A regulamentação do setor de saúde suplementar no Brasil: a reconstrução de uma história de disputas / Government regulation of the private health care market in Brazil: a history of disputes

O artigo reconstrói a disputa travada entre os principais atores sociais interessados diretamente no processo de regulamentação da saúde suplementar no Brasil, no período imediatamente anterior à edição da Lei n°. 9.656/98, destacando convergências e divergências destes atores em relação a 28 temas centrais para a configuração do arcabouço regulatório vigente no Brasil desde 1998. O material utilizado para a descrição e sistematização das posições em disputa no processo regulatório resultou de um estudo empírico, descritivo, de natureza comparativo-contrastante, baseado em análise documental e entrevistas com atores-chave. O estudo sistematiza os principais pontos de polêmica e/ou consenso entre os vários atores, destacando, em particular, as muitas convergências das propostas das entidades médicas com aquelas defendidas pelas organizações de usuários e pelos institutos de defesa dos consumidores, apontando para a possibilidade de construção de um bloco ético-político compromissado com a defesa de uma melhor qualificação da assistência, em contraposição a uma lógica meramente de mercado.

This paper reconstructs the dispute between the main social actors with direct interests in the regulation of private health care in Brazil during the period immediately prior to the passage of Act 9.656/98, highlighting the divergences between these actors in relation to 28 central topics for shaping the regulatory framework prevailing in the country since 1998. The material used in the description and systematization of the positions in the regulatory dispute resulted from an empirical, descriptive, comparative study based on document analysis and interviews with key actors. The study systematizes the main points of controversy and consensus among the various actors, particularly highlighting the many points of agreement between proposals by medical organizations and those of users' organizations and consumer defense institutes, thereby suggesting the possibility of establishing an ethical and political bloc committed to the defense of improved health care as opposed to sheer market logic.

[Government regulation of the private health care market in Brazil: a history of disputes]. / A regulamentação do setor de saúde suplementar no Brasil: a reconstrução de uma história de disputas.

This paper reconstructs the dispute between the main social actors with direct interests in the regulation of private health care in Brazil during the period immediately prior to the passage of Act 9.656/98, highlighting the divergences between these actors in relation to 28 central topics for shaping the regulatory framework prevailing in the country since 1998. The material used in the description and systematization of the positions in the regulatory dispute resulted from an empirical, descriptive, comparative study based on document analysis and interviews with key actors. The study systematizes the main points of controversy and consensus among the various actors, particularly highlighting the many points of agreement between proposals by medical organizations and those of users' organizations and consumer defense institutes, thereby suggesting the possibility of establishing an ethical and political bloc committed to the defense of improved health care as opposed to sheer market logic.

An analysis of equity in Brazilian health system financing

Health care in Brazil is financed from many sources-taxes on income, real property, sales of goods and services, and financial transactions; private insurance purchased by households and firms; and out-of-pocket payments by households. Data onhousehold budgets and tax revenues allow the burden of each source except firms’ insurance purchases for their employees to be allocated across deciles of adjusted per capita household income, indicating the progressivity or regressivity of each kind of payment.Overall, financing is approximately neutral, with progressive public finance offsetting regressive payments. This last form of finance pushes some households into poverty.

An analysis of equity in Brazilian health system financing.

Health care in Brazil is financed from many sources--taxes on income, real property, sales of goods and services, and financial transactions; private insurance purchased by households and firms; and out-of-pocket payments by households. Data on household budgets and tax revenues allow the burden of each source except firms' insurance purchases for their employees to be allocated across deciles of adjusted per capita household income, indicating the progressivity or regressivity of each kind of payment. Overall, financing is approximately neutral, with progressive public finance offsetting regressive payments. This last form of finance pushes some households into poverty.

Progressive segmented health insurance: Colombian health reform and access to health services.

Equal access for poor populations to health services is a comprehensive objective for any health reform. The Colombian health reform addressed this issue through a segmented progressive social health insurance approach. The strategy was to assure universal coverage expanding the population covered through payroll linked insurance, and implementing a subsidized insurance program for the poorest populations, those not affiliated through formal employment. A prospective study was performed to follow-up health service utilization and out-of-pocket expenses using a cohort design. It was representative of four Colombian cities (Cendex Health Services Use and Expenditure Study, 2001). A four part econometric model was applied. The model related medical service utilization and medication with different socioeconomic, geographic, and risk associated variables. Results showed that subsidized health insurance improves health service utilization and reduces the financial burden for the poorest, as compared to those non-insured. Other social health insurance schemes preserved high utilization with variable out-of-pocket expenditures. Family and age conditions have significant effect on medical service utilization. Geographic variables play a significant role in hospital inpatient service utilization. Both, geographic and income variables also have significant impact on out-of-pocket expenses. Projected utilization rates and a simulation favor a dual policy for two-stage income segmented insurance to progress towards the universal insurance goal.