Irreducible Posterolateral Knee Dislocation: A Case Report.

CASE: A 62-year-old male patient suffered an irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation after a horse fell on him. The left knee was slightly flexed with a medial dimple sign present. The medial retinaculum, medial patellofemoral ligament, posteromedial corner structures, and vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle were incarcerated in the medial joint. An open reduction and the medial retinaculum and VMO gap were repaired, and the knee was stabilized in an external fixator for 4 weeks. At 32-month follow-up, the patient had almost full knee motion and good subjective outcomes with moderate residual joint laxity. CONCLUSION: Early clinical diagnosis of irreducible knee dislocations and emergent open reduction should be performed to reduce the risk of soft-tissue compromise.

[Vascular injury associated with knee dislocation]. / La lesión vascular asociada a la luxación de rodilla.

INTRODUCTION: Knee dislocation is a rare injury but considered serious clinically since it can be accompanied by vascular and neurological injuries that if they do not have a timely diagnosis and treatment can lead to the loss of the limb. Regarding vascular injury, the optimal diagnostic method for the identification of this type of lesion is of the utmost importance. OBJECTIVE: To present the literature review on the epidemiology, classification and diagnostic approach of knee dislocation with or without associated vascular injury. METHODS: Report of the literature found in databases and analyses based on clinical experience and synthesis of these documents. CONCLUSION: Vascular injury is not an uncommon finding in the context of knee dislocation, with a high risk of complications and even amputation if an early diagnosis is not made, the authors recommend angio-CT to confirm the suspected diagnosis and not delay treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La luxación de rodilla es una lesión poco común, pero considerada grave clínicamente, ya que puede acompañarse de lesiones vasculares y neurológicas que si no tienen un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno pueden llegar a la pérdida de la extremidad. Respecto a la lesión vascular es de suma importancia el método diagnóstico óptimo para la identificación de este tipo de lesiones. OBJETIVO: Presentar la revisión bibliográfica sobre la epidemiología, clasificación y aproximación diagnóstica de la luxación de rodilla con o sin lesión vascular asociada. MÉTODOS: Reporte de la literatura encontrada en bases de datos y análisis basados en experiencia clínica y síntesis de estos documentos. CONCLUSIÓN: La lesión vascular no es un hallazgo infrecuente en el contexto de una luxación de rodilla, tiene un riesgo elevado de complicaciones e incluso de amputación si no se realiza un diagnóstico temprano, los autores recomiendan la angio-TAC para confirmar la sospecha diagnóstica y no retrasar el tratamiento.

[Proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation diagnosis and treatment]. / Luxación tibiofibular proximal diagnóstico y tratamiento.

INTRODUCTION: Proximal tibiofibular joint dislocations (PTFJD) are uncommon and underdiagnosed injuries. Urgent reduction is mandatory to avoid chronic disfunction. The scarcely available literature does not present a unified management guideline. An acute PTFJD case report with spontaneous reduction and a review of the literature is presented, aiming to assist the diagnosis and management of this pathology. CASE REPORT: A 22-years old male presented to the emergency department with high intensity right knee pain after falling in a four-wheel motorcycle. The physical exam revealed a prominent painful mass on the lateral aspect of his knee and proximal leg. His range of motion and knee stability were unremarkable. X-rays were informed negative for musculoskeletal injuries. According to a sustained suspicion of PTFJD, the study was continued with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which suggested PTFJD. During the following 24 hours, the patient referred he was entirely asymptomatic after feeling a loud "clank". He has been followed for three months with MRI, and remains asymptomatic with full functions. CONCLUSION: PTFJD diagnosis requires appropriate images. Urgent close reduction is mandatory; if unsuccessful, open reduction, primary repair and internal fixation are indicated. The prognosis of spontaneous reduction remains uncertain and requires a serial clinical evaluation. In the case of recurrence, the appropriate surgical management is indicated according to the elapsed time from the injury.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La luxación tibiofibular proximal (LTFP) es una lesión poco frecuente y no diagnosticada. De no ser tratada a tiempo, puede generar una sintomatología crónica de dolor e inestabilidad. La escasa evidencia disponible no entrega un protocolo de enfrentamiento ni consenso respecto a su manejo. Con el objetivo de asistir al enfrentamiento de esta lesión, se presenta una revisión de la literatura de una LTFP con reducción espontánea. CASO CLÍNICO: Hombre de 22 años consulta por dolor intenso en su rodilla derecha, posterior a caída en cuatrimoto. Al examen físico con aumento de volumen doloroso en cara lateral de la rodilla y pierna proximal, con movilidad completa y estable. Radiografías son informadas sin alteraciones. Se mantiene la sospecha clínica de LTFP, se continúa estudio con resonancia magnética (RM), la que es sugerente de LTFP. Dentro de las 24 horas de evolución, el paciente indica haber sentido un clank espontáneo en su rodilla afectada con cese completo de sintomatología. Se sigue al paciente por tres meses con RM de control, manteniendo una rodilla asintomática; examen físico y funcionalidad normal. CONCLUSIÓN: El diagnóstico de las LTFP requiere un adecuado uso de imágenes. Su manejo consiste en una reducción cerrada de urgencia y de no lograrse, una reducción abierta, reparación y fijación interna. El pronóstico de las reducciones espontáneas es incierto, por lo que deben ser seguidas de forma seriada y en caso de recidiva, manejadas quirúrgicamente según el tiempo de evolución.

