Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Ethanol Injection Associated with Trans-arterial Embolization of a Giant Intra-abdominal Cavernous Hemangioma: Case Report and New Therapeutic Option.

BACKGROUND: Cavernous hemangiomas are congenital hamartomatous lesions that originate from mesodermal tissue composed of dilated blood vessels. Abdominal pain and palpable mass are the most common presenting symptoms. The different types of treatment for symptomatic patients remain controversial. However, surgical resection is always the most preferred method when possible. To date, there are no reports of endoscopic ultrasound-guided (EUS-guided) absolute ethanol injection as a treatment for such disease when surgery is not an option. CASE PRESENTATION: A 19-year-old girl with giant cavernous intra-abdominal hemangioma extending to the hepatic hilum, also affecting the gastric wall and occupying the entire supra-mesocolic cavity, initially presents with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and loss of 20 kg in 1 year (BMI = 18 kg/m2). Percutaneous angiography identified a mass with arterial blood supply by the left gastric artery that was embolized. After re-bleeding, an alternative treatment with EUS-guided injection of alcohol was proposed once resection was not feasible without major risks to a young patient. This procedure was repeated 15 and 45 days after the initial treatment, with the ethanol injection of 25 cc and 15 cc, respectively. On the second and third procedure dates, there was evident regression of the hemangioma. On the third procedure, it was possible to identify all anatomic structures that were not clear on the first EUS. After 45 days of last injection, abdominal CT and EUS showed notorious regression of the lesion. Eight months later, abdominal CT showed only a remnant lesion in the hepatogastric ligament with 129 cm3 on volumetry (87% lower in comparison to the initial image), and the patient remains asymptomatic with BMI of 26. In the most recent follow-up CT, 4 years and 2 months after first treatment, the patient presents with a slight increase in the hemangioma-now with 183 cm3 on volumetry. CONCLUSION: Transgastric EUS-guided ethanol injection in the treatment of giant intra-abdominal cavernous hemangioma can provide good outcomes without major complications and can be repeated if necessary.

What is changing in indications and treatment of hepatic hemangiomas. A review.

Hepatic cavernous hemangioma accounts for 73% of all benign liver tumors with a frequency of 0.4-7.3% at autopsy and is the second most common tumor seen in the liver after metastases. Patients affected by hemangioma usually have their tumor diagnosed by ultrasound abdominal examination for a not well defined pain, but pain persist after treatment of the hemangioma. The causes of pain can be various gastrointestinal pathologies including cholelithiasis and peptic ulcer disease.The malignant trasformation is practically inexistent. Different imaging modalities are used to diagnosis liver hemangioma including ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and less frequently scintigraphy, positronemission tomography combined with CT (PET/CT) and angiography. Imaging-guided biopsy of hemangioma is usually not resorted to except in extremely atypical cases. The right indications for surgery remain rupture, intratumoral bleeding, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome and organ or vessels compression (gastric outlet obstruction, Budd-Chiari syndrome, etc.) represents the valid indication for surgery and at the same time they are all complications of the tumor itself. The size of the tumor do not represent a valid indication for treatment. Liver hemangiomas, when indication exist, have to be treated firstly by surgery (hepatic resection or enucleation, open, laproscopic or robotic), but in the recent years other therapies like liver transplantation, radiofrequency ablation, radiotherapy, trans-arterial embolization, and chemotherapy have been applied.

Preoperative embolization of a cavernous hemangioma of the rectum / Embolização pré-operatória do hemangioma cavernoso do reto

Colorectal cavernous hemangioma is a rare benign vascular neoplasia that may be found in any segment of the colon and cause recurrent and painless rectal bleeding. Standard treatment of rectal hemangioma consists of resection of the affected segment followed by coloanal anastomosis. Massive bleeding during the operation is the most feared complication, especially during extensive resection or reoperation. The authors describe a preoperative embolization of a rectal hemangioma with Onyx-18(R) and microspheres, in a 49-year-old patient with successful prevention of uncontrolled hemorrhage during surgery. (AU)

