ABSTRACT
Previous studies on anuran anomalies predominantly examine isolated cases or focus on external and skeletal features. Our study analyzes a comprehensive sample collected from 1991 to 2017, examining the muscle-tendon system in 24 anuran species across adult, juvenile, and metamorphic stages. This extensive sample size allows us to investigate consistent anomaly patterns across different developmental stages and anuran families, exploring potential common developmental or genetic factors. Our detailed anatomical examination, encompassing musculature, tendons, and skeletal structures, revealed that 21% of the specimens displayed anomalies, a noteworthy finding considering the extensive sample size and duration of the studied sample. Of these anomalies, 17% affected the locomotor system, predominantly in the upper limbs. Key anomalies included, forelimbs and hindlimbs brachydactyly, rotation in forelimbs, partial kyphotic lordosis, and scoliosis. Notably, the digit 4 in the forelimbs and digits 4 and 5 in the hindlimbs were particularly susceptible to teratogenic effects, indicating possible prolonged exposure during development. Our study also uncovered combinations of anomalies and identified a phenotype similar to Poland syndrome. The findings validate the "Logic of Monsters" (LoMo theory) by Alberch, although the name itself may not be deemed appropriate, showing that developmental disruptions in tetrapods are not random but follow distinct sequences and patterns. The name, while unfortunate, accurately reflects the unusual nature of these developmental anomalies. This contributes to the evolving "Evo-Devo-Path" framework, highlighting the study's importance in understanding developmental disruptions in tetrapods.
Subject(s)
Anura , Tendons , Animals , Anura/abnormalities , Anura/anatomy & histology , Tendons/abnormalities , Locomotion/physiology , Forelimb/abnormalities , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Muscle, Skeletal/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
Spontaneous polydactyly has been described in several species, but only one report about it in Swiss mice. The aim of the current study was to report the spontaneous occurrence of pre-axial polydactyly in Swiss mice. Clinical examination showed one extra toe laterally to the first digit, in the plantar region, alopecia in the back, altered face growth anatomy and changed perineal region anatomy. Pre-axial polydactyly in the tibial side, fused metatarsals and Y-shaped free phalanges were evidenced in the radiographic images. Pre-axial polydactyly observed in the plantar region differed from that in reports on albino Swiss mice with post-axial polydactyly (Po/Po+) phenotype featured by one extra toe in the ulnar side of one, or both, front limbs, which is the dominant feature. The observed findings highlight the importance of both clinical examinations and close attention by professionals involved in rodents breeding on physical changes resulting from different causes, including the genetic ones, since they reveal mutations and, sometimes, new biomodels.
A polidactilia espontânea foi descrita em várias espécies, mas há apenas um relato em camundongos Swiss. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar uma ocorrência de polidactilia pré-axial em camundongos Swiss. O exame clínico revelou um dedo extra lateralmente ao primeiro dedo na região plantar, alopecia dorsal, anatomias facial e da região perineal alteradas. Nas imagens radiográficas foram evidenciados polidactilia pré-axial no lado tibial, metatarsos fundidos e falanges livres em forma de Y. A polidactilia pré-axial observada diferiu do relato existente de polidactilia pós-axial (Po/Po+) caracterizado por um dedo extra no lado ulnar de um ou ambos os membros anteriores e de característica dominante. Os achados observados destacam a importância dos exames clínicos e da atenção cuidadosa dos profissionais envolvidos na criação de roedores sobre as alterações físicas decorrentes de diferentes causas, inclusive as genéticas, em revelar mutações e, às vezes, novos biomodelos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Fingers/abnormalities , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Polydactyly/diagnosis , Polydactyly/veterinaryABSTRACT