Luxación expuesta de rodilla: ¿Qué hemos aprendido en los últimos 20 años? / Open knee dislocations: what have we learn about it in the last 20 years?

INTRODUCCIÓN: La luxación expuesta de rodilla es compleja, de incidencia baja con grandes secuelas funcionales. Existen escasos reportes de series en la literatura relativos a su manejo y resultados. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los resultados obtenidos de todos los pacientes con luxación expuesta de rodilla tratados durante las últimas dos décadas en nuestro hospital bajo un mismo estándar de tratamiento. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en una serie quirúrgica de 11 pacientes con luxación expuesta de rodilla, tratados entre 1994 y 2015. Todos fueron estudiados y manejados según esquema estandarizado: Angiografía/ angioTC, aseo quirúrgico, fijador externo y reparación neurovascular en casos necesarios. Revisión de registros clínicos e imagenológicos consignando datos demográficos, lesiones concomitantes, número y tipo de cirugías, y complicaciones asociadas. Seguimiento promedio fue de 10,7 años con evaluación mediante encuesta funcionales SF-12/IKDC durante el mes de marzo de 2015. RESULTADOS: Diez pacientes eran hombres, 1 mujeres. Edad promedio al accidente 38,6 años. Mecanismo lesional de alta energía; como referencia la clasificación de Schenck, 1 lesión III-M, 4 tipo IV y los 6 restantes una tipo V. 4 lesiones vasculares (36.4%) y 7 lesiones neurológicas (63.6%). Tratamiento definitivo consistió en 4 reconstrucciones ligamentarias, 2 prótesis, 3 artrodesis y 2 amputaciones supracondíleas. Evaluaciones funcionales dieron como resultados un puntaje promedio de 37 y 48,5 para SF-12 físico y mental respectivamente, y de 44,1 para IKDC. CONCLUSIÓN: La luxación expuesta de rodilla es una lesión infrecuente, muy compleja, asociada a accidentes de alta energía, con complicaciones severas, lo que determina resultados funcionales relativamente malos. La estandarización permite sistematizar las distintas etapas de atención, racionalizar los recursos disponibles evitando la improvisación en momentos críticos, lo que podría incidir en la obtención de resultados.

INTRODUCTION: Open knee dislocation is a complex lesion of low incidence and large functional sequelae. There are few series reports in the literature regarding its management and outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Describe the results obtained from all patients with open knee dislocation treated during the last two decades in our hospital under the same treatment standard. METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study in a surgical series of 11 patients with open knee dislocation, treated between 1994 and 2015. All were studied and managed according to a standardized protocol: Angiography/angioCT, surgical debridement, external fixation and neurovascular repair in necessary cases. Review of clinical and imaging records, recording demographic data, concomitant injuries, number and type of surgeries and associated complications. Average follow-up was 10.7 years, with an evaluation through functional surveys SF-12/IKDC during March 2015. RESULTS: 10 patients were men, 1 woman. Average age at accident 38.6 years. High-energy trauma mechanism of injury; Schenk classification as reference, 1 lesion type III-M, 4 type IV and the remaining 6 type V. 4 vascular lesions (41.7%) and 7 neurological lesions (63.6%). Definitive treatment consisted in 4 ligamentous reconstructions, 2 prostheses, 3 arthrodesis and 3 supracondylar amputations. Functional evaluations showed an average score of 37 and 48.5 for SF-12 physical and mental respectively, and 44.1 for IKDC. CONCLUSION: Open knee dislocation is a rare, very complex, associated to high-energy trauma, with severe complications, which determines relatively poor functional outcomes. Standardization allows to systematize the different stages of attention and rationalize available resources avoiding improvisation at critical moments, which could affect the results.

Proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation treated using flexible and permanent syndesmosis fixation.

