International Atomic Energy Agency-sponsored multination study of intra-arterial rhenium-188-labeled lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results with special emphasis on prognostic value of dosimetric study.

A multicenter study was sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to assess the safety and efficacy of transarterial rhenium-188 ((188)Re) HDD lipiodol (radioconjugate to lipiodol using an HDD kit) in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. During 5 years, 185 patients received at least 1 treatment of radioconjugate, and 51 were retreated. The level of radioconjugate administered was based on radiation-absorbed dose to critical normal organs, calculated after a "scout" dose of radioconjugate. The total injected activity, including the scout dose during the first treatment, ranged from 21 to 364 mCi (mean, 108 mCi/4 GBq). Immediate and late side-effects were minimal. Tumor size could be evaluated in 88 patients. Among these patients, the objective response rate was 25%; stable disease was observed in 53% and tumor progression in 22%. With a median follow-up of 455 days, the estimated 12- and 24-month overall survival was 46% and 23%. This multicenter study shows that (188)Re lipiodol is a safe and cost-effective method to treat primary hepatocellular carcinoma via the transarterial route and requires further evaluation by treatment of greater numbers of patients.

Liquid embolisation material reduces the delivered radiation dose: a physical experiment.

OBJECTIVE: To test a new hypothesis that the glue/contrast admixture used for embolisation reduces the dose delivered to AVMs using an experimental model. METHOD: A model was created using a block of "solid water" (6 x 5 x 2 cm) with twelve wells of different depths. Different concentrations of the glue admixture (Enbucrilate + Lipiodol) were used. The model was irradiated using a 5MV beam with a clinical LINAC system and the dose was checked upstream and downstream. Dose was measured using Kodak XV film, a Vidar 16 bit film scanner and software for therapeutic film dosimetry measurements (RIT software). RESULTS: The radiation dose varied with the distance beyond the glue solid water interface. For distances of 0, 2 and 5 mm to the film, the mean reduction was 13.65% (SD = 2.94), 6.87% (SD = 1.95) and 1.75% (SD = 1.14), respectively. There was also correlation with the Lipiodol concentration in the mixture. The maximum reductions for 80, 50 and 20% Lipiodol concentrations were 16.1% (SD = 1.32), 14.85% (SD = 0.98) and 10% (SD = 1.21), respectively. There was no correlation between the glue depth and the dose delivered. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that the glue mixture used for embolisation reduces the radiation dose delivered was experimentally confirmed with this study.

Intra-arterial rhenium-188 lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma: results of an IAEA-sponsored multination study.

PURPOSE: Intra-arterial injections (IAI) of 131I-lipiodol is effective in treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients, but is expensive and requires a 7-day hospitalization in a radioprotection room. 188Re is inexpensive, requires no patient isolation, and can be used with lipiodol. METHODS AND MATERIALS: This International Atomic Energy Agency-sponsored phase II trial aimed to assess the safety and the efficacy of a radioconjugate 188Re + lipiodol (188Re-Lip) in a large cohort of hepatocellular carcinoma patients from developing countries. A scout dose is used to determine the maximal tolerated dose (lungs <12 Gy, normal liver <30 Gy, bone marrow <1.5 Gy) and then the delivery of the calculated activity. Efficacy was assessed using response evaluation criteria in solid tumor (RECIST) and alpha-feto-protein (alpha FP) levels and severe adverse events were graded using the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute scale v2.0. RESULTS: The trial included 185 patients from eight countries. The procedure was feasible in all participating centers. One treatment was given to 134 patients; 42, 8, and 1 received two, three, and four injections, respectively. The injected activity during the first treatment was 100 mCi. Tolerance was excellent. We observed three complete responses and 19 partial responses (22% of evaluable patients, 95% confidence interval 16-35%); 1- and 2-year survivals were 46% and 23%. Some factors affected survival: country of origin, existence of a cirrhosis, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program score, tumor dose, absence of progression, and posttreatment decrease in alpha FP level. CONCLUSIONS: IAI of 188Re-Lip in developing countries is feasible, safe, cost-effective, and deserves a phase III trial.

