Extração de terminologia de diagnósticos em laudos de biópsia renal / Terminology extraction of diagnostics in renal biopsy reports / Extracción de terminología de diagnósticos en informes de biopsia renal

Objetivo: Investigar o uso de técnicas para extração de conhecimento de diagnósticos provenientes de laudos de biópsia renal. Métodos: Foram aplicadas técnicas de extração de conhecimento em um conjunto de laudos de biópsia renal do Serviço de Patologia do Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, São Paulo. Resultados: Foram extraídos 694 diagnósticos completos diferentes do conjunto de 3.018 laudos. Foi obtida uma árvore de três níveis diagnósticos e uma nuvem de palavras com os termos extraídos dos diagnósticos. A extração de terminologia resultou em 206 termos candidatos únicos que ocorreram 20.599 vezes no corpus avaliado. Conclusão: O resultado da extração de terminologia apresentou-se como satisfatório para criar uma taxonomia sobre biópsia renal. A árvore com ligação entre diagnósticos pode auxiliar novos profissionais em treinamento na área de patologia para confecção dos laudos.

Objective: To present techniques for extracting knowledge of diagnosis from renal biopsy reports. Methods: Knowledge extraction techniques were applied in a set of reports of the Pathology service of the Kidney and Hypertension Hospital. Results: From 3,018 reports 694 different complete diagnoses were extracted. A tree with three diagnostic levels and a word cloud with terms extracted from diagnoses were obtained. The terminology extraction resulted in 206 unique candidate terms that occurred 20,599 times in the evaluated corpus. Conclusion: The results of terminology extraction is suitable to create a taxonomy about renal biopsy. Trees with link between diagnoses can help new professionals in the area of pathology for writing the reports.

Objetivo: Investigar el uso de técnicas de extracción de conocimiento a partir de los informes de diagnóstico de la biopsia renal. Métodos: técnicas de extracción de conocimientos se aplicaron a un conjunto de informes de biopsia renal del Servicio de Patología del Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão, Sao Paulo. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 694 diagnósticos completos diferentes de un conjunto de 3.018 informes. Se obtuvo un árbol de tres niveles de diagnóstico y una nube de palabras con los términos extraídos de diagnóstico. La extracción de terminología resultó en 206 términos candidatos únicos que se produjeron 20.599 veces el corpus nominal. Conclusión: El resultado de la extracción de terminología se presentó como satisfactoria para crear una taxonomía acerca de biopsia renal. El árbol con la conexión entre el diagnóstico puede ayudar a los profesionales jóvenes en formación en el área de la patología para la preparación de informes.

O uso de fitoterápicos orientais nas lesões renais: revisão integrativa / The use of oriental herbal medicines in acute kidney injury: an integrative review

RESUMO As disfunções renais constituem um problema de saúde global com alta prevalência e custos com internações hospitalares. A fitoterapia chinesa possui tradição milenar na prevenção e tratamento dessas disfunções e conta com o incentivo da OMS às práticas integrativas e complementares; o número de pesquisas experimentais cresceu substancialmente. Esta revisão tem como objetivo levantar os estudos que relacionem o tratamento das disfunções renais com fórmulas fitoterápicas pertencentes à medicina tradicional chinesa; identificar os modelos de lesão renal adotados, as ervas e as doses empregadas, bem como a eficácia do tratamento. Os artigos foram selecionados nas bases Pubmed e Lilacs com os seguintes termos: medicina tradicional chinesa, rim, e erva, em modelos animais no período de 10 anos. Foram selecionados 12 estudos sendo que em 11 o fitoterápico conseguiu prevenir ou melhorar a lesão renal; em 6 estudos foram utilizadas fórmulas contendo associação de plantas; e em outros 6, o medicamento alopático foi o controle. Os modelos de lesão mais utilizados foram de nefrectomia e nefrotoxicidade enquanto a administração foi a via gavagem. A fitoterapia pode atuar como terapia complementar no tratamento das lesões renais, possui baixo custo e pode ser associado a intervenções alopáticas. Porém, é preciso conhecer profundamente os riscos, as possíveis interações, a toxicidade, e os mecanismos de ação, além dos possíveis efeitos adversos do uso dessas ervas.

