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1.
Int J Med Mushrooms ; 20(5): 495-506, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29953364

ABSTRACT

Solid-state fermentation (SSF) with the medicinal higher Basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum was studied as a strategy to use pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) and poplar (Populus nigra L.) wood chips and sawdust. Fruiting bodies were produced and the value of the biotransformed substrate was assessed. The highest mushroom yield (63 g dry weight per kilogram of dry substrate) was obtained with poplar sawdust and wood chips. Immersion of the bioreactors was a simple watering method that obtained suitable yields. Two morphological types were induced using 2 different incandescent light intensities. High light irradiation induced the highest valued mushroom morphology (as a whole product). Time course study of substrate biodegradation and mycelial growth dynamics indicated that the trophophase lasted 20 days and presented laccase activity of 0.01-0.03 units · g-1. The activity at idiophase was 10 times higher. Aqueous and alkali extracts, as well as carbohydrase enzyme profile activity, revealed differences in the properties of the residual substrate; some related to the substrate source are considered to be of concern for further use of this pretreated biomass. In view of the results obtained, we propose use of SSF of pine and poplar with G. lucidum to profitably recycle softwood by-products from the timber industry.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Reishi/chemistry , Reishi/metabolism , Wood/metabolism , Argentina , Biomass , Bioreactors/microbiology , Fermentation , Laccase/analysis , Light , Lignin/metabolism , Morphogenesis , Mycelium/growth & development , Mycelium/metabolism , Pinus/metabolism , Populus/metabolism , Reishi/radiation effects
2.
Ann N Y Acad Sci ; 1401(1): 5-18, 2017 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28640968

ABSTRACT

Secondary metabolites from fungi have become a major source of chemical innovation in programs searching for lead molecules with bioactivities, especially over the last 50 years. In this review, we discuss the fundamental considerations in the discovery of molecules for agricultural and medicinal uses. This group of organisms possesses a strong potential for scientific and industrial communities. Recently, the incorporation of new technologies for the artificial cultivation of fungi and the use of better equipment to isolate and identify active metabolites has allowed the discovery of leading molecules for the design of new and safer drugs and pesticides. The geographical region including the Patagonian Andes mountains harbors a wide diversity of fungi, many of them still unknown and so far associated with Chilean-Argentinian Andean endemic forests. There have been very few chemical studies of the fungi located in this region. However, those few studies have allowed the discovery of new molecules. We argue that the richness of fungal biodiversity in this region offers an interesting source for the discovery of bioactive molecules for the basic and applied sciences.


Subject(s)
Drug Discovery/methods , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Biodiversity , Biological Factors/chemistry , Biological Factors/metabolism , Chile , Drug Discovery/trends , Fungi/chemistry , Fungi/metabolism
3.
J Agric Food Chem ; 65(20): 4074-4082, 2017 May 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28447454

ABSTRACT

The effects of selenium enrichment on the biological efficiency, phenolic compounds, amino acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) were evaluated in Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies (FB) harvested during three sequential flushes. Sodium selenate was used to reach selenium content of 17.5 or 5.8 mg/kg in the sorghum straw substrate. Biological efficiency and total selenium content increased. One of the main differences among treatments was in ergothioneine content, an indicator of oxidative stress that was positively related with valine and isoleucine contents and negatively related to leucine and phenylalanine. Besides ergothioneine, nucleosides derived from adenine and uracyl were the major peaks observed in all treatments, and coumaric and ferulic acids were found in the bound phenolics extract. Selenium enrichment also affected the antioxidant capacity, and particularly the methanolic extract obtained from the second flush of FB cultivated in selenium-enriched substrate (17.5 mg/kg) had the best CAA.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Selenium/analysis , Antioxidants/metabolism , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Oxidative Stress , Phenols/analysis , Phenols/metabolism , Pleurotus/chemistry , Pleurotus/growth & development , Pleurotus/metabolism , Selenium/metabolism , Selenium Compounds
4.
Genet Mol Res ; 15(1)2016 Feb 22.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26909996

