ABSTRACT
Background: Research has shown that gonadal hormones are involved in metabolic pathways relevant to metabolic syndrome (MetS). Nevertheless, no longitudinal study has been conducted on the association between SHBG and MetS in Chinese. The objective of our study was to determine whether there is any association between middle-aged and elderly males in China. Methods: A total of 531 eligible male subjects, aged above 40 years or older, without MetS at baseline, were recruited. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), total testosterone (TT), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured. A harmonized definition and recommended thresholds for the Chinese population were used to determine metabolic syndrome. Results: During 3.2 years of follow-up, 20.7% of subjects had developed MetS. Compared with the non-MetS group, subjects in the new-onset MetS group had significantly lower SHBG (43.5 nmol/L [28.8, 74.9] vs 53.7nmol/L [33.8, 115.0], P=0.0018), TT (18.1nmol/L [13.6-21.7] vs 19.5nmol/L[15.0-23.6], P=0.0204), and LH (5.13mIU/L [3.63-7.29] vs 5.87mIU/L [4.05-8.36]) at baseline. The incidence of MetS was decreased according to elevated SHBG quartiles (Q1:26.9%, Q2:22.7%, Q3:21.1%, Q4:12.1%, P for trend =0.0035), TT (Q1: 25.2%, Q2:23.7%, Q3: 17.3%, Q4: 16.7%, P for trend=0.0425), and LH (Q1:25.0%, Q2:21.8%, Q3: 21.8%, Q4: 14.3%, P for trend=0.0411). Compared with those in quartile 4, the OR[CI] of incident MetS for participants in Quartile 1 was 2.33[1.13-4.79] after multiple adjustments. But associations between incident MetS and different quartiles of LH, TT, and FSH were not observed after multiple adjustments. In the subgroup analyses, the significant association between SHBG level and Mets was detected in subjects over 60 years or older, with normal BMI, without insulin resistance, and with eGFR ≥90 mL/min per 1.73m2. Conclusion: Compared with TT, LH, and FSH, a lower level of SHBG is significantly related to the incidence of MetS among middle-aged and elderly males in China.
Subject(s)
Luteinizing Hormone , Metabolic Syndrome , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin , Humans , Male , Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology , Metabolic Syndrome/blood , Middle Aged , China/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Aged , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/metabolism , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/analysis , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Testosterone/blood , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Adult , Follow-Up Studies , Longitudinal Studies , Cohort StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is an endemic chronic disease which is characterized with progressive depletion of CD4 T cells and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Previous studies have associated HIV infection with increased hypogonadism. However, the prevalence of hypogonadism remained poorly defined and widely ranging in various studies. This study aims to evaluate the serum gonadal hormonal levels and hypogonadism in antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve newly diagnosed HIV infected-males in Mwanza, Tanzania. METHODS: This was a comparison study involving 81 ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males as study group and 81 apparently healthy HIV-negative males as comparison group. The participants in the study group and comparison group were matched by body mass index and age. Serum hormones [Total testosterone (TT), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E) were estimated. Serum testosterone < 300 ng/dl, or testosterone > 300 ng/dl with high LH and FSH (compensatory hypogonadism) were taken as markers of hypogonadism. Data were analyzed using STATA version 15. RESULTS: The median serum testosterone level among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males was significantly lower as compared to their comparison group (447 [259-534] versus 517 [396-605]; p = 0.0074) and shown to decrease with decreasing CD4 level. The median [IQR] serum FSH level among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males was significantly higher than among their comparison group (3.8 [2.1-6.5] versus 2.6 [1.8-4.2]; p = 0.0086). The differences in serum LH and Estradiol were not statistically significant. Furthermore, the proportion of hypogonadism was significantly higher among ART naïve newly diagnosed HIV-infected adult males than in their comparison group (37.0% [30/81] versus 14.8% [12/81]; p = 0.0006). Out of these 30, 24 HIV-infected males had secondary hypogonadism, one had primary, and the remaining five had compensatory hypogonadism. CONCLUSION: Serum testosterone was lower and follicle stimulating hormone was higher among ART naïve HIV-infected males as compared to the HIV negative controls. Hypogonadism, mainly secondary, is common endocrine abnormality among ART naïve HIV-infected male patients in this study. HIV is associated with variations in gonadal hormones which may lead to sexual dysfunction in infected individuals.
