Identification of novel genetic variations in ABCB6 and GRN genes associated with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are associated with an incidence of lipodystrophy among people living with HIV(PLHIV). Lipodystrophiesare characterised by the loss of adipose tissue. Evidence suggests that a patient's lipodystrophy phenotype is influenced by genetic mutation, age, gender, and environmental and genetic factors, such as single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). Pathogenic variants are considered to cause a more significant loss of adipose tissue compared to non-pathogenic. Lipid metabolising enzymes and transporter genes have a role in regulating lipoprotein metabolism and have been associated with lipodystrophy in HIV-infected patients (LDHIV). The long-term effect of the lipodystrophy syndrome is related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hence, we determined the SNVs of lipid metabolising enzymes and transporter genes in a total of 48 patient samples, of which 24 were with and 24 were without HIV-associated lipodystrophy (HIVLD) using next-generation sequencing. A panel of lipid metabolism, transport and elimination genes were sequenced. Three novel heterozygous non-synonymous variants at exon 8 (c.C1400A:p.S467Y, c.G1385A:p.G462E, and c.T1339C:p.S447P) in the ABCB6 gene were identified in patients with lipodystrophy. One homozygous non-synonymous SNV (exon5:c.T358C:p.S120P) in the GRN gene was identified in patients with lipodystrophy. One novelstop-gain SNV (exon5:c.C373T:p.Q125X) was found in the GRN gene among patients without lipodystrophy. Patients without lipodystrophy had one homozygous non-synonymous SNV (exon9:c.G1462T:p.G488C) in the ABCB6 gene. Our findings suggest that novel heterozygous non-synonymous variants in the ABCB6 gene may contribute to defective protein production, potentially intensifying the severity of lipodystrophy. Additionally, identifying a stop-gain SNV in the GRN gene among patients without lipodystrophy implies a potential role in the development of HIVLD.

Effect of genetic variations in drug transporters, metabolizing enzyme and regulatory genes on the development of HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Adipocytes play a crucial role in the metabolism of lipids and sugars. Their response varies depending on the circumstances or other factors influenced by physiological and metabolic stresses. People living with HIV (PLWH) experience different effects of HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on their body fat. Some patients respond well to antiretroviral therapy (ART), while others taking similar regimens do not. The genetic makeup of patients has been strongly linked to the variable responses to HAART among PLWH. The cause of HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS) is not well understood, but it may be influenced by genetic variations in the host. The metabolism of lipid effectively modulates plasma triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in PLWH. Genes related to drug metabolism and transport play an important role in the transportation and metabolism of ART drugs. Genetic variation in metabolizing enzyme genes of antiretroviral drugs, lipid transport and transcription factor-related genes could interfere with fat storage and metabolism, contributing to the development of HALS. Hence we examined the impact of genes associated with transport, metabolism and various transcription factors in metabolic complications, and their impact on HALS. A study using databases such as PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar was conducted to understand the impact of these genes on metabolic complications and HALS. The present article discuss the changes in the expression and regulation of genes and their involvement in the lipid metabolism, lipolysis and lipogenesis pathways. Moreover, alteration of the drug transporter, metabolizing enzyme and various transcription factors can lead to HALS. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that play an essential role in drug metabolism and drug and lipid transportation may also contribute to individual differences in the emergence of metabolic and morphological alterations during HAART treatment.

REVERSIBILITY OF LIPOATROPHY IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS TAKING ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY: A COHORT STUDY WITH ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT.

The aim of this study was to characterize and compare changes in subcutaneous fat in the malar, brachial and crural region in a cohort of HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy. This prospective longitudinal study included 77 patients who were selected from the initial cohort evaluated in 2007 and 2008. We examined reversibility of lipoatrophy measured by ultrasound over at least five-year period and factors related to its reversibility. All 46 patients who used stavudine switched from stavudine to another combination. Of 58 patients on zidovudine, 16 (28%) were on a zidovudine based regimen at the second follow up. There was evidence for subcutaneous fat increase in the malar area (p<0.001) and no increase in the brachial and crural areas. Patients who were smokers and had poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet had a thinner malar area at the follow up measurement (p=0.030) and smaller increase in subcutaneous malar fat compared to others (p=0.040). Our study suggested that modest increase of subcutaneous fat in malar area coincided with stopping stavudine and fewer usage of zidovudine. Lifestyle with non-adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoking were associated with a smaller increase in subcutaneous malar fat.