Preliminary results of transarterial rhenium-188 HDD lipiodol in the treatment of inoperable primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

A multicentre study was sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna) to assess the safety and efficacy of trans-arterial rhenium-188 HDD conjugated lipiodol (radioconjugate) in the treatment of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The radioconjugate was prepared by using an HDD (4-hexadecyl 1-2,9,9-tetramethyl-4,7-diaza-1,10-decanethiol) kit developed in Korea, and lipiodol. Over a period of 18 months, 70 patients received at least one treatment of radioconjugate. Some patients were re-treated if there was no evidence of disease progression. The level of radioconjugate administered was based on radiation-absorbed dose to critical normal organs, calculated following a "scout" dose of radioconjugate. The organs at greatest risk for radiation toxicity are the normal liver, the lung and the bone marrow. An Excel spreadsheet was used to determine maximum tolerated activity (MTA), defined as the amount of radioactivity calculated to deliver no more than 12 Gy to lungs, or 30 Gy to liver, or 1.5 Gy to bone marrow. These doses have been found to be safe in multiple trials using external beam therapy, but this has not been confirmed for systemically administered radiopharmaceuticals. Patients were followed for at least 12 weeks after therapy, until recovery from all toxicity. The clinical parameters evaluated included toxicity, response as determined by contrast-enhanced computed tomography, palliation of symptoms, overall survival, performance status (Karnofsky) and hepatic function (Child's classification). Liver function tests, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels and complete blood counts were done at each follow-up visit. In the majority of patients, the scout dose studies indicated the radiation absorbed dose to normal liver to be the limiting factor to the treatment dose, while in a few patients dose to lung was the limiting factor. Radiation dose to bone marrow was negligible and was thus not a factor for the MTA calculations. Side-effects were minimal and usually presented as loss of appetite, right hypochondrial discomfort and low-grade fever, even at high levels of administered radioactivity. The symptoms resolved with simple supportive therapy within 3 days of onset. Liver function tests at 24 and 72 h showed no significant changes and complete blood counts at 1 week, 4 weeks and 12 weeks showed no changes (no bone marrow suppression). Sixteen patients were treated in the dose escalation phase of the study, when the activities administered started at 1.8 GBq (50 mCi) and rose to 7.7 GBq (206 mCi). In the efficacy phase of the study a further 54 patients were treated. Both groups of patients are included in this paper. The treatment activity of 188Re-lipiodol administered transarterially ranged from 1.8 to 9.8 GBq (50-265 mCi), with a mean activity of 4.6 GBq (124 mCi). Survival at 3 months was 90%, and at 6 months, 60%; 19% survived for 1 year. Mean survival after treatment in the total treated group of 70 patients was 9.5 months, with a range of 1-18 months. The results of this multicentre study show that 188Re-lipiodol is a safe and cost-effective method to treat primary HCC via the transarterial route. In terms of efficacy, it is potentially a new therapeutic approach for further evaluation by treatment of larger numbers of patients.

[Intrahepatic transtumoral arteriovenous fistulae (diagnosis, importance, therapeutic proposals)]. / Fístulas arteriovenosas intra-hepáticas transtumorais (diagnóstico, importância e propostas de tratamento).