Subject(s)
HIV Infections , Hypogonadism , Testosterone , Humans , Male , Adult , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Hypogonadism/blood , Hypogonadism/epidemiology , Hypogonadism/etiology , Hypogonadism/diagnosis , Tanzania/epidemiology , Testosterone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Case-Control Studies , Estradiol/blood , Biomarkers/blood , Follow-Up StudiesABSTRACT
An important aspect of the neuromodulatory and neuroprotective actions exerted by neuroactive steroids is that they are sex-specific, as determined by the sexually dimorphic levels of these molecules in plasma and the nervous tissue. Thus, the identification of the factors that generate the sex-dimorphic levels of neuroactive steroids may be crucial from a neuroprotectant perspective. The main driver for sex determination in mammals is the SRY gene and the subsequent presence of a specific gonad: testes for males and ovaries for females, thus producing hormonal compounds, primarily androgens and estrogens, respectively. Nowadays, it is well established that despite the relevance of gonads, other factors control sexual features, and, among them, sex chromosome complement is highly relevant. In this study, neuroactive steroids were evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, and plasma of the four core genotype mouse model, to determine the relative contribution of sex chromosome complement and gonads in determining their sex dimorphic levels. The data obtained reveal that although gonads are the main contributing factor for sex differences in neuroactive steroid levels, the levels of some neuroactive steroids, including testosterone, are also influenced in brain and plasma by tissue-specific actions of sex chromosomes. The data presented here adds a new piece to the puzzle of steroid level regulation, which may be useful in designing sex-specific neuroprotective approaches to pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
Subject(s)
Hippocampus , Hypothalamus , Sex Chromosomes , Animals , Male , Female , Hypothalamus/metabolism , Hippocampus/metabolism , Sex Chromosomes/genetics , Mice , Gonadal Hormones/metabolism , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Sex Characteristics , Neurosteroids/metabolism , Neurosteroids/blood , Genotype , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Testosterone/blood , Testosterone/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A meta-analysis followed by PRISMA 2020 statement was performed aiming to present a whole prolactin and sex hormone profile in hemodialysis women. METHODS: Literatures were searched in PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase, and Web of science before March 11, 2023. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to test the conclusiveness of this meta-analysis. Egger's test and trim-and-fill analysis was used to test publication bias. We took standardized mean difference (SMD) as pool effect of hormones values including prolactin (PRL), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). This study was registered in PROSPERO and the number was CRD42023394503. RESULTS: Twenty-two articles from 13 countries were analyzed. Combining the results of TSA and meta-analysis, we found that compared with healthy control, hemodialysis women had higher PRL, follicular FSH and LH values and lower P levels (PRL: I2 = 87%, SMD 1.24, 95% CI: 0.79-1.69, p < 0.00001; FSH: I2 = 0%, SMD 0.34, 95% CI: 0.13-0.55, p = 0.002; LH: I2 = 39%, SMD 0.64, 95% CI: 0.34-0.93, p < 0.00001; P: I2 = 30%, SMD - 1.62, 95% CI: -2.04 to -1.20, p < 0.00001). What's more, compared with women after renal transplantation, hemodialysis women had higher PRL levels (I2 = 0%, SMD 0.51, 95% CI: 0.25-0.78, p = 0.0001). There was not enough evidence to draw a conclusion on the comparison of hormones between regular and irregular menses hemodialysis women. Egger's test and trim-and-fill analysis didn't show significant publication bias. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodialysis women had higher serum PRL, follicular phase FSH, LH and lower serum P values compared with healthy control. PRL values of hemodialysis women were also higher than that of women after renal transplantation.