Spontaneous polydactyly has been described in several species, but only one report about it in Swiss mice. The aim of the current study was to report the spontaneous occurrence of pre-axial polydactyly in Swiss mice. Clinical examination showed one extra toe laterally to the first digit, in the plantar region, alopecia in the back, altered face growth anatomy and changed perineal region anatomy. Pre-axial polydactyly in the tibial side, fused metatarsals and Y-shaped free phalanges were evidenced in the radiographic images. Pre-axial polydactyly observed in the plantar region differed from that in reports on albino Swiss mice with post-axial polydactyly (Po/Po+) phenotype featured by one extra toe in the ulnar side of one, or both, front limbs, which is the dominant feature. The observed findings highlight the importance of both clinical examinations and close attention by professionals involved in rodents breeding on physical changes resulting from different causes, including the genetic ones, since they reveal mutations and, sometimes, new biomodels.(AU)
A polidactilia espontânea foi descrita em várias espécies, mas há apenas um relato em camundongos Swiss. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar uma ocorrência de polidactilia pré-axial em camundongos Swiss. O exame clínico revelou um dedo extra lateralmente ao primeiro dedo na região plantar, alopecia dorsal, anatomias facial e da região perineal alteradas. Nas imagens radiográficas foram evidenciados polidactilia pré-axial no lado tibial, metatarsos fundidos e falanges livres em forma de Y. A polidactilia pré-axial observada diferiu do relato existente de polidactilia pós-axial (Po/Po+) caracterizado por um dedo extra no lado ulnar de um ou ambos os membros anteriores e de característica dominante. Os achados observados destacam a importância dos exames clínicos e da atenção cuidadosa dos profissionais envolvidos na criação de roedores sobre as alterações físicas decorrentes de diferentes causas, inclusive as genéticas, em revelar mutações e, às vezes, novos biomodelos.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Polydactyly/diagnosis , Polydactyly/veterinary , Fingers/abnormalities , Hindlimb/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.(AU)
Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Perfusion/veterinary , Perfusion/methods , Horses , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Forelimb/abnormalities , Tourniquets/veterinaryABSTRACT
As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.
Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use , Horses , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Bacterial Infections/veterinary , Perfusion/methods , Perfusion/veterinary , Forelimb/abnormalities , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Tourniquets/veterinaryABSTRACT
This research investigated the effects of neem oil on mortality, survival and malformations of the non-target stink bug predator, Podisus nigrispinus. Neurotoxic and growth inhibitor insecticides were used to compare the lethal and sublethal effects from neem oil on this predator. Six concentrations of neem oil were topically applied onto nymphs and adults of this predator. The mortality rates of third, fourth, and fifth instar nymphs increased with increasing neem oil concentrations, suggesting low toxicity to P. nigrispinus nymphs. Mortality of adults was low, but with sublethal effects of neem products on this predator. The developmental rate of P. nigrispinus decreased with increasing neem oil concentrations. Longevity of fourth instar nymphs varied from 3.74 to 3.05 d, fifth instar from 5.94 to 4.07 d and adult from 16.5 and 15.7 d with 0.5 and 50% neem doses. Podisus nigrispinus presented malformations and increase with neem oil concentrations. The main malformations occur in wings, scutellum and legs of this predator. The neem oil at high and sub lethal doses cause mortality, inhibits growth and survival and results in anomalies on wings and legs of the non-traget predator P. nigrispinus indicating that its use associated with biological control should be carefully evaluated.
Subject(s)
Glycerides/pharmacology , Heteroptera/drug effects , Longevity/drug effects , Nymph/drug effects , Terpenes/pharmacology , Wings, Animal/drug effects , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Female , Forelimb/abnormalities , Forelimb/drug effects , Heteroptera/growth & development , Heteroptera/physiology , Hindlimb/abnormalities , Hindlimb/drug effects , Insecticides/pharmacology , Longevity/physiology , Male , Nymph/growth & development , Nymph/physiology , Predatory Behavior/drug effects , Wings, Animal/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
A 2-day-old poodle puppy was seen to have hypoplastic and arthrogrypotic hindlimbs and no tail. Palpation revealed an absence of lumbar and sacral vertebrae. At necropsy examination, the colon had a blind ending at the umbilical area, there were no urinary system organs, the spinal cord ended at the thoracic level and no genital system organs were found except for a structure similar to a rudimentary penis. The pelvis was abnormal with no articulation with the spine. This congenital anomaly was consistent with perosomus elumbis, a rare condition of unknown aetiology with few reported cases.