The authors present the angiographic aspects of four patients having an arteriovenous transhepatic transtumoral fistula (two arterioportal and two arteriovenous). The angiographic results of the occlusion with cyanoacrylate (Hystoacryl) of the right hepatic artery in one and by the infusion of Lipiodol in two are also shown. The physiopathological characteristics of each kind of fistula are discussed and the consequences of the passage of the quimioembolizing mixture through the tumor, regarding intrahepatic abscess formation, irregular clinical results and pulmonary complications are commented. These complications make the diagnosis of a transtumoral transhepatic arteriovenous fistula, previously to the chemoembolic treatment important, even though being frequently difficult, because of the reduced caliber of the feeding artery and eventual low transfistular bloodflow. The efficient occlusion of the arterioportal fistula with Histoacryl was favourably compared to the infusion of Lipiodol, which was unable to occlude the arteriovenous fistula. The contraindication to perform chemoembolic treatment of hepatic tumors, when an intrahepatic transtumoral arteriovenous fistula is present and the embolization of the fistular feeding artery is stressed. Ultrasonography using color Doppler and sono-enhancing contrast is appointed as the ideal non-invasive means of making the diagnosis of an hepatic transtumoral fistula and makes it eligible to be the first test in the algorithm for the appraisal of hepatic tumors.

Valor de la colangiografia operatoria en la cirugía biliar laparoscópica / Cholangiography operative: value in laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Se presenta una casuística de 211 colocistectomias videocelioscópicas, con propuesta de colangiografía operatoria sistemática, en la que el método fue obviado en 57 casos, frusto en 36 y realizado en 118. El nivel de calidad fue aceptable en sólo 81 estudios. Fueron detectadas 3 litiasis colidocianas, y un paciente con colangiografía operatoria normal mostró vía biliar ocupada meses después. Se concluye en proponer su implementación sistemática

Valor de la colangiografia operatoria en la cirugía biliar laparoscópica / Cholangiography operative: value in laparoscopic cholecystectomies

Se presenta una casuística de 211 colocistectomias videocelioscópicas, con propuesta de colangiografía operatoria sistemática, en la que el método fue obviado en 57 casos, frusto en 36 y realizado en 118. El nivel de calidad fue aceptable en sólo 81 estudios. Fueron detectadas 3 litiasis colidocianas, y un paciente con colangiografía operatoria normal mostró vía biliar ocupada meses después. Se concluye en proponer su implementación sistemática (AU)

Quimioembolización hepática: nueva alternativa en el tratamiento del hepatocarcinoma resecable / Chemoembolization hepatic: new alternative of treatment of hepatoma

De enero de 1989 a agosto de 1993 se realizó un estudio prospectivo en 20 pacientes con hepatocarcinoma irresecable para determinar si la quimio-embolización hepática (QEH) con una emulsión de Lipiodol y epidoxirubicina, producía mejoría clínica e incremento de la sobrevida. Se utilizó la técnica Seldinger. La QEH fue satisfactoria en 13 pacientes no pudiendo realizarse en 2 por anomalia vascular, en 4 por desplazamiento de la arteria hepática y en uno por alergia al yodo. Luego de la QEH el 100 por ciento tuvo dolor, el 80 por ciento fiebre y el 30 por ciento náuseas, un paciente falleció por insuficiencia hepática severa y uno presentó trombosis de la arteria femoral. La QEH produjo mejoría clínica en el 60 por ciento de los pacientes. El tiempo de vida media luego de la QEH fue de 7 meses y la sobrevida al año fue de 45 por ciento.

[Selective chemoembolization with adriamycin-Urografin-Lipiodol in the treatment of hepatocarcinoma]. / Quimioembolización selectiva con adriamicina-Urografin-Lipiodol, en el tratamiento del hepatocarcinoma.

Various methods of regional chemotherapy have been used in patients with non resectable heptic carcinoma. We report our preliminary experience with embolization using adriamycin-urographin-lipiodol in 2 patients with this cancer in whom a considerable reduction of tumoral mass was observed. The pertinent literature is briefly commented.

Quimioembolización selectiva con adriamicina-urografin-lipiodol, en el tratamiento del hepatocarcinoma / Embolization with adriamycin-urographin-lipiodol in patients with liver carcinoma

Various methods of regional chemotherapy have been used in patients with non ressectable hepatic carcinoma. We report our preliminary experience with embolization using adrimycin-urographin-lipiodol in 2 patients with this cancer in whom a considerable reduction of tumoral mass was observed. The pertinent literature is briefly commented

[Comparative study of Uromiron and 38% Lipiodol in sialography]. / Estudio comparativo de Uromiron y Lipiodol al 38% en sialografia.