Subject(s)
Gonadal Hormones , Prolactin , Renal Dialysis , Female , Humans , Estradiol , Follicle Stimulating Hormone , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Luteinizing Hormone , Prolactin/bloodABSTRACT
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers, but their endocrine disrupting potentials have raised concerns. However, the impacts of OPFR exposures on reproductive and thyroid hormones in females remains unclear. In this study, serum concentrations of OPFRs were investigated, and levels of reproductive and thyroid hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, anti-Müllerian hormone, prolactin (PRL), testosterone (T), and thyroid stimulating hormone, were analyzed in childbearing-age females undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatment from Tianjin, a coastal city in China (n = 319). Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) was the predominant OPFR, with a median concentration of 0.33 ng/mL and a detection frequency of 96.6%. In the whole population, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were positively associated with T (p < 0.05), while triethyl phosphate (TEP) was negatively associated with LH (p < 0.05) and LH/FSH (p < 0.01). Particularly, TCIPP was negatively associated with PRL in the younger subgroup (age≤30, p < 0.05). Moreover, TCIPP was negatively associated with diagnostic antral follicle counting (AFC) in the mediation analysis by a dominating direct effect (p < 0.01). In conclusion, serum levels of OPFRs were significantly associated with reproductive and thyroid hormone levels and a risk of decreased ovarian reserve in childbearing-age females, with age and body mass index being significant influencing factors.
Subject(s)
Flame Retardants , Gonadal Hormones , Organophosphates , Plasticizers , Thyroid Hormones , Adult , Female , Humans , East Asian People , Flame Retardants/analysis , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Organophosphates/blood , Phosphates , Plasticizers/analysis , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Pituitary Hormones, Anterior/bloodABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to clarify the ovarian and hormonal dynamics after the aspiration of follicular fluid in cows with follicular cysts. Follicular fluid was aspirated from the follicular cysts and follicles that were fated to become cystic follicles and other coexisting normal follicles, respectively, in lactating cows (n = 3). After the aspiration procedure, new follicles developed and reached a diameter of 25 mm without ovulation within 13-19 days. The plasma concentrations of inhibin decreased and follicle-stimulating hormone increased rapidly after the aspiration procedure, and subsequently increased and decreased, respectively, as a new follicle grew. No luteal structures developed after the aspiration procedure, and the animals' plasma progesterone levels remained low. The present study indicates that the cystic follicles are never luteinized by the aspiration of follicular fluid, and consequently, new follicular cysts are observed to repeatedly develop.
Subject(s)
Gonadal Hormones/blood , Gonadotropins, Pituitary/blood , Ovarian Cysts/veterinary , Paracentesis , Animals , Cattle , Female , Ovarian Cysts/blood , Ovarian Cysts/surgeryABSTRACT
We evaluated maternal pregnancy adaptations and their relationships with circulating hormones in women who conceived with or without in vitro fertilization (IVF). Pregnancies were grouped by corpus luteum (CL) number: 1 CL with physiological plasma relaxin concentration (PRLN; spontaneous pregnancies); 0 CL without circulating RLN (programmed cycles); >1 CL with elevated PRLN (ovarian stimulation). Major findings were that declines in plasma osmolality (Posm) and plasma sodium concentration ([Formula: see text]) were comparable in the 1 CL and 0 CL cohorts, correlated with plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations but not PRLN; gestational declines in plasma uric acid (UA) concentration (PUA) were attenuated after IVF, especially programmed cycles, partly because of subdued increases of renal UA clearance; and PRLN and cardiac output (CO) were inversely correlated when plasma estradiol concentration was below â¼2.5 ng/mL but positively correlated above â¼2.5 ng/mL. Unexpectedly, PRLN and plasma sFLT1 (PsFLT1) were directly correlated. Although PsFLT1 and CO were not significantly associated, CO was positively correlated with plasma placental growth factor (PLGF) concentration after the first trimester, particularly in women who conceived with 0 CL. Major conclusions are that 1) circulating RLN was unnecessary for gestational falls in Posm and [Formula: see text]; 2) PRLN and CO were inversely correlated during early gestation, suggesting that PRLN in the lower range may have contributed to systemic vasodilation, whereas at higher PRLN RLN influence became self-limiting; 3) evidence for cooperativity between RLN and estradiol on gestational changes in CO was observed; and 4) after the first trimester in women who conceived without a CL, plasma PLGF concentration was associated with recovery of CO, which was impaired during the first trimester in this cohort.