We present the case of a 40-year-old man who suffered an isolated proximal tibiofibular dislocation of the left knee after a trauma during a soccer game. Physical examination and radiographic imaging revealed an anterolateral dislocation of the proximal fibula. The diagnosis was confirmed by MRI. The treatment choice was open reduction and internal fixation under direct visualisation using flexible and permanent internal fixation. Postoperative treatment includes knee immobilisation during the first week, and partial weight was allowed for 2 weeks progressing to full weight bearing over 4 weeks. The patient started a gradual and progressive physical therapy programme with range of motion exercises, muscle strengthening and gait training. Full knee range of motion was achieved after 4 weeks. No complaint of pain or hardware discomfort was reported, and the patient is back to daily life and sports activities after 6 months of surgical treatment.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de luxación tibioperonea proximal de rodilla. Reporte de caso en un deportista / Proximal tibiofibular dislocation. Diagnosis and treatment. Case report in athlete

La luxación traumática es una entidad infrecuente. El tratamiento de elección en el estadio agudo es la reducción cerrada, mientras que en el caso de inestabilidad crónica se opta por reducción y fijación interna. No habiendo reportes de luxaciones subagudas se presenta un caso de 20 días de evolución tratado mediante reducción cerrada y artroscopia el cual evolucionó favorablemente luego de la cirugía.

Traumatic dislocation is an infrequent entity. The treatment of choice in the acute stage is closed reduction, whereas in the case of chronic instability, reduction and internal fixation is the treatment of choice. In absence of subacute dislocation reports we present a case with 20 days of evolution treated by closed reduction and arthroscopy which evolved favorably after surgery.

Conducta inicial en la luxación aguda de rodilla. Nuestra experiencia de 20 años / Initial treatment of acute knee dislocation. Our experience of 20 years

Introducción: La luxación aguda de rodilla representa menos del 0,02% de toda la patología ortopédica. La mayoría de los casos se presentan en un contexto de pacientes politraumatizados generado por accidentes de alta energía o velocidad. Se trata de una lesión grave donde la reducción y la evaluación vascular son los pilares fundamentales del tratamiento inicial. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia y conducta en el tratamiento de urgencia en luxaciones agudas de rodilla mediante la utilización de protocolos establecidos. Material y Métodos: Presentamos nueve luxaciones agudas de rodilla, incluyendo solo aquellos casos de rodillas luxadas en el momento del primer contacto con el paciente. Todas fueron generadas por traumatismos de alta energía y evaluadas de acuerdo a las clasificaciones de Kennedy y Schenck. Siete de las luxaciones tuvieron algún tipo de desplazamiento posterior y dos fueron anteriores. En relación a la clasificación de Schenck, dos luxaciones fueron grado KDI, cuatro KDIII, una KDIV y dos casos KDV. Utilizamos nuestro protocolo de urgencia, basado en la semiología y radiología para evaluar la luxación y controlar la reducción y el control de pulsos tibial posterior y pedio, índice ABI (índice tobillo-pie), ecodoppler y angiografía para evaluar de acuerdo al caso, el estado vascular. Resultado: Seis luxaciones pudieron ser reducidas manualmente de manera inmediata. En los tres casos restantes la reducción fue quirúrgica por tratarse de luxaciones irreductibles, luxofractura expuesta y rodilla reluxable. En ocho pacientes el índice ABI y ecodoppler resultaron normales, en un caso que presentaba índice ABI mayor a 0.9 pero ecodoppler alterado, se realizó una angiografía que descarto lesión vascular y en el paciente con la lesión expuesta, ante la alteración del estado circulatorio, se realizó una exploración vascular. Cinco pacientes presentaban compromiso del nervio ciático poplíteo externo. Conclusión: Si bien existen acuerdos y coincidencias en el tratamiento de las secuelas y consecuencias que una luxación de rodilla produce, no ocurre lo mismo sobre la conducta a adoptar ante la urgencia que significa una luxación aguda. Por ello creemos que es fundamental establecer conductas protocolizadas de urgencia, en donde los dos pilares fundamentales, se basan en la reducción inmediata y la evaluación del estado vascular del miembro afectado. Es por ello que creemos útil presentar nuestra experiencia relacionada exclusivamente en luxaciones agudas de rodilla y nuestro protocolo de urgencia.