Self-reported HIV/HAART-associated Lipodystrophy and Modifiable Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract Background Patient self-report is the most common diagnostic tool in the literature to detect HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy. However, data on the association of cardiovascular risk factors with HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by self-report are still missing. Objectives To determine the prevalence of self-reported HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy and to identify independent associations between traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported lipodystrophy. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study at an outpatient infectious disease clinic in the Central-West of Brazil to identify the association between traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and self-reported lipodystrophy. Sedentary lifestyle, smoking status, family history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, increased waist circumference and overweight were the cardiovascular risk factors assessed. Self-reported HIV/HART-associated lipodystrophy was categorized as: mild (noticeable by patients' close inspection), moderate (easily noticeable by patient and physician) or severe (readily noticeable by a casual observer). Prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI95%) were calculated. Multivariate Poisson's regression was used to analyze factors associated to HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by self-report considering a significance level of 5%. Results A total of 183 patients were included, with a mean age of 39.3±10.9 years. Most of the sample were male (77.6%), non-white (50.8%) and single (53.0%). The overall prevalence of HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy was 52.5% (95% CI 44.96 - 59.88). Severe lipodystrophy was observed in more than half patients (55.2%). No traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factor was independently associated with lipodystrophy. Female sex (PR 1.49; 95% CI 1.15 - 1.95; p =0.003), time of HIV infection diagnosis of 1-3 years (PR 1.83; 95% CI 1.09 - 3.08; p =0.002) and a positive family history of CVD (PR 1.62; 95% CI 1.11 - 2.36; p <0.001) were independently associated with lipodystrophy. Conclusion HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy assessed by patient self-report was not associated with traditional modifiable cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

HIV and pericardial fat are associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function among Ugandans.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between pericardial fat (PCF) and cardiac structure and function among HIV-infected patients in the sub-Saharan African country of Uganda. People living with HIV (PLHIV) have altered fat distribution and an elevated risk for heart failure. Whether altered quantity and radiodensity of fat surrounding the heart relates to cardiac dysfunction in this population is unknown. METHODS: One hundred HIV-positive Ugandans on antiretroviral therapy were compared with 100 age and sex-matched HIV-negative Ugandans; all were >45 years old with >1 cardiovascular disease risk factor. Subjects underwent ECG-gated non-contrast cardiac CT and transthoracic echocardiography with speckle tracking strain imaging. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models were used to explore the association of PCF with echocardiographic outcomes. RESULTS: Median age was 55% and 62% were female. Compared with uninfected controls, PLHIV had lower body mass index (27 vs 30, p=0.02) and less diabetes (26% vs 45%, p=0.005). Median left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction was 67%. In models adjusted for traditional risk factors, HIV was associated with 10.3 g/m2 higher LV mass index (LVMI) (95% CI 3.22 to 17.4; p=0.005), 0.87% worse LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) (95% CI -1.66 to -0.07; p=0.03) and higher odds of diastolic dysfunction (OR 1.96; 95% CI 0.95 to 4.06; p=0.07). In adjusted models, PCF volume was significantly associated with increased LVMI and worse LV GLS, while PCF radiodensity was associated with worse LV GLS (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In Uganda, HIV infection, PCF volume and density are associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function.

Perceived discrimination, self-exclusion and well-being among people with HIV as a function of lipodystrophy symptoms / Discriminación percibida, autoexclusión y bienestar entre las personas con VIH en función de los síntomas de la lipodistrofia

This study examined the effects of perceived discrimination on the well-being of people with HIV and the mediating role of self-exclusion as a function of the participants' symptoms of lipodystrophy. An ex post facto study with a sample of 706 people with HIV was conducted. Selfperception of lipoatrophy and lipohypertrophy, perceived discrimination, self-exclusion and psychological well-being were measured. Results of hierarchical cluster analysis showed participants could be categorized into three groups: no lipodystrophy, mixed syndrome with predominant lipoaccumulation and lipoatrophy. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that the negative effects of perceived discrimination on well-being were mediated to a large extent by self-exclusion. Invariance analysis revealed that the mediating role of self-exclusion was not the same in the three clusters. Complete mediation of self-exclusion in the groups without lipodystrophy and with predominant lipoaccumulation was confirmed. Regarding lipoatrophy, the negative effects of perceived discrimination were greater and only partly mediated by self-exclusion. In conclusion, having lipodystrophy exposed people to more discrimination; lipoatrophy was the most stigmatizing condition (AU)