ABSTRACT Kidney dysfunction consists in a global healthcare problem with high prevalence and hospitalization costs. Chinese phytotherapy is part of ancient tradition used to treat and prevent renal injury. As a result of WHO incentives for integrative and complementary practices, the number of experimental researches has increased substantially. The aim of this review is to make a survey of studies that related traditional Chinese medicine, phytotherapy and kidney injuries; and identify methodology, plants, doses and their efficacy. Articles were selected using Pubmed and Lilacs database with the following terms: traditional Chinese medicine, kidney and in animal models for a period of 10 years. In 11 of the 12 studies selected, Chinese herbal medicine could prevent or improve kidney disease. 6 researches used combined herbs formulas and in the other 6 ones allopathic medicine were the control group; nephrectomy and nephrotoxicity were the most frequently used lesion models and the medicines administration was through oral gavage method. Phytotherapy can be used as a complementary therapy in kidney injuries treatments, shows low cost and can be associated with allopathic therapies. However it is necessary to know the risks, interactions, toxicity, mechanisms of action and adverse effects of medicinal plants.

Trauma renal / Renal trauma

El trauma renal es una patología que se presenta con frecuencia en pacientes politraumatizados. Los accidentes de tránsito son la causa más frecuente de trauma renal, debido principalmente al impacto contuso que reciben las estructuras renales. El trauma penetrante es menos frecuente, aunque con mayor frecuencia causa lesiones graves que requieren de cirugía para su resolución. La evaluación inicial del estado hemodinámico de estos pacientes en el momento de ingreso hospitalario es el gran determinante para definir la conducta terapéutica a seguir: los pacientes que ingresen estables pueden ser manejados conservadoramente obteniendo buenos resultados y los pacientes inestables deben ser explorados quirúrgicamente con el fin de descartar lesiones renales graves que sean causa de su inestabilidad. En los últimos años, los centros de trauma han adoptado conductas de manejo conservador en las lesiones traumáticas de órganos sólidos, basadas principalmente en el uso de imágenes (Ecotomografía de Urgencia y Tomografía Computarizada de abdomen)para determinar la presencia de lesiones o líquido libre intra-abdominal, lo que permite diferenciar con mayor certeza los pacientes que requieren cirugía de urgencia. Si bien las lesiones renales graves son las menos frecuentes, en el contexto de un paciente politraumatizado que ingrese hemodinámicamente inestable, se debe tener una alta sospecha y descartarlas en el menor tiempo posible. Las complicaciones son infrecuentes, siendo la extravasación urinaria la de mayor presentación y en la mayoría de los casos revierte espontáneamente.

Renal trauma is a condition that occurs frequently in trauma patients. Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of renal trauma, mainly due to the blunt impact that kidney receives. Penetrating trauma is less common, but most often causes serious injuries that require surgery. The initial evaluation of the hemodynamic status of these patients is the major determinant in defining the proper course of action: stable patients can be managed conservatively with good results and unstable patients should be surgically explored to rule out severe renal lesions that may cause the instability. In recent years, trauma centers have adopted conservative behavior in traumatic injuries of solid organs, mainly based on the use of images (abdominal Ultrasoundand Computerized Tomography) to determine the presence of injuries or intra-abdominal free fluid, allowing to differentiate patients that require emergency surgery or not. Even though severe renal lesions are less frequent, in the context of a hemodynamically unstable trauma patient, these lesions should be suspected and ruled out promptly. Complications are infrequent, being urinary extravasation the more prevalent and in most cases reverts spontaneously.

Delayed graft function in renal transplant recipients: risk factors and impact on 1-year graft function: a single center analysis.

UNLABELLED: Delayed graft function (DGF), a frequent complication after kidney transplantation, occurs among about 60% of recipients of kidneys from deceased donors. DGF has a multifactorial etiology. It is characterized by acute tubular necrosis (ATN) upon biopsy. In this study we sought to identify among a group of recipients of kidneys from deceased donors, the incidence, risk factors, and impacts on patient and graft survivals of DGF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed medical records from renal transplant recipients aged >18 years who received a deceased donor kidney graft between January 2003 and December 2006. Kidneys lost during the first week posttransplantation were excluded from this series. RESULTS: Among 165 transplants, 111 (67%) displayed DGF, defined as the need for dialysis during the first week posttransplantation. The incidence of DGF was higher among patients with a cold ischemia time (CIT) > 24 hours: 85% vs 60%, DGF vs no DGF (P < .05), as well as for grafts from older donors. After 1-year follow-up, the DGF group showed worse graft function (serum creatinine 1.6 +/- 0.7 vs 1.3 +/- 0.4 mg/dL; P < .05) as well as a greater incidence of graft loss. CONCLUSION: Prolonged cold ischemia and older donor age were associated with a greater incidence of DGF in this series, leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased risk for an acute rejection episode, and reduced graft function and survival after 1 year.