ABSTRACT

Translocation of minerals from substrate to mushrooms can change the medicinal characteristics, commercial value, and biological efficiency of mushroom. In the present study, we demonstrated that addition of iron to the substrate reduces the yield of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom. The biological efficiency of the mushroom varied from 36.53% on the unsupplemented substrate to 2.08% for the substrate with 500 mg/kg iron added. The maximum iron concentration obtained for mushroom was 478.66 mg/kg (dry basis) and the maximum solubility in vitro was 293.70 mg/kg (dry basis). Iron translocation increased the ash and protein content, reduced antioxidant activity, and enhanced the aroma and flavor characteristics of the mushroom. However mushroom has higher amounts of iron than vegetables like collard greens, it is not feasible to use mushrooms as the only dietary source of iron. The study also indicated that because of more bioaccumulation of iron in mycelium than in the mushroom, mycelium and not mushroom, could be a better alternative as a non-animal iron source.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Iron/metabolism , Mycelium/metabolism , Pleurotus/metabolism , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/isolation & purification , Biological Availability , Biological Transport , Biphenyl Compounds/antagonists & inhibitors , Culture Media/chemistry , Culture Media/pharmacology , Food Analysis , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/drug effects , Humans , Iron/pharmacology , Mycelium/chemistry , Mycelium/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Picrates/antagonists & inhibitors , Pleurotus/chemistry , Pleurotus/drug effects
5.
Braz J Microbiol ; 45(2): 467-74, 2014.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25242929

ABSTRACT

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS04, 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Plant Stems/microbiology , Shiitake Mushrooms/growth & development , Shiitake Mushrooms/metabolism , Triticum/microbiology , Carbohydrates/analysis , Darkness , Fats/analysis , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/isolation & purification , Fungal Proteins/analysis , Shiitake Mushrooms/chemistry , Shiitake Mushrooms/isolation & purification , Temperature
6.
Biol Res ; 47: 30, 2014 Jul 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25053143

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Termitomyces heimii is a basidiomycete fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with termites, and it is an edible mushroom with a unique flavour and texture. T. heimii is also one of the most difficult mushrooms to cultivate throughout the world. Little is known about the growth and development of these mushrooms, and the available information is insufficient or poor. The purpose of this study was to provide a base of knowledge regarding the biological processes involved in the development of T. heimii. The proteomic method of 2 dimensional difference gel electrophoresis 2D-DIGE was used to determine and examine the protein profiles of each developmental stage (mycelium, primordium and fruiting body). Total proteins were extracted by TCA-acetone precipitation. RESULTS: A total of 271 protein spots were detected by electrophoresis covering pH 3-10 and 10-250 kDa. Selected protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometric analyses with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI TOF/TOF). Nineteen protein spots were identified based on peptide mass fingerprinting by matching peptide fragments to the NCBI non-redundant database using MASCOT software. The 19 protein spots were categorised into four major groups through KEGG pathway analysis, as follows: carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and response to environmental stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our study show that there is a clear correlation between the changes in protein expression that occur during different developmental stages. Enzymes related to cell wall synthesis were most highly expressed during fruiting body formation compared to the mycelium and primordial stages. Moreover, enzymes involved in cell wall component degradation were up-regulated in the earlier stages of mushroom development.