O hemangioma colorretal cavernoso é uma neoplasia vascular benigna rara, que pode comprometer qualquer segmento do colón e causar sangramento retal indolor recorrente. O tratamento habitual da doença retal inclui ressecção do segmento afetado seguido de anastomose coloanal. Sangramento retal no intra-operatório é uma complicação temível especialmente durante ressecções extensas ou reoperações. Os autores descrevem a embolização pré-operatória com microesferas e Onyx-18(R) de um hemangioma retal em um paciente de 49 anos, com controle satisfatório de hemorragia maciça durante o ato cirúrgico. (AU)

Hemangioma cavernoso: relato de caso / Cavernous hemangioma: case report

O hemangioma cavernoso é uma neoformação vascular benigna de origem congênita, caracterizando pela formação de grandes canais e espaços vasculares preenchidos com sangue. O caso relatado no estudo chama atenção não só devido à magnitude da tumoração e ao comprometimento vascular, mas também pelo tempo de permanência da lesão, desde os 10 anos de idade. O tratamento para essa lesão varia com o tamanho, risco de ruptura do hemangioma e com a sintomatologia do paciente. As condutas que podem ser utilizadas são: ressecção cirúrgica; embolização arterial; enucleação cirúrgica e radioterapia. A raridade e complexidade do caso, somados à dificuldade de tratamento encontrada pela paciente no decorrer desses 20 anos de evolução tumoral, foram fatores que corroboraram para a apresentação desse caso.

The cavernous hemangioma is a benign vascular neoformation of congenital origin, characterizing by the formation of large vascular spaces filled with blood. The case reported in this study differentiates itself from other cases of hemangiomas, not only because of the magnitude of the tumor and the vascular compromise, but also due to the time of permanence that this tumor was lodged since she was 10. The treatment for this type of injury varies with the size and risk of a rupture of the hemangioma, and with the symptoms of the patient. Surgical resection, artery embolization, surgical enucleation and radiotherapy can be chosen by the doctor as alternatives for the treatment. The rarity and complexity of this case, added to the difficulty of treatment found by the patient during those 20 years of tumor development, compose the factors that corroborated to the presentation of this case.

Lip cavernous hemangioma in a young child.

Hemangiomas are benign tumors of infancy and childhood, characterized by a phase of fast growth with endothelial cell proliferation, occurring in 10-12% of children at 1 year of age. It is known that hemangiomas of infancy are most commonly located on the head and neck region (around 60% of cases) and occur more frequently in the lips, tongue, and palate. Approximately 50% of hemangiomas have complete resolution, and 90% of them are resolved up to the age of 9. Complications occur in only 20% of the cases, the most common problem being ulceration with or without infection. The treatment depends on lesion location, size and evolution stage, and the patient's age. Surgery is usually indicated when there is no response to systemic treatments, or even for esthetic reasons, being performed as a simple excision in combination or not with plastic surgery. This paper reports a case of lip cavernous hemangioma in a 4-year-old child, who was submitted to 3 sessions of vascular sclerosis due to the size of the lesion, before undergoing simple excision of the hemangioma. Two years of postoperative clinical follow-up shows treatment success with no recurrence of the lesion.

Lip cavernous hemangioma in a young child

Hemangiomas are benign tumors of infancy and childhood, characterized by a phase of fast growth with endothelial cell proliferation, occurring in 10-12 percent of children at 1 year of age. It is known that hemangiomas of infancy are most commonly located on the head and neck region (around 60 percent of cases) and occur more frequently in the lips, tongue, and palate. Approximately 50 percent of hemangiomas have complete resolution, and 90 percent of them are resolved up to the age of 9. Complications occur in only 20 percent of the cases, the most common problem being ulceration with or without infection. The treatment depends on lesion location, size and evolution stage, and the patient's age. Surgery is usually indicated when there is no response to systemic treatments, or even for esthetic reasons, being performed as a simple excision in combination or not with plastic surgery. This paper reports a case of lip cavernous hemangioma in a 4-year-old child, who was submitted to 3 sessions of vascular sclerosis due to the size of the lesion, before undergoing simple excision of the hemangioma. Two years of postoperative clinical follow-up shows treatment success with no recurrence of the lesion.