Alemtuzumab induction in kidney transplantation: clinical results and impact on T-regulatory cells.

Alemtuzumab (ALT), a humanized monoclonal anti-CD52 antibody, was introduced in solid organ transplantation as an induction agent. ALT associated with anticalcineurins has provided a low incidence of acute rejection episodes (ARE) and potential tolerogenic properties. We analyzed the clinical outcomes and effects on peripheral Treg of renal transplant recipients treated with ALT. Six-month data on kidney alone or kidney combined with pancreas or liver patients treated with ALT and tacrolimus (TAC) in standard doses were compared with those on renal transplant recipients of similar demography who were not treated with ALT. We evaluated patient and graft survivals, ARE incidence, hematological parameters, renal function, adverse events, and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells in peripheral blood. Demographics of recipients, donors, and transplants were similar in both groups. Mean HLA mismatch was slightly greater among ALT-treated patients (3.5 vs 2.5). No combined transplantation was performed in the ALT-untreated group. Patient and graft survivals were 100% without rejection or serious infections in both groups. ALT-treated recipients showed anemia and leukopenia in 3 patients as well as severe lymphopenia in 5 recipients, who partially recovered on day 90. Final mean plasma creatinine was 1.4 mg/dL, while calculated creatinine clearance was approximately 65 mL/min in both groups. Mean Treg cell percentage was higher among ALT-treated recipients than the comparative group or healthy controls (P < .05). In conclusion, renal transplantation results obtained using ALT with rigorous immunosuppressive therapy were excellent; serious adverse events and acute rejection were absent. The effect of the increased proportion of Treg cells must be evaluated with longer observation.

Histologic assessment of donor kidneys and graft outcome: multivariate analyses.

UNLABELLED: We performed a multivariate analysis to evaluate the importance of histologic parameters in donor kidney biopsies as predictors of graft outcome. METHODS: Wedge protocol biopsies from a single center were analyzed for glomerulosclerosis (GS), interstitial fibrosis (IF), tubular atrophy (TA), arteriosclerosis (AS), and arteriolar hyalinosis (AH). Alterations were quantified as percentage (GS, IF) or semiquantified according to Banff criteria (IF, TA, AS, AH). We calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) at 1, 2, and 3 years posttransplant. Donor data included age, gender, and type: non-heart-beating donor or brain dead donors. Recipient data included age, gender, cold ischemia time, number of HLA mismatches, peak level of the panel reactive antibody (PRA), number of acute rejection episodes (ARE), and presence or absence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Follow-up range was 1 to 4.2 years. RESULTS: GS, IF, TA, and AH were associated with graft survival in the multivariate analysis. The histologic parameters were associated with CrCl at several posttransplant time intervals, but the significance of association was lost in the multivariate analysis. Donor age showed a better correlation with graft function. In the univariate analyses adjusting for donor age, only IF and AH were associated with graft function. CONCLUSIONS: Histologic parameters showed a modest association with graft function. In our study, donor age is the better predictor of graft function. IF and AH may be similar to or better than GS as predictors of graft outcome.

Diagnóstico y manejo de la pielectasia fetal / Diagnosis and management of fetal pyelectasis

Pielectasia es la dilatación leve de la pelvis renal, con o sin dilatación de los cálices, alteración que pude ser detectada mediante ultrasonografía prenatal. La pielectasia se detecta en 2,9 por ciento de los fetos evaluados (rango: 2-7 por ciento). El criterio más utilizado para el diagnóstico es la medición del diámetro antero-posterior de la pelvis renal mayor a 4 mm antes de las 33 semanas y mayor a 7 mm después de las 33 semanas. Se recomienda clasificar a las pielectasias de acuerdo al grado de dilatación en leve (<10 mm), moderada (entre 11 y 15 mm) y severa (>15 mm). El manejo antenatal es conservador. La evaluación postnatal se basa en confirmar la dilatación, determinar la etiología y descartar obstrucción.

Day- and night-time blood pressure elevation in children with higher grades of renal scarring.

OBJECTIVE: We used 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) to screen for early changes in children with renal scarring compared with healthy controls, and we investigated correlations between the extent of renal damage and blood pressure (BP). Study design Untreated patients (n = 61) with renal scars associated with recurrent urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteric reflux were investigated and compared with 904 healthy controls. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation between the extent of renal scarring and systolic and diastolic BP standard deviation score (SDS) was found by using ABPM. Mean systolic day-time BP SDS in ABPM was significantly elevated in girls with renal scars compared with healthy controls, but failed to be significant in boys. Mean systolic and diastolic night-time BP SDS were significantly elevated in patients. Compatible with these results, diastolic dipping was significantly lower in patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in BP obtained by ABPM is positively correlated with the degree of scarring in our group of patients. Elevated night-time BP might be the most sensitive indicator of BP elevation in these children.