Subject(s)
Proteome/isolation & purification , Termitomyces/chemistry , Termitomyces/growth & development , Chemical Precipitation , Databases, Protein , Fluorescent Dyes , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Mass Spectrometry , Mycelium/metabolism , Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis
7.
Braz. J. Microbiol. ; 45(2): 467-474, Apr.-June 2014. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-26870

ABSTRACT

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS0(4), 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Plant Stems/microbiology , Shiitake Mushrooms/growth & development , Shiitake Mushrooms/metabolism , Triticum/microbiology , Carbohydrates/analysis , Darkness , Fats/analysis , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/isolation & purification , Fungal Proteins/analysis , Shiitake Mushrooms/chemistry , Shiitake Mushrooms/isolation & purification , Temperature
8.
Braz. j. microbiol ; Braz. j. microbiol;45(2): 467-474, Apr.-June 2014. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-723101

ABSTRACT

The research evaluated the interactions of two main factors (strain / types of spawn) on various parameters with the purpose to assess its effect on yield and biochemical composition of Lentinula edodes fruiting bodies cultivated on pasteurized wheat straw. The evaluation was made with four strains (IE-40, IE-105, IE-124 and IE-256). Different types of spawns were prepared: Control (C) (millet seed, 100%), F1 (millet seed, 88.5%; wheat bran, 8.8%; peat moss, 1.3%; and CaS0(4), 1.3%) and F2 (the same formula as F1, but substituting the wheat bran with powdered wheat straw). Wheat straw was pasteurized by soaking it for 1 h in water heated to 65 °C. After this the substrate (2 kg wet weight) was placed in polypropylene bags. The bags were inoculated with each spawn (5% w/w) and incubated in a dark room at 25 °C. A proximate analysis of mature fruiting bodies was conducted. The mean Biological Efficiency (BE) varied between 66.0% (C-IE-256) and 320.1% (F1-IE-124), with an average per strain of 125.6%. The highest mean BE was observed on spawn F1 (188.3%), significantly different from C and F2. The protein content of fruiting bodies was high, particularly in strain IE-40-F1 (17.7%). The amount of fat varied from 1.1 (F1-IE-40) to 2.1% (F2-IE-105) on dry matter. Carbohydrates ranged from 58.8% (F1-IE-40) to 66.1% (F1-IE-256). The energy value determined ranged from 302.9 kcal (F1-IE-40) to 332.0 kcal (F1-IE-256). The variability on BE observed in this study was significantly influenced by the spawn's formulation and genetic factors of the different strains.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Plant Stems/microbiology , Shiitake Mushrooms/growth & development , Shiitake Mushrooms/metabolism , Triticum/microbiology , Carbohydrates/analysis , Darkness , Fats/analysis , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/isolation & purification , Fungal Proteins/analysis , Shiitake Mushrooms/chemistry , Shiitake Mushrooms/isolation & purification , Temperature
9.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol ; 172(4): 2081-90, 2014 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24338208

ABSTRACT

A lectin was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Gymnopilus spectabilis (GSL) by ionic exchange chromatography. The lectin agglutinates mouse red cells exhibiting broad specificity towards several monosaccharides including the N-acetylneuraminic acid. Agglutination was also inhibited by the glycoproteins: fetuin, lactoferrin, and recombinant erythropoietin. GSL is a glycoprotein possessing 16 % of carbohydrates; the SDS-PAGE showed two bands with molecular mass of 52.1 and 64.4 kDa. Isoelectric focusing displayed microheterogeneity, with two bands at pIs 5.1 and 5.3. The lectin was stable between pH 2 and pH 8 while at pH 10, the agglutination decayed to 50 % of initial activity. Incubation at 40 and 80 °C led to 50 and 100 % loss in activity of the lectin, respectively. Synthesized GSL-Sepharose interacts with serum pregnant mare gonadotropin, and at least two subpopulations of this glycoprotein were separated. There was no interaction between transferrin and soluble GSL while a partial recognition was achieved with GSL-Sepharose. The terminal sialic acid seems to play an active role in modifying the interaction with GSL, depending if the lectin is in a soluble or immobilized form. The purified lectin inhibited in vitro the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger.