Este estudio examinó los efectos de la discriminación percibida sobre el bienestar de las personas con VIH y el papel mediador de la autoexclusión en función de los síntomas de lipodistrofia de los participantes. Se realizó un estudio ex post facto con una muestra de 706 personas con VIH. Se midió la autopercepción de lipoatrofia y lipohipertrofia, discriminación percibida, autoexclusión y bienestar psicológico. Los resultados del análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico mostraron que los participantes podían clasificarse en tres grupos: sin lipodistrofia, síndrome mixto con lipoacumulación predominante y lipoatrofia. Los resultados del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales revelaron que los efectos negativos de la discriminación percibida sobre el bienestar estaban mediados en gran medida por la autoexclusión. El análisis de invarianza reveló que el papel mediador de la autoexclusión no era el mismo en los tres grupos. Se confirmó la mediación completa de la autoexclusión en los grupos sin lipodistrofia y con lipoacumulación predominante. Con respecto a la lipoatrofia, los efectos negativos de la discriminación percibida fueron mayores y solo parcialmente mediados por la autoexclusión. En conclusión, tener lipodistrofia expone a las personas a más discriminación; la lipoatrofia fue la condición más estigmatizante (AU)

COHORT PROFILE: The Complications of Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy study in Uganda (CoLTART), a prospective clinical cohort.

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the survival and quality of life of HIV-positive individuals, but the effects of long-term ART use do eventually manifest. The Complications of Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy cohort study in Uganda (CoLTART) was established to investigate the metabolic and renal complications of long-term ART use among Ugandan adults. We describe the CoLTART study set-up, aims, objectives, study methods, and also report some preliminary cross-sectional study enrolment metabolic and renal complications data analysis results. METHODS: HIV-positive ART naïve and experienced adults (18 years and above) in Uganda were enrolled. Data on demographic, dietary, medical, social economic and behaviour was obtained; and biophysical measurements and a clinical examination were undertaken. We measured: fasting glucose and lipid profiles, renal and liver function tests, full blood counts, immunology, virology and HIV drug resistance testing. Plasma samples were stored for future studies. RESULTS: Between July 2013 and October 2014, we enrolled 1095 individuals, of whom 964 (88.0%) were ART experienced (6 months or more), with a median of 9.4 years (IQR 7.0-9.9) on ART. Overall, 968 (88.4%) were aged 35 years and above, 711 (64.9%) were females, 608 (59.6%) were or had ever been on a Tenofovir ART regimen and 236 (23.1%) on a Protease Inhibitor (PI) regimen. There were no differences in renal dysfunction between patients on Tenofovir and Non-Tenofovir containing ART regimens. Patients on PI regimens had higher total cholesterol, lower high density lipoprotein, higher low density lipoprotein, higher triglycerides, and a high atherogenic index for plasma than the non-PI regimen, p = 0.001 or < 0.001. Patients on Non-PI regimens had higher mean diastolic hypertension than patients on PI regimens, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding of no differences in renal dysfunction between patients on Tenofovir and those on Non-Tenofovir containing ART regimens means that Tenofovir based first line ART can safely be initiated even in settings without routine renal function monitoring. However, integration of cardiovascular risk assessment, preventive and curative measures against cardiovascular disease are required. The CoLTART cohort is a good platform to investigate the complications of long-term ART use in Uganda.

New-onset diabetes in HIV-treated adults: predictors, long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus in a cohort of Thai HIV-infected patients on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). DESIGN: Prospective study conducted between July 1996 and 30 April 2015. METHODS: A total of 1748 patients (60% men) who did not have diabetes mellitus prior to ART were assessed twice a year. Incident diabetes mellitus was defined as either having two consecutive fasting glucose levels more than 126 mg/dl, or reporting antidiabetes mellitus medication/diabetes mellitus diagnosis after starting cART. Incidence rates were calculated per 1000 person-year follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression was used to determine risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 9 years (16 274 person-year of follow-up), 123 patients developed new-onset diabetes mellitus, resulting in an incidence rate of 7.6 (95% confidence interval 6.3-9) per 1000 person-year of follow-up. From the multivariate models, age more than 35 years, male sex, BMI at least 25 kg/m, family history of diabetes, abnormal waist circumference, lipodystrophy and exposure to didanosine were significantly associated with incident diabetes mellitus. The diabetes mellitus group had higher mortality rate (8.1 vs. 4.1%, P = 0.04). A significantly higher proportion diabetes vs. nondiabetes patients developed cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications (8.9 vs. 3.6%, P = 0.008) or chronic kidney disease stage III (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 m) (15.3 vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001) over total follow-up. CONCLUSION: In addition to traditional risk factors, lipodystrophy and use of didanosine were strongly associated with development of incident diabetes. Given the higher rate of cardiovascular-cerebrovascular complications and chronic kidney disease among patients with diabetes mellitus, careful assessment and appropriate management of diabetes mellitus are essential.