Hemangiomas são tumores benignos da infância que se caracterizam por uma fase de crescimento rápido com proliferação de células endoteliais, ocorrendo em 10 a 12 por cento das crianças com 1 ano de idade. Sua localização mais comum é nos lábios, na língua, mucosa jugal e no palato. Aproximadamente 50 por cento dos casos de hemangioma mostram completa resolução e 90 por cento deles resolvem-se até os 9 anos de idade. As complicações ocorrem em apenas 20 por cento dos casos e o problema mais comum é a ulceração com ou sem infecção. O tratamento depende da localização, do tamanho e do estágio evolutivo da lesão, bem como da idade do paciente. A cirurgia geralmente é indicada quando não há resposta aos tratamentos sistêmicos ou por razões estéticas, podendo ser empregada sob forma de exérese simples com ou sem plástica. Este artigo apresenta um caso de hemangioma cavernoso labial em uma criança de 4 anos de idade, a qual, devido ao tamanho da lesão, foi submetida a 3 sessões de esclerose vascular seguido de exérese simples da lesão, com acompanhamento clínico de 2 anos de pós-operatório.

Cavernoma de hipocampo associado a epilepsia do lobo temporal refratária / Hippocampal cavernoma associated to refractory temporal lobe epilepsy

Os cavernomas, entre todas as malformações vasculares encontradas no sistema nervoso, constituem os principais causadores de epilepsia. Para ilustrar essa associação, é apresentado o caso de uma paciente com crises convulsivas de início recente, refratárias ao tratamento clínico, ocasionadas por um cavernoma localizado no lobo temporal (hipocampo) direito. A paciente foi submetida a lesionectomia, sem ressecção do córtex temporal adjacente, com resultado pós-operatório positivo. São discutidas as indicações de lesionectomia em indivíduos com epilepsia, com ênfase nos cavernomas, bem como as indicações de corticectomia para o controle das crises e a obtenção de prognóstico favorável.

The cavernomas, of all the vascular malformations found in the nervous system, are the leading cause of epilepsy. To illustrate this association we present the case of a female patient with convulsive crises of recent onset, refractory to clinical treatment, caused by a cavernoma located in the right temporal lobe (hippocampus). The patient was submitted to lesionectomy, without resection of the adjacent temporal cortex, with a positive postoperative outcome. Indications of lesionectomy to individuals with epilepsy are discussed, with an emphasis on cavernomas, as well as indications of corticectomy for the control of crises and the achievement of a favorable prognosis.

Hemangioma cavernoso de lábio inferior: caso clínico / Cavernous hemangioma of lower lip: case report

Os autores descrevem um caso clínico de lesão nodular em lábio inferior, em paciente de 74 anos, com características clínicas de benignidade, de coloração arroxeada, com limites bem definidos e tamanho aproximado de 1,0 x 0,5 cm. Ao exame de vitropressão apresentou um esmaecimento da coloração arroxeada, permitindo diagnóstico clínico de hemangioma. Em virtude do exame clínico optou-se pela conduta terapêutica de excisão cirúrgica com bisturi convencional e, em controle de 10 meses, não se notaram sinais clínicos de recidiva

The authors describe a clinical case of nodular lesion in lower lip, in 74 year-old patient, with clinical benign characteristics, purple surface, with defined limits and approximate size of 1,0 per 0,5 cm that it presented a fainting of the purple coloration to the pression with a transparent glass (like a microscopic blade), allowing clinical diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma, and by virtue of the clinical exam the therapeutic conduct was of surgical excision with conventional bistoury, presenting excellent follow up in control of 10 months, satisfactory aesthetic result without physical signs of recurrence