Subject(s)
Fertilization in Vitro , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Hemodynamics , Infertility/therapy , Adaptation, Physiological , Adult , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiac Output , Estradiol/blood , Female , Humans , Infertility/blood , Infertility/physiopathology , Middle Aged , Osmolar Concentration , Placenta Growth Factor/blood , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Trimester, First/blood , Relaxin/blood , Sodium/blood , Uric Acid/blood , Vasodilation , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This is the first large-scale Russian study describing semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among young men. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men of four cities and three ethnic groups living in the Siberian region of Russia and to find out ethnic or environmental reasons for regional differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 1291 young men from Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan-Ude, and Yakutsk, including 1013 men of three most numerous ethnic groups: Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts. Each participant provided one sperm and blood sample, information about lifestyle and ethnicity. Anthropometric parameters, semen quality and reproductive hormone levels, were evaluated. RESULTS: Significant regional and ethnic differences were detected for semen and reproductive hormone parameters. Median sperm concentrations in Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan-Ude, and Yakutsk were 54.6, 39.9, 34.7, 33.1 × 106 /ml; total sperm counts-202.5, 138.7, 97.9, 93.4 × 106 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa-7.8%, 6.5%, 6.3%, 5.0%, respectively. Median sperm concentrations in Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts were 43.7, 37.0, 30.6 × 106 /ml; total sperm counts-150.0, 102.3 and 74.8 × 106 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa-6.8%, 6.8%, 4.8%, respectively. DISCUSSION: The young men in Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, populated by Slavs, had a higher semen quality compared to Ulan-Ude and Yakutsk, populated by Buryats and Yakuts, apparently due to the higher testicular function in Slavic compared to Asian ethnicity. Impaired spermatogenesis in young men in Kemerovo compared to Novosibirsk, located in the same climatic zone and having a socio-cultural and ethnic identity, may be due to the influence of a polluted environment. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that ethnic composition and environment may be responsible for regional differences in semen and reproductive hormone parameters.
Subject(s)
Asian People/statistics & numerical data , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Reproductive Health/ethnology , Semen Analysis , Adolescent , Adult , Asian People/ethnology , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Geography , Humans , Inhibins/blood , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Male , Siberia/ethnology , Sperm Count , Testosterone/blood , Young AdultABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Anthropometric and hormone-related factors are established endometrial cancer risk factors; however, little is known about the impact of these factors on endometrial cancer risk in non-White women. METHODS: Among 110,712 women participating in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study, 1150 incident invasive endometrial cancers were diagnosed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with endometrial cancer risk for race/ethnicity and for risk factors across racial/ethnic groups were calculated. RESULTS: Having a higher body mass index (BMI) at baseline or age 21 years was strongly associated with increased risk (pint race/ethnicity ≥ 0.36). Parity (vs nulliparity) was inversely associated with risk in all the groups except African Americans (pint 0.006). Current use of postmenopausal hormones at baseline (PMH-E; vs never use) was associated with increased risk in Whites and Japanese Americans (pint 0.002). Relative to Whites, endometrial cancer risk was lower in Japanese Americans and Latinas and non-significantly higher in Native Hawaiians. Risk in African Americans did not differ from that in Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Racial/ethnic differences in endometrial cancer risk were not fully explained by anthropometric or hormone-related risk factors. Further studies are needed to identify reasons for the observed racial/ethnic differences in endometrial cancer risk.
Subject(s)
Body Weights and Measures/statistics & numerical data , Endometrial Neoplasms/ethnology , Endometrial Neoplasms/etiology , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Adult , Aged , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Endometrial Neoplasms/blood , Ethnicity/statistics & numerical data , Female , Humans , Life Style/ethnology , Middle Aged , Racial Groups/statistics & numerical data , Reproductive History , Risk Factors , United States/epidemiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
[Figure: see text].