Adiponectin, Leptin and Inflammatory Markers in HIV-associated Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is more common in HIV-infected adults and children than in the general population. Adipocytokines and inflammatory markers may contribute to the pathophysiology of this condition and could be useful indices for monitoring MetS. The objective of this study was to provide information on the prevalence of MetS and investigate the role of adipocytokines and other biomarkers in this syndrome in HIV-infected pediatric patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2013 and March 2014 in the outpatient clinics of 2 tertiary pediatric referral hospitals. Fifty-four HIV-infected children and adolescents were included. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation and modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Measurements included anthropometry, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose and insulin, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6, vitamin D and C-reactive protein and clinical lipodystrophy assessment. RESULTS: Among the total, 3.7% of patients met the International Diabetes Federation criteria for MetS and 7.4% met the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. C-reactive protein and leptin levels were significantly higher and adiponectin level significantly lower in patients with MetS, regardless of the criteria used. Insulin resistance was observed in 40.7% of patients; abnormal quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values were found in 88.9%. Eighteen patients (33.3%) had vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS was similar to that observed in larger cohorts of HIV-infected patients in our setting. Adipocytokine dysregulation seems to be related to MetS in HIV-infected children. A high percentage of patients showed insulin resistance, which should be strictly monitored.

Topical imiquimod 5% as an alternative therapy in periocular basal cell carcinoma in two patients with surgical contraindication. / Imiquimod 5% tópico como terapia alternativa en carcinoma basocelular periocular en 2 pacientes con contraindicación quirúrgica.

CLINICAL CASES: The cases are presented of two patients with periocular basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid who received topical imiquimod 5%, with a good response. Both had a functional state that contraindicated surgical treatment. CONCLUSION: Imiquimod cream 5% was shown to be an effective alternative to surgical treatment of periocular basal cell carcinoma, especially in those cases where surgery is not possible.

Relationship Between Adiposity Indices, Lipodystrophy, and Sarcopenia in HIV-Positive Individuals With and Without Lipodystrophy.

Metabolism disorders, as well as body shape abnormalities, have been associated with the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic ability of adiposity indices and to discuss criteria for the classification of lipodystrophy and sarcopenia (SP) in HIV-positive individuals. Anthropometric measurements were determined in 268 individuals of both genders, also submitted to the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry exam. The adiposity indices calculated were body mass index, body mass index adjusted for fat mass (BMIfat), body adiposity index, body adiposity Index for the Fels Longitudinal Study sample, and The Clínica Universidad de Navarra body adiposity estimator. The presence of lipodystrophy was evaluated using the fat mass ratio (FMR). SP was classified using the appendicular lean mass/height2 ratio. The subjects were divided into 3 groups: HIV+LIPO+ (n = 41), HIV+LIPO- (n = 65), and control (C, HIV-negative individuals; n = 162). Among the adiposity indices assessed, BMIfat showed the strongest correlation with total body fat (in percent) for men (r = 0.87, p < 0.001) and women (r = 0.92, p < 0.001). The frequency of SP was 44.8% and 41.7% in HIV+LIPO+, 27.8% and 20.7% in HIV+LIPO- and 63.3% and 45.45% in C, for men and women, respectively. The cutoff point suggested for the diagnosis of lipodystrophy according to the FMR was 1.14. The adiposity indices, particularly the BMIfat, have strong correlation with body fat determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in HIV-positive patients. The implementation of FMR is recommended for more standardized estimates of the frequency of lipodystrophy.