Subject(s)
Agaricales/metabolism , Lectins/metabolism , Basidiomycota/metabolism , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Glycoproteins/metabolism
10.
Biol. Res ; 47: 1-8, 2014. ilus, graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-950726

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Termitomyces heimii is a basidiomycete fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with termites, and it is an edible mushroom with a unique flavour and texture. T. heimii is also one of the most difficult mushrooms to cultivate throughout the world. Little is known about the growth and development of these mushrooms, and the available information is insufficient or poor. The purpose of this study was to provide a base of knowledge regarding the biological processes involved in the development of T. heimii. The proteomic method of 2 dimensional difference gel electrophoresis 2D-DIGE was used to determine and examine the protein profiles of each developmental stage (mycelium, primordium and fruiting body). Total proteins were extracted by TCA-acetone precipitation. RESULTS: A total of 271 protein spots were detected by electrophoresis covering pH 3 - 10 and 10 - 250 kDa. Selected protein spots were subjected to mass spectrometric analyses with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI TOF/TOF). Nineteen protein spots were identified based on peptide mass fingerprinting by matching peptide fragments to the NCBI non-redundant database using MASCOT software. The 19 protein spots were categorised into four major groups through KEGG pathway analysis, as follows: carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism and response to environmental stress. CONCLUSIONS: The results from our study show that there is a clear correlation between the changes in protein expression that occur during different developmental stages. Enzymes related to cell wall synthesis were most highly expressed during fruiting body formation compared to the mycelium and primordial stages. Moreover, enzymes involved in cell wall component degradation were up-regulated in the earlier stages of mushroom development.


Subject(s)
Proteome/isolation & purification , Termitomyces/growth & development , Termitomyces/chemistry , Chemical Precipitation , Mass Spectrometry , Mycelium/metabolism , Databases, Protein , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis , Fluorescent Dyes
11.
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol ; 85(5): 1321-37, 2010 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19956947

ABSTRACT

Pleurotus ostreatus is the second most cultivated edible mushroom worldwide after Agaricus bisporus. It has economic and ecological values and medicinal properties. Mushroom culture has moved toward diversification with the production of other mushrooms. Edible mushrooms are able to colonize and degrade a large variety of lignocellulosic substrates and other wastes which are produced primarily through the activities of the agricultural, forest, and food-processing industries. Particularly, P. ostreatus requires a shorter growth time in comparison to other edible mushrooms. The substrate used for their cultivation does not require sterilization, only pasteurization, which is less expensive. Growing oyster mushrooms convert a high percentage of the substrate to fruiting bodies, increasing profitability. P. ostreatus demands few environmental controls, and their fruiting bodies are not often attacked by diseases and pests, and they can be cultivated in a simple and cheap way. All this makes P. ostreatus cultivation an excellent alternative for production of mushrooms when compared to other mushrooms.


Subject(s)
Agaricales/growth & development , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/growth & development , Pleurotus/growth & development , Agaricales/chemistry , Agaricales/metabolism , Agaricus/chemistry , Agaricus/growth & development , Agaricus/metabolism , Agriculture , Biodegradation, Environmental , Biotechnology , Culture Media , Food-Processing Industry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Fungal Proteins/analysis , Industrial Waste , Lignin/metabolism , Mycology/methods , Pleurotus/chemistry , Pleurotus/metabolism , Trees
12.
Carbohydr Res ; 343(9): 1456-62, 2008 Jul 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18479676

ABSTRACT

Glucans of basidiomycetes are considered to be an important class of polysaccharides, as they can act as biological response modifiers. We now isolate a gel-forming, water-soluble beta-glucan, with a molecular mass of 1.2 x 10(6)g/mol (HPSEC), from the fruit bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus florida, via alkaline extraction, followed by fractionation by freeze-thawing. Structural assignments were carried out using mono- and bi-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition, methylation analyses, and a controlled Smith degradation. It was a branched beta-glucan, with a main chain of (1-->3)-linked-Glcp residues, substituted at O-6 by single-unit Glcp side chains, on average to every fourth residue of the backbone.


Subject(s)
Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Pleurotus/metabolism , beta-Glucans/chemistry , Carbohydrate Sequence , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Molecular Sequence Data , Molecular Structure , beta-Glucans/isolation & purification
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