Subject(s)
Exercise Therapy/methods , Obesity, Abdominal , Testosterone , Vasodilation , Administration, Cutaneous , Aged , Directly Observed Therapy , Drug Monitoring/methods , Gonadal Hormones/administration & dosage , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Monitoring, Physiologic/methods , Obesity, Abdominal/diagnosis , Obesity, Abdominal/metabolism , Obesity, Abdominal/physiopathology , Obesity, Abdominal/therapy , Testosterone/administration & dosage , Testosterone/blood , Treatment Outcome , Vasodilation/drug effects , Vasodilation/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: The efficacy of Kuntai capsule combined with letrozole (LE) in improving ovarian function of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been evaluated before, but there is still a lack of evidence-based support for the regulation of sex hormone levels. In recent years, new randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been reported on the effect of combined therapy on regulating sex hormone levels. Objective: We aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of Kuntai capsule combined with LE in the treatment of PCOS. Methods: A search across the China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang database, PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Embase was conducted on Kuntai capsule combined with LE in the treatment of PCOS. The time of the self-built database was up to April 30, 2021. RCTs of LE in the control group and LE combined with Kuntai capsule in the experimental group were selected. RevMan5.3 software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 17 studies were gathered, which included 1,684 patients. The meta-analysis results showed that the total effective rate of the combined group was 93.36% and that of the LE group was 78.15%. The improvement in the ovulation rate, pregnancy rate, number of mature follicles, endometrial thickness, cervical mucus score, and serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) in the combined group was consistent with the results of a previous meta-analysis and was better than that in the LE group (p < 0.05). In addition, the combination group was better than the LE group in regulating the levels of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) (p < 0.05). There were no adverse drug reactions in the two groups during treatment. Conclusion: As a type of pure traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Kuntai capsule combined with LE had a better effect than LE alone in the treatment of PCOS, with advantages mainly reflected in enhancing ovarian function and regulating the levels of sex hormones in vivo, among others, but the value of combined therapy still needs to be verified by more high-quality RCTs.
Subject(s)
Aromatase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Gonadal Hormones , Letrozole/administration & dosage , Ovary/drug effects , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/drug therapy , Drug Therapy, Combination , Female , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Humans , Ovarian Function Tests/methods , Ovary/physiology , Ovulation/drug effects , Ovulation/physiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/methodsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In many populations the incidence of type 2 diabetes is higher in men than in women. This may be explained by exposure to female gonadal hormones, but so far, there is no consensus on their role over the life course in type 2 diabetes etiology. METHODS: Data are from 83 799 French women from the E3N (Etude Épidémiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale) cohort study, followed for 22 years. Multivariable Cox models including classical risk factors were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between gonadal hormonal factors and incident type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: Older age at menarche, more menstrual cycles, older age at menopause, longer duration of exposure to gonadal hormones and breastfeeding were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 4806). While a longer duration of menstrual cycles (HR = 1.23 [95% CI: 1.07-1.41] comparing ≥32 vs ≤24 days) and use of contraceptive pills (HR = 1.33 [1.25-1.42]) were associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: In women, a longer exposure to endogenous gonadal hormones with a later menopause as well as breastfeeding were associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independently of classical diabetes risk factors. In contrast, the use of contraceptive agents was associated with incident diabetes, but the influence of each type of contraception and of exposure duration remain to be investigated.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Premenopause/blood , Age Factors , Biomarkers/blood , Breast Feeding , Contraceptive Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis , Female , Follow-Up Studies , France/epidemiology , Humans , Incidence , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Protective Factors , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Time FactorsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementary energy on bone formation and resorption during arduous military training in energy deficit. METHODS: Thirty male soldiers completed an 8-wk military combat course (mean ± SD, age = 25 ± 3 yr, height = 1.78 ± 0.05 m, body mass = 80.9 ± 7.7 kg). Participants received either the habitual diet (control group, n = 15) or an additional 5.1 MJ·d-1 to eliminate the energy deficit (supplemented group, n = 15). Circulating markers of bone formation and resorption, and reproductive, thyroid, and metabolic status, were measured at baseline and weeks 6 and 8 of training. RESULTS: Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase decreased in controls (-4.4 ± 1.9 µg·L-1) and increased in the supplemented group (16.0 ± 6.6 µg·L-1), between baseline and week 8 (P < 0.001). Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide increased between baseline and week 6 for both groups (5.6 ± 8.1 µg·L-1, P = 0.005). Beta carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen decreased between baseline and week 8 for both groups (-0.16 ± 0.20 µg·L-1, P < 0.001). Prolactin increased from baseline to week 8 for the supplemented group (148 ± 151 IU·L-1, P = 0.041). The increase in adiponectin from baseline to week 8 was higher in controls (4.3 ± 1.8 mg·L-1, P < 0.001) than that in the supplemented group (1.4 ± 1.0 mg·L-1, P < 0.001). Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 was lower at week 8 than baseline for controls (-461 ± 395 ng·mL-1, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone formation, with supplementation supports a role of energy in osteoblastic activity; the implications for skeletal adaptation and stress fracture risk are unclear. The mechanism is likely through protecting markers of metabolic, but not reproductive or thyroid, function.