Análise da classificaçäo das lesões císticas renais proposta por Bosniak: aplicaçäo prática / Analysis of Bosniak classification for renal cystic lesions: practical applications

As lesões císticas renais abrangem uma gama de doneças, que vâo desde o cisto simples até o carcinoma cístico. Objetivando uma sistematizaçäo dos achados e conclusões, Bosniak desenvolveu um sistema de classificaçäo dessas doenças. Neste trabalho é apresentada a classificaçäo e feita a revisäo da literatura, com discussäo dos dados apresentados.

Nefropatía lúpica. Correlación clínico-patológica y respuesta al tratamiento con pulsos de ciclofosfamida

Con el objeto de conocer el comportamiento clínico de los diferentes tipos de glomerulopatía lúpica en nuestro medio se hizo un análisis retrospectivo de las historias clínicas de 64 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico e histológico seguidos en el servicio de reumatología del HUSVP de Medellin. Para evaluar la experiencia local con el uso de CFM en la forma de pulsos se seleccionaron 20 pacientes con un mínimo de nueve pulsos y se hizo análisis de los parámetros de función renal, antes de la terapia y al final del período de seguimiento; se hizo además un diseño retrospectivo de casos y controles en el cual estos pacientes fueron comparados con 20 pacientes seguidos antes de 1986 (sin pulsos de CFM). Los resultados muestran predominio de las formas proliferativas (63.1 por ciento) con un comportamiento agresivo. En el grupo tratado con pulsos de CFM, hubo mejoría a estabilización de las pruebas de función renal. Se observó una disminución de la incidencia de IRCT (30 por ciento vs 5 por ciento) y retardo en su presentación.

Enfermedades renales asociadas a silicosis: revisión de necropsias 1979-1990

El sílice produce lesiones a nivel torácico y también en bazo, médula ósea, ganglios linfáticos extratorácicos, hígado y riñon. El daño renal puede ser directo por la partícula o mediado inmunológicamente. Las lesiones encontradas son glomerulonefritis rápidamente progresiva, necrosante, proliferativa mesangial, proliferativa local y segmentaria, y nefritis intersticial. La nefropatía por IgA ocurre en individuos HLAA29. Se busca establecer asociación de sílice con lesión renal y por ello revisamos 33 protocolos de necropsia con silicosis pulmonar, excluyendo enfermedades concurrentes cuyo órgano blanco fuese riñon, para el presente estudio se tomaron 28 casos en clos cuales realizamos nuevas coloraciones especiales (PAS, Jones y Tricromo) y examen conluz polarizada. En 21se demostró la presencia de sílice en riñon (75 por ciento), 14 había lesión histológica (50 por ciento) y de estos había sílice en 10 (71 por ciento). En 3 casos no había sílice ni lesiones (10 por ciento) y 11 casos con sílice pero sin lesiones. El coeficiente de correlación r (r=0.71) corresponde a una relación moderadamente buena entre la presencia de sílice y cambios histopatológicos. La presente es una revisión de una serie de casos cuyo propósito es plantear la hipótesis de asociación de sílice con lesión renal y concebir la silicosis como enfermedad sistémca.

Estudio del sindrome nefrítico en la sala de preescolar: 1 de enero - 31 de diciembre 1989 / Study syndrome nephritic in the room preescolar: january 1§ - december 31 1989

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo del síndrome nefrítico del servicio de preescolar de pediatría del Hospital Escuela "Oscar Danilo Rosales Arguello", durante el período comprendido del mes de enero hasta el 31 de diciembre del año 1989. Con el estudio se pretende describir el comportamiento, características clínicas iniciales, manejo y complicación del síndrome nefrítico, através de las historias clínicas de 50 expedientes correspondientes a los pacientes que egresaron durante el período del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 1989.En cuanto a las características clínicas inicial con que ingresaron dichos pacientes fue en orden decreciente, el edema en un 100 porciento, oliguría en un 100 porciento, la hipertensión arterial en 98 porciento, hematuria ya sea macro y microscopicamente en un 82 porciento, cefalea en 78 porciento, antecedentes infecciosos de localización faríngea en 56 porciento. La terapia medicamentosa utilizada en estos pacientes fueron : dieta hiposódica, líquidos restringidos, diuréticos, antihipertensivos y medidas generales como reposo, control de presión arterial...