on frozen sea ice. Notably, these members were wearing their issued cold weather equipment at the time of their injury. The personnel presented with the classic signs and symptoms of second-degree frostbite with blistering and tingling but went on to have no lasting serious sequelae. We find these cases important as it documents the inadequacy of the footgear utilized, despite being operated in weather conditions within the range of the manufacturer's safety recommendations. Sea ice and other very cold, conducting surfaces may require other gear considerations when operating in this unique terrain type.

Update: Cold Weather Injuries, Active and Reserve Components, U.S. Armed Forces, July 2015-June 2020.

From July 2019 through June 2020, a total of 415 members of the active (n=363) and reserve (n=52) components had at least 1 medical encounter with a primary diagnosis of cold injury. The crude overall incidence rate of cold injury for all active component service members in 2019-2020 (27.4 per 100,000 person-years [p-yrs]) was lower than the rate for the 2018-2019 cold season (35.1 per 100,000 p-yrs) and was the lowest rate during the 5-year surveillance period. In 2019-2020, frostbite was the most common type of cold injury among active component service members in all 4 services. Among active component members during the 2015-2020 cold seasons, overall rates of cold injuries were generally highest among males, non-Hispanic black service members, the youngest (less than 20 years old), and those who were enlisted. The number of cold injuries associated with overseas deployments during the 2019-2020 cold season (n=10) was the lowest count during the 5-year surveillance period. Frostbite accounted for three-fifths (n=6; 60.0%) of the cold weather injuries diagnosed and treated in service members deployed outside of the U.S during the 2019-2020 cold season.

Frostbite: Current status and advancements in therapeutics.

Frostbite is a severe ischemic injury which occurs due to the tissue vascular damage after sub-zero temperature tissue exposure. Deep frostbite can result in necrosis and may need amputation of affected tissue. Though a serious injury, it is not very well understood, and further scientific exploration is needed. This work explores the current understanding of the pathophysiology of frostbite. We reviewed the current status of the diagnostics, the drugs, the therapies and the surgical practices for prevention and management of frostbite. Advances in nanotechnology and drug delivery had improved the therapeutic outcomes significantly. This review also explored the latest advancements and researches done for development of newer therapeutics and diagnostics for frostbite care.

[Frostbite due to recreational nitrous oxide use]. / Bevriezingswonden door recreatief lachgasgebruik.

BACKGROUND: There is a new type of injury that is observed increasingly often: frostbite of the thighs that has occurred as result of holding a cylinder containing nitrous oxide in position between the legs during recreational use of said substance. Because skin symptoms are often mild in the first few days after the event, the severity of the injury is often not recognized. However, patients can suffer serious scarring from this type of injury. CASE DESCRIPTION: We present two cases involving young patients who were referred to the burns unit with lesions sustained through nitrous oxide use. Upon inspection we observed deep frostbite wounds, which necessitated operative treatment. The patients had to undergo multiple operations and remained under our care for management of their scars. CONCLUSION: It is important to recognize this injury and to consult one of the burns units to treat these patients in a timeline and appropriate manner.

Amputation Risk Factors in Severely Frostbitten Patients.

In recent years, the incidence of frostbite has increased among healthy young adults who practice winter sports (skiing, mountaineering, ice climbing and technical climbing/alpinism) at both the professional and amateur levels. Moreover, given that the population most frequently affected is healthy and active, frostbite supposes a substantial interruption of their normal activity and in most cases is associated with long-term sequelae. It particularly has a higher impact when the affected person's daily activities require exposure to cold environments, as either sports practices or work activities in which low temperatures are a constant (ski patrols, mountain guides, avalanche forecasters, workers in the cold chain, etc.). Clinical experience with humans shows a limited reversibility of injuries via potential tissue regeneration, which can be fostered with optimal medical management. Data were collected from 92 frostbitten patients in order to evaluate factors that represent a risk of amputation after severe frostbite. Mountain range, years of expertise in winter mountaineering, time elapsed before rewarming and especially altitude were the most important factors for a poor prognosis.

Urban Frostbite: Strategies for Limb Salvage.

Under ideal circumstances, severely frostbitten extremities are rapidly rewarmed and treated with thrombolytic therapy within 6 to 24 hours. In an "inner city," urban environment, most patients who suffer frostbite injuries present in a delayed fashion, sustain repeated injuries further complicated by psychological issues or intoxication, and are rarely ideal candidates for thrombolytic therapy within the prescribed timeframe. We describe our experience with the treatment of urban frostbite injuries. A retrospective review of patients with cold injuries sustained between November 2013 and March 2014 treated at a verified burn center in an urban setting was performed. Fifty-three patients were treated (42 males, 11 females). Average patient age was 41.8 years (range 2-84 years). No patients met criteria for thrombolytic therapy due to multiple freeze-thaw cycles or presentation greater than 24 hours after rewarming. Deep frostbite was seen in 10 patients. Of these patients, nine underwent debridement, resulting in partial limb amputations at levels guided by Tri-phasic technetium (Tc-99m) bone scans. Wound closure and limb-length salvage was then achieved by: free flap coverage (n = 2), local flaps (n = 8), split-thickness skin grafting (n = 22), and secondary intention healing (n = 6). While tissue plasminogen activator has been successful in reducing the need for digital amputation following frostbite injuries, in our experience, this treatment modality is not applicable to the urban patient population who often present late and after cycles of reinjury. Therefore, our approach focused on salvaging limb length with durable coverage, as the injuries were unable to be reversed.

The Effect of a 300 mBar Increase in Barometric Pressure on Digital Microcirculation in Healthy Subjects Exposed to High Altitude: Is the Use of a Portable Hyperbaric Chamber to Treat Frostbite and/or Hypothermia in the Field Indicated? (Flow_Pulse Study).

INTRODUCTION: Hypothermia and frostbite occur when there is a significant decrease in central and peripheral body temperature in individuals exposed to cold windy conditions, often at high altitude or in a mountain environment. Portable hyperbaric chambers increase the barometric pressure and thereby the partial pressure of oxygen inside the chamber, and their use is a well-known treatment for altitude illness. This study aims to show that a portable hyperbaric chamber could also be used to treat hypothermia and frostbite in the field, when rescue or descent is impossible or delayed. METHODS: During a European research program (SOS-MAM, Flow Pulse study) measurements were taken from 27 healthy nonacclimatized voluntary subjects (21 men, 6 women, mean age 41 ± 17) at an altitude of 3800 m (Chamonix Mountain Lab, Aiguille du Midi, France) right before and immediately after spending 1 hour in a portable hyperbaric chamber at 300 mbar. We measured digital cutaneous temperature (Tcut), digital cutaneous blood flow (Fcut), digital tissue oxygenation (TcPO2), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate, and core temperature. Air temperature inside the chamber (Tchamb) was measured throughout the whole session. RESULTS: We observed significant increases in Tchamb: 9.3°C compared with the outside temperature, Tcut: +7.5°C (±6.2°C 71%), Fcut: +58PU (±89) (+379%), TcPO2: +18 mmHg (±11.9) (304%), and SpO2: 13%. CONCLUSION: This study shows that a portable hyperbaric chamber can be used to treat frostbite and/or hypothermia in the field at altitude when descent or rescue is impossible or even simply delayed.