Lipodystrophy and the relationship with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients / Lipodistrofia e a relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular e síndrome metabólica em pacientes infectados pelo vírus HIV

Introduction: HIV-positive patient lipodystrophy is the redistribution of body fat and may be accompanied by cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Objective: Was to investigate the prevalence of lipodystrophy in adults infected with HIV, as well as its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. Methodology: Cross-sectional study with HIV-positive adult patients taking antiretroviral medication. Data were collected through a questionnaire and through medical records (viral RNA, CD4, blood glucose, LDL, HDL, triglycerides). In addition to anthropometry (waist circumference, body weight, height and BMI). Results: 120 people studied among them (50.8%) had lipodystrophy, the highest prevalence of lipodystrophy (52.1%) occurred in males and the most widely used medication was the NRTI + PI (24,2%). The lipodystrophy was more frequent in patients with cardiovascular disease (68.4%), metabolic syndrome (59.3%) and those with increased waist circumference (55.1%). Significant differences (p<0.05) among the analyzed subgroups (with or without lipodystrophy) occurred with triglycerides, LDL and glucose levels. Discussion: The use of HAART tends to improve the condition of immunity and is associated with the onset of lipodystrophy. This also associated with excess weight and fat accumulation predisposes to the development of metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: the study contributed to direct the focus and attention profile of specialized services for HIV/AIDS (AU)

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The successful use of lipectomy in the management of airway obstruction in a woman with HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Lipodystrophy is a common complication of highly active antiretroviral therapy and is associated with significant comorbidities. Altered fat distribution, particularly lipohypertrophy of the dorsal cervical fat pad is associated with reduced quality of life as well as medical complications. We report the rare case of a patient with airway obstruction secondary to HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Ultrasound-assisted liposuction was successfully performed to relieve her airway obstruction and to facilitate a tracheostomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of its kind. We also provide a brief review of the literature on the current management options for HIV-associated lipodystrophy.

Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lipodystrophy in HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.

We evaluated retrospectively an automated method for the separate detection of subcutaneous and visceral fat in the abdominal region by magnetic resonance studies in HIV-positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. The patients were divided into four different groups: lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, mixed and the control group. The use of software for the automated detection of abdominal compartment visceral adipose tissue (VAT), total adipose tissue (TAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) was compared to manual evaluation methods (fuzzy C-mean). The results of ROC analysis showed that the parameters, particularly the VAT, are better than the VAT/TAT and at identifying patients with the symptoms of abdominal fat accumulation. A sensitivity of 80.3% and a specificity of 79.5% resulted from a threshold VAT value of >87 cm(2). Moreover, the manual evaluation method was shown to provide greater values for VAT and the VAT/TAT ratio than those given by the automated method. In the present study, a rapid MRI protocol for the detection and assessment of the course of lipodystrophy was presented and tested on a group of patients with signs of HALS, as well as on an antiretroviral naïve control group.

HIV infection and cardiovascular disease.

AIMS: With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related comorbidities like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are of increasing concern. We describe important recent research developments on the epidemiology of CVD in HIV infection, ART-related metabolic changes, and cardioprotective anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and summarize management strategies for CVD risk reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS: We systematically identified and analysed systematic reviews and most cited literature published in the last 3 years and supplemented findings with selected evidence based on clinical expertise. Among HIV-infected individuals, the prevalence of CVD risk factors and the risk for CVD is higher compared with HIV negatives. Antiretroviral drugs may induce dyslipidaemia, reduce insulin sensitivity, and promote body fat redistribution that additionally contributes to CVD risk. Some antiretroviral drugs may increase risk for CVD events, but the absolute risk increase is moderate and has to be put into perspective with the massive HIV-related benefits. Sustained HIV suppression reduces systemic inflammatory markers and is associated with a moderate reduction in CVD events. Regular CVD risk assessment and counselling to stop smoking must be regularly done in all HIV-infected individuals. Statins are effective for the treatment of dyslipidaemia in HIV infection, but drug interactions with ART need to be considered. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals are at increased risk for CVD. Timely initiation of ART with consequent viral suppression is likely to reduce CVD events and to offset potential side effects from ART-induced metabolic changes. Reduction in smoking in HIV-infected individuals is a public health priority.

Liver stiffness values in HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-hepatitis B core antibodies.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B reactivation has been observed in HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-HBc. However, the impact of isolated anti-HBc on liver fibrosis is not known in this population. METHODS: We investigated liver stiffness values (LSV) in a population of HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-HBc, and attempted to identify risk factors for high values. RESULTS: Fifty-one out of 69 patients (74%) had low LSV (≤7.1 kPa). In univariate analysis, high LSV (>7.1 kPa) were associated with HCV coinfection, the duration of HIV infection, the duration of antiretroviral therapy and lipodystrophy. In age-adjusted multivariate analysis, HCV coinfection (OR 11.5; 95% CI, 3.0-62.9; P=0.001) and lipodystrophy (OR 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-20.7; P=0.031) remained associated with high liver stiffness values. CONCLUSIONS: Lipodystrophy was the only factor associated with high liver stiffness values in our population of HIV-infected patients with isolated anti-Hbc and extensive exposure to antiretroviral drugs active on HBV, apart from HCV coinfection Our study correlates to recent studies the results of which have shown that lipodystrophy, and more generally mitochondrial toxicity, was associated with advanced liver fibrosis in HIV/HCV co-infected patients.