Cavernoma familiar / Familial cavernoma

Angiomas cavernosos ou simplesmente cavernomas são má-formações vasculares congênitas raras, acometendo 0,5% da população, podendo apresentar-se sob as formas esporádica e familiar. Quando acomete indivíduos de uma mesma família é denominado cavernomatose cerebralfamiliar (CCF), tendo sua transmissão autossômica dominante com penetração incompleta associada a mutações no locus CCF1 no cromossomo 7. A CCF acomete, em geral, vários indivíduos de uma mesma família, grande parte desses com lesões múltiplas, algumas vezes até com aparecimento tardio. Essas características apontam para a necessidade de uma abordagem diferenciada de indivíduos com cavernomas múltiplos esuas famílias. Relatamos o caso de um paciente de 5 anos de idade, com três cavernomas cerebrais, e sua irmã de 3 anos, com outra lesão. Discutimos o tratamento e o seguimento deles e de sua família, propondo sugestões para a abordagem da CCF.

Cavernous hemangiomas or simply cavernomas are rare congenital vascular malformations mostly located in the central nervous system, which prevalence is close to 0.5% in the general population.They can present itself either as a sporadic case or in a familial form. The familial form is called familial cerebral cavernomatosis (FCC), having an autossomical dominant inheritance with incomplete penetration associated to mutations of the CCF1 locus on chromossome 7. In general, CCF is present in many individuals of a given family, mostly with multiple lesions, some of those even with a late onset. These characteristics imply the need of a special approach towards diagnosis and treatment of patients with multiple cavernomas and their families. We report the case of a 5 year-old boy with three cerebral cavernomas and of his 3 year-old sisterwith another lesion. The treatment and the management of familiar forms of cavernomas are discussed.

Hemaginoma cavernoso del cuello uterino exteriorizado por vulva / Uterine cervix cavernosis hemaginoma externalize by vulve

Se presenta una paciente con hemangioma cavernoso del cuello uterino, que provocó importante hemorragia, y creció hasta salir por la vulva como una tumoración de aspecto carnoso, con zonas de ulceración y necrosis. Se hace una revisión de la bibliografía relacionada con el tema

Hemangioma cavernoso do fígado / Cavernous hemangioma of the liver

Os autores apresentam o relato de um caso de hemangioma cavernoso do fígado. Hemangioma cavernoso do fígado é o tumor hepático benigno mais comum. A maioria é pequeno e assintomático e exames laboratoriais säo normais. O hemangioma é usualmente diagnosticado e localizado acidentalmente por métodos de imagem. Em pacientes assintomáticos, o tratamento de escolha é conservador

Hemangioma cavernoso de colon y recto

Los hemangiomas cavernosos de colon y recto son malformaciones excepcionales. El objetivo de la presente revisión es describir las características clínicas, endoscópicas, radiológicas y terapéuticas de esta entidad y familiarizar al clínico con esta infrecuente patología suceptible de terapia específica y de la cual se reportan 2 casos

Tratamiento en hemangiomas de la región maxilofacial por medio de electrotrombosis con agujas de cobre y cirugía / Treatment of maxillofacial hemangiomas by means of electrotrombosis with copper needles and surgery

Los hemangiomas son tumores benignos caracterizados por la proliferación de los vasos sanguíneos. Generalmente se presentan al nacimiento con un crecimiento rápido y que en ocasiones pueden involucionar entre los 7 años de edad. Se presenta un estudio prospectivo en 11 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de hemangiomas en la región maxilofacial tratados con electrotrombosis con agujas de cobre y cirugía con resultados satisfactorios

Cavernoma mesencefálico: relato de caso tratado conservadoramente / Mesencephalic cavernoma: report a case conservatively treated

Os autores tecem consideracoes acerca de um caso de cavernoma situado profundamente em que tendo sido levado em consideracao o fato de tratar-se de malformacao vascular de carater benigno o risco do tratamento cirurgico foi considerado elevado e o tratamento conservador decidido mediante o diagnostico clinico e radiologico pre estabelecido de cavernoma

[[Sclerosing therapy in hemangiomas of the tongue]. / Tratamiento esclerosante en los hemangiomas de la lengua.

Two cases of hemangiomas on the tongue treated by injection of sclerosants products (1% Aethoxysklerol), combined with reconstructive surgery, are reported. The efficacy of such treatment for hemangiomas located at that level is demonstrated.