A comparative study was undertaken to assess the properties of uromiron and lipiodol 38%, which are used as radiopaque materials in sialographic techniques, on 25 young adult outpatients of both sexes that were seen at the Dental School, University of Chile, Santiago. It was found that, although the radiopaque properties of uromiron were less than lipiodol 38%, the can be improved by increasing the amount of material injected into the duct system of the salivary glands. Likewise, uromiron exhibited a proper biological tolerance and a rapid emptying time, therefore the use of uromiron in sialographic techniques seems to be a proper alternative to lipiodol 38%.

Lipiodol retention within hepatic cavernous hemangioma.

Intraarterial injection of Lipiodol has been recommended to differentiate hepatocellular carcinoma from benign lesions such as cavernous hemangioma, because uptake and prolonged retention of the contrast medium is a characteristic of the malignant tumors. In two cases of cavernous hemangioma of the liver in which we injected Lipiodol, uptake and retention up to 3 months was demonstrated. We conclude that the intraarterial injection of Lipiodol may not be reliable in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from cavernous hemangioma of the liver.

Effects on school children of prophylaxis of mothers with iodized oil in an area of iodine deficiency.

The results of tests of intellectual and psychomotor performance and school performance in a group of school children from a rural impoverished and iodine deficient Andean community whose mothers received injections of iodinated oil prior to the end of the first trimester of pregnancy have been compared with results in children from a neighboring comparable community whose mothers had received no iodinated oil. Subjects between ages 8 and 15 were studied. Statistically significant differences were not observed between the two groups in tests of intellectual function, but children of mothers who had received iodinated oil performed better on tests of psychomotor maturation. The group whose mothers had received oil performed distinctly better when assessed in terms of school drop-out rates, grades achieved, grades repeated, and in overall performance as judged by teacher notes in school records. Performance of both groups on standard tests of intellectual and psychomotor function was lower than standard scores. This may be a result of social and cultural deprivation, the general malnutrition prevailing in the region or other unidentified factors. The improved scoring and school performance exhibited by the children of mothers who received iodinated oil underlines the importance of prophylaxis with iodine in iodine deficient regions as one important contributor to community development.

Evaluación de las campañas de aplicación de aceite yodado 1985-1986

Este número ofrece información más detallada de las actividades del Programa Nacional de Lucha Contra el Bocio, en su componente estratégico, Intervención e Investigación. Los datos han sido extractados de los informes de las Unidades Sanitarias, aunque la información muestra diferente dinámica, sirve para presentar una imagen real de la situación del bocio, asi como la importancia y validez de las intervenciones con yodo en el país.

Plan para la campaña de aceite yodado oral / Es

Los desordenes de la deficiencia de yodo son uno de los problemas de salud de Bolivia. El Programa Nacional de Lucha contra el Bocio y IDD está haciendo un considerable progreso en la reducción y distribución de sal yodada, pero una gran parte de la población rural, de cerca de 1.500.000 personas, todavía no alcanza a consumirla y no lo hará totalmente, por algunos años

Experiencia personal en el uso del lipiodol ultrafluido en las fístulas urogenitales iatrogénicas: nueva modalidad de tratamiento / Personal experience in the use of ultrafluid lipiodol in iatrogenic genitourinary fistulas: a new treatent modality

Apoyados en la propiedad que tiene el lipiodol de estimular la granulación de los tejidos, se utiliza con resultados exitosos en el tratamiento de las fístulas urogenitales, secuelas de accidentes quirúrgicos y obstétricos, lo cual queda corroborado por los casos curados mediante la instilación vesical del mismo. Con este nuevo procedimiento, se evita realizar una nueva intervención quirúrgica a estas pacientes con pocas posibilidades de curación mediante la cirugía