Lipid profile of HIV-infected patients in relation to antiretroviral therapy: a review.

This study reviewed the lipid profile of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients in relation to use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and its different classes of drugs. A total of 190 articles published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from PubMed and LILACS databases; 88 of them met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Patients with HIV/AIDS without ART presented an increase of triglycerides and decreases of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels. Distinct ART regimens appear to promote different alterations in lipid metabolism. Protease inhibitors, particularly indinavir and lopinavir, were commonly associated with hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-c, low HDL-c, and hypertriglyceridemia. The protease inhibitor atazanavir is apparently associated with a more advantageous lipid profile. Some nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (didanosine, stavudine, and zidovudine) induced lipoatrophy and hypertriglyceridemia, whereas abacavir increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases even in the absence of apparent lipid disorders, and tenofovir resulted in lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Although non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors predisposed to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, nevirapine was particularly associated with high HDL-c levels, a protective factor against cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the infection itself, different classes of drugs, and some drugs from the same class of ART appear to exert distinct alterations in lipid metabolism.

Lipid profile of HIV-infected patients in relation to antiretroviral therapy: a review / Perfil lipídico de pacientes infectados pelo HIV em relação à terapia antirretroviral: uma revisão

This study reviewed the lipid profile of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients in relation to use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and its different classes of drugs. A total of 190 articles published in peer-reviewed journals were retrieved from PubMed and LILACS databases; 88 of them met the selection criteria and were included in the review. Patients with HIV/AIDS without ART presented an increase of triglycerides and decreases of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels. Distinct ART regimens appear to promote different alterations in lipid metabolism. Protease inhibitors, particularly indinavir and lopinavir, were commonly associated with hypercholesterolemia, high LDL-c, low HDL-c, and hypertriglyceridemia. The protease inhibitor atazanavir is apparently associated with a more advantageous lipid profile. Some nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (didanosine, stavudine, and zidovudine) induced lipoatrophy and hypertriglyceridemia, whereas abacavir increased the risk of cardiovascular diseases even in the absence of apparent lipid disorders, and tenofovir resulted in lower levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Although non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors predisposed to hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, nevirapine was particularly associated with high HDL-c levels, a protective factor against cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the infection itself, different classes of drugs, and some drugs from the same class of ART appear to exert distinct alterations in lipid metabolism.

Este estudo faz uma revisão sobre o perfil lipídico de pacientes com vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV/AIDS) em relação ao uso da terapia antirretroviral (TARV), e suas diferentes classes de fármacos. Um total de 190 artigos publicados em revistas indexadas foram selecionados das bases de dados PubMed e LILACS; 88 deles preencheram os critérios de seleção e foram incluídos nesta revisão. Pacientes com HIV/AIDS sem uso de TARV apresentaram aumento de triglicérides e diminuição dos níveis de colesterol total, lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c) e lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c). Distintos regimes de TARV promoveram diferentes alterações no metabolismo lipídico. Inibidores de protease, particularmente indinavir e lopinavir, foram comumente associados com hipercolesterolemia, aumento de LDL-c, diminuição de HDL-c e hipertrigliceridemia. O inibidor de protease atazanavir aparentemente está associado a menores alterações do perfil lipídico. Alguns inibidores da transcripitase reversa análogos de nucleosídeos (didanosina, estavudina e zidovudina), induziram lipoatrofia e hipertrigliceridemia, enquanto o abacavir aumentou o risco cardiovascular mesmo na ausência de aparentes distúrbios lipídicos, e o tenofovir resultou em menores níveis de colesterol e triglicérides. Embora os inibidores da transcriptase reversa não análogos de nucleosídeos possam predispor a hipertrigliceridemia e hipercolesterolemia, a nevirapina, particularmente, foi associada a maiores níveis de HDL-c, um fator de proteção contra doenças cardiovasculares. Portanto, a própria infecção, diferentes classes de fármacos e alguns fármacos da mesma classe de TARV podem exercer distintas alterações no metabolismo lipídico.