Subject(s)
Bone Resorption/physiopathology , Military Personnel , Osteogenesis/physiology , Physical Conditioning, Human/physiology , Adiponectin/blood , Adult , Alkaline Phosphatase/blood , Collagen Type I/blood , Diet , Energy Metabolism , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Humans , Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/blood , Male , Prolactin/blood , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Known as an endocrine disorder, Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has posed an influence on 6% to 20% reproductive females worldwide. The commonly used pharmaceutical agents currently are Oral Contraceptives (OCs) and insulin-sensitizing agents. However, OCs is not appropriate for females pursuing pregnancy. Furthermore, some of insulin-sensitizing agents are found to be related to a high incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects. In this regard, the effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine in handling reproductive and metabolic defects simultaneously has been proved by extensive evidence. In this research, the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for obese females with PCOS were examined. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In the systematic review, we searched databases of AMED, Science Online, EMbase, WorldSciNet, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Nature, MEDLINE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Wanfang Databse and China Biology Medicine Disc and the Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, to find out the papers published in Chinese or English by September 25, 2020 in this field. In addition, potential reference lists, relevant conference proceedings, qualified studies, related system reviews and other resources were also considered. Two researchers were responsible for independently selecting the research papers, collecting data, and evaluating research quality. Moreover, the data were synthesized with the combination of a fixed-effects or random-effects model with the heterogeneity test. According to the objective and self-reported assessment, the primary outcomes will be Nausea and vomiting were primary outcomes. RevMan 5 software was used to analyze the collected data, the evidence level of which was evaluated by GRADE. The selection between the fixed-effects and random-effects models was determined by the heterogeneity level. In addition to the 95% Confidence Interval (CI), odds ratio (OR), or risk ratio (RR) was applied to the 2 categories. Moreover, 95% CI and standardized mean difference (SMD) or the weighted mean difference (WMD) were taken as the continuous variables. When existing meaningful heterogeneity could not be explained by any assessment such as subgroup analysis, we would not conduct a meta-analysis. During the subgroup analysis, each subgroup in specific cases should be comprehensively considered. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The evaluation of rights or personal information of patients was not involved in the systematic review. Hence, we need not gain approval from ethical institutions. This paper will be present at related conferences for communication and published in journals. REGISTRATION: Open Science Framework (OSF) Preregistration: osf.io/yp86h.
Subject(s)
Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Obesity , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Young Adult , Acne Vulgaris/drug therapy , Acne Vulgaris/epidemiology , Body Weights and Measures , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Obesity/drug therapy , Obesity/epidemiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/drug therapy , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/epidemiology , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Research Design , Meta-Analysis as Topic , Systematic Reviews as TopicABSTRACT
The levels of the gonadal hormones estradiol and progesterone vary throughout the menstrual cycle thereby affecting cognition, emotion, mood, and social behaviour. However, how these hormones modulate the balance of neural excitation and inhibition, which crucially regulate processing and plasticity, is not fully understood. We here used paired-pulse stimulation to investigate in healthy humans the action of low and high estradiol and progesterone on intracortical inhibition in somatosensory (SI) and visual cortex (V1). We found that paired-pulse suppression in both SI and VI depended on estradiol. During high estradiol levels, paired-pulse suppression was significantly reduced. No comparable effects were found for progesterone, presumably due to a confounding effect of estradiol. Also, no hormone level-depending effects were observed for single-pulse evoked SEPs (somatosensory evoked potentials) and VEPs (visual evoked potentials) indicating a specific hormonal action on intracortical processing. The results demonstrate that estradiol globally modulates the balance of excitation and inhibition of SI and VI cortex.
Subject(s)
Estradiol/metabolism , Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory , Evoked Potentials, Visual , Progesterone/metabolism , Somatosensory Cortex/physiology , Visual Cortex/physiology , Adult , Estradiol/blood , Female , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Gonadal Hormones/metabolism , Humans , Male , Menstrual Cycle/blood , Progesterone/bloodABSTRACT
In humans, sex differences in mood disorders emerge during adolescence, with prevalence rates being consistently higher in females than males. It has been hypothesised that exposure to endogenous ovarian hormones during adolescence enhances the susceptibility of females to mood disorders from this stage of life onwards. However, experimental evidence in favour of this hypothesis is lacking. In the present study, we examined the long-term effects of suppressing adolescent gonadal hormone levels in a group of female Lister-hooded rats via administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist (Antide; administered on postnatal day [PND] 28 and 42) compared to control females and males (n = 14 per group). We predicted that, in adulthood, Antide-treated female rats would exhibit more male-like behaviour than control females in novel environments (elevated-plus maze, open field and light-dark box), in response to novel objects and novel social partners, and in an acoustic startle task. Progesterone and luteinising hormone assays (which were conducted on blood samples collected on PND 55/56 and 69/70) confirmed that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was temporarily suppressed by Antide treatment. In addition, Antide-treated females were found to exhibit a modest pubertal delay, as measured by vaginal opening, which was comparable in length to the pubertal delay that has been induced by adolescent exposure to alcohol or stress in previous studies of female rats. However, Antide-treated females did not substantially differ from control females on any of the behavioural tests, despite the evidence for predicted sex differences in some measures. Following the acoustic startle response task, all subjects were culled and perfused, and c-Fos staining was conducted in the medial and basolateral amygdala, with the results showing no significant differences in cell counts between the groups. These findings suggest that ovarian hormone exposure during adolescence does not have long-term effects on anxiety-related responses in female rats.
Subject(s)
Amygdala/drug effects , Anxiety , Behavior, Animal/drug effects , Oligopeptides/pharmacology , Ovary/drug effects , Amygdala/metabolism , Animals , Anxiety/metabolism , Anxiety/pathology , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Female , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Gonadal Hormones/metabolism , Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology , Male , Ovary/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism , Rats , Sex Characteristics , Sexual Maturation/drug effects , Sexual Maturation/physiologyABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Application of ultrasound (US) to evaluate attainment and morphology of glandular tissue provides a new rationale for evaluating onset and progression of female puberty, but currently no hormone references complement this method. Furthermore, previous studies have not explored the predictive value of endocrine profiling to determine female puberty onset. OBJECTIVE: To integrate US breast staging with hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormone references and test the predictive value of an endocrine profile to determine thelarche. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional sample of 601 healthy Norwegian girls, ages 6 to 16 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical and ultrasound breast evaluations were performed for all included girls. Blood samples were analyzed by immunoassay and ultrasensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) from the subpicomolar range. RESULTS: References for E2, E1, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone-binding globulin were constructed in relation to chronological age, Tanner stages, and US breast stages. An endocrine profile index score derived from principal component analysis of these analytes was a better marker of puberty onset than age or any individual hormone, with receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve 0.91 (Pâ <â 0.001). Ultrasound detection of nonpalpable glandular tissue in 14 out of 264 (5.3%) girls with clinically prepubertal presentation was associated with significantly higher median serum levels of E2 (12.5 vs 4.9 pmol/L; Pâ <â 0.05) and a distinct endocrine profile (arbitrary units; Pâ <â 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We provide the first hormone references for use with US breast staging and demonstrate the application of endocrine profiling to improve detection of female puberty onset.
Subject(s)
Breast/diagnostic imaging , Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine/standards , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Puberty/physiology , Adolescent , Breast/growth & development , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Estradiol/blood , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Gonadal Hormones/analysis , Gonadal Hormones/standards , Humans , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Norway/epidemiology , Predictive Value of Tests , Reference Values , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/metabolism , Ultrasonography/methods , Ultrasonography/standardsABSTRACT
It is well known that stroke incidence and outcome is sex-dependent and influenced by age and gonadal hormones. In post-menopausal and/or aged females, declining estrogen levels increases stroke risk. However, women who experience early menopause also have an increase in stroke risk. This suggests that, regardless of age, gonadal hormones regulate stroke risk and severity. This review discusses prolonged gonadal hormone dysfunction in a common female endocrine disorder known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, and the associated increased risk of stroke due to resulting hyperandrogenism and metabolic comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Gonadal Hormones/physiology , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/complications , Stroke/etiology , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Aging/physiology , Female , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Humans , Hyperandrogenism/blood , Hyperandrogenism/complications , Hyperandrogenism/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/blood , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Severity of Illness Index , Stroke/blood , Stroke/epidemiology , Stroke/pathologyABSTRACT
CONTEXT: The knowledge of normal variation of reproductive hormones, internal genitalia imaging, and the prevalence of gynecological disorders in adolescent girls is limited. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to describe reproductive parameters in postmenarchal girls from the general population including the frequency of oligomenorrhea, polycystic ovary syndrome, and use of hormonal contraception. DESIGN: The Copenhagen Mother-Child Cohort is a population-based longitudinal birth cohort of 1210 girls born between 1997 and 2002. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 317 girls were included, with a median age of 16.1 years and time since menarche of 2.9 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Tanner stage, height, weight, age at menarche, menstrual cycle length and regularity, ovarian/uterine volume, and number of follicles were recorded. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), inhibin B, estradiol, testosterone, SHBG, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 17-OH-progesterone, and IGF-1 were measured. RESULTS: Twenty girls (6.3%) had oligomenorrhea and differed significantly in serum androgens and AMH, age at and time since menarche from girls with regular cycles. Twenty-seven girls were classified with PCOS (8.5%) and had significantly higher 17-OH-progesterone, estradiol, AMH, LH, and age at menarche than the reference group. Girls on oral contraception had significantly higher serum SHBG concentrations and lower serum concentrations of all hormones except AMH and IGF-1. Ovarian follicles 2 to 29.9 mm correlated positively with serum AMH (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Most 16-year-old girls had regular menstrual cycles, normal reproductive hormones, and uterine and ovarian ultrasound. Serum AMH reflected ovarian follicle count and may be a useful biomarker of ovarian reserve.
Subject(s)
Abdomen/diagnostic imaging , Genitalia, Female/diagnostic imaging , Gonadal Hormones/blood , Menstrual Cycle/physiology , Ultrasonography/methods , Adolescent , Androstenedione/blood , Anti-Mullerian Hormone/blood , Child , Cohort Studies , Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate/blood , Denmark , Estradiol/blood , Female , Follicle Stimulating Hormone/blood , Humans , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Inhibins/blood , Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism , Longitudinal Studies , Luteinizing Hormone/blood , Progesterone/blood , Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin/metabolism , Testosterone/bloodABSTRACT
We investigated some reproductive actions of hookah smoke (HS) exposure (30 min/day, for 30 days) in male mice, and the possible mitigative effect of the prebiotic agent gum acacia (GA) thereon. Control mice were air-exposed (AE). Twenty-four hours after the last exposure, the levels of some plasma reproductive hormones, biochemical markers of inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress and testicular histopathology were assessed. The urinary level of cotinine, a major nicotine metabolite, was also measured. HS exposure induced significant decreases in testosterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and androgen binding protein, as well as glutathione reductase activity and levels of nitrite and total nitrite. Plasma inhibin B, alkaline phosphatase, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, lipid peroxidation, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, and cytochrome C were significantly increased following HS exposure. In testicular homogenate, nuclear factor-κB (NF-ĸB), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), interleukin- 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), transforming growth factor-ß1(TGF- ß1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α) were all significantly elevated, and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) significantly decreased. Histopathologically, there was slight impairment and disorganization of spermatogenesis. Urinary cotinine concentration was elevated significantly in the HS-exposed group compared with the air-exposed group. GA co-administration mitigated the adverse actions of HS measured. In conclusion, daily exposure to HS at the above dose induced adverse actions on the reproductive system of male mice. GA co-administration significantly mitigated these effects by reducing the inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, via a mechanism involving Nrf2, and reduction of StAR expression.