Introduction: Acute knee dislocation represents less than 0.02% of all orthopedic pathology. Most cases appear in patients with multiple trauma as a consequence of high energy or speed accidents. It is a serious injury where reduction and vascular evaluation are the basis for initial treatment. The aim of this paper is to show our experience and conduct in the urgent treatment of acute knee dislocations following established protocols. Material and methods: Nine acute knee dislocations are presented; we included only cases of knee dislocations at the moment of first contact with the patient. All of them caused by high velocity trauma and evaluated according to the Kennedy and Schenck classifications. Seven cases showed some kind of posterior displacement and two cases anterior displacement. In relation to Schenck classification, two dislocations are classified as KDI, four as KDIII, one KDIV and two KDV. We used our Urgency protocol, based on semiology and radiology to assess dislocation and control reduction and control of posterior tibialis and pedal pulse, ABI index (ankle-brachial index); echo-doppler and angiography for assessment of vascular state according to each case. Results: Six dislocations were manually reduced immediately. In the remaining three cases, surgery was required for reduction due to irreducible dislocation, open fracture and dislocation, and re-dislocated knee. Eight patients showed normal ABI index and echo-doppler results, one showed ABI index higher than 0.9 but altered echo-doppler. An angiography was performed to discard vascular injury; and in the case with open fracture, due to alteration of vascular state, a vascular exploration was performed. Five patients showed external popliteal sciatic nerve compromise. Conclusion: Although there are agreements and coincidences regarding the treatment of sequels and consequences of knee dislocation, it is not the same regarding the conduct to follow in the urgency of an acute dislocation. We believe it is essential to establish urgency protocolized conducts, based on two fundamental actions, immediate reduction and assessment of vascular state of affected limb. Therefore, we think it would be useful to present our experience exclusively related to acute knee dislocations and our urgency protocol.

Elongación retináculo externo. Técnica quirúrgica / Lateral retinacular lengthening. Surgical technique

La liberación de retináculo externo es una técnica quirúrgica muy utilizada en la cirugía de patología patelofemoral que tuvo su auge en la décadas de 1970 y 1990 donde se efectuaba como un gesto “necesario e inocente” durante procedimiento de realineación de aparato extensor. Hoy en día se sabe que no está excenta de complicaciones y se conoce más sobre su indicación precisa y sus contraindicaciones. Hay poca bibliografía sobre elongación retinacular y sus ventajas frente a la liberación, pero hay evidencia publicada que la elongación en Z plastia mejora resultados, disminuyendo el número de complicaciones como hemartosis, hernia sinovial lateral, subluxación medial y atrofia muscular. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la técnica de elongación retinacular externa, y sus indicaciones. Creemos que es una técnica sencilla reproducible que disminuye las complicaciones atribuidas a la liberación tradicional ya sea abierta o artroscópica, con la única desventaja de necesitar abordaje lateral accesorio.

The lateral retinacular release is one of the surgical procedure most often used in patellofemoral patology in the 70¨ and 90¨, when it was consider a “necessary and inocent” procedure during extensor mechanism realignement. Actually we know that it has complications and we know more about the right indications and contraindications of the lateral release. There are few articles about lateral retinacular lengthening and its advantages against the lateral release, but there is evidence that Z plasty lengthening improve results, lowering complications rate like hemarthrosis, lateral synovial hernia, medial subluxation and muscular atrophy. This article describe the technique of lateral retinacular lengthening and its indications. We believe that is a simply technique, reproductible and it decrease the complications rate of the traditional release open or arthroscopic, with the unique desadvantage that it needs an accesory 3-4 cm lateral midpatelar approach.

Luxación irreductible posterolateral de rodilla. Presentación de un caso / Irreductible posterolateral knee dislocation. Case report

La luxación irreductible de rodilla es una patología poco frecuente. Normalmente se trata de luxaciones posterolaterales, constituyendo una urgencia ortopédica con indicación formal de reducción abierta mediante artrotomía de rodilla y en algunos casos con un debridamiento asistido por artroscopía. Por su condición irreductible, no se recomienda la reducción manual cerrada. Presentamos un caso de luxación irreductible posterolateral de rodilla en una paciente de 21 años como consecuencia de un traumatismo de alta velocidad, su tratamiento mediante reducción abierta, desbridamiento artroscópico y reconstrucción del ligamento colateral medial en un solo tiempo. Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso. Nivel de evidencia: V.

An irreducible knee dislocation is a rare condition. It is usually a posterolateral dislocation, (orthopedic urgency) constituting a formal indication of open reduction through knee arthrotomy and in some cases assisted with arthroscopic debridement. For its irreducible condition, closed manual reduction is not recommended. We present a case of an irreducible posterolateral knee dislocation in a patient of 21 years due to high-energy trauma, treatment by open reduction, arthroscopic debridement and sMCL reconstruction in an unstaged procedure. Type of study: Case presentation. Evidence level: V.

External fixator for treatment of the sub-acute and chronic multi-ligament-injured knee.

PURPOSE: To assess whether the use of an articulated external fixator provides improvements in the mobility, stability and subjective function of patients undergoing ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with sub-acute and chronic knee dislocation were subjected to multi-ligament reconstruction surgery. These patients were randomly allocated to two groups for immobilization after reconstruction: group 0-control (18 patients), with rigid knee bracing, and group 1-articulated external fixator (15 patients). The stability of the reconstructed ligaments was assessed after at least 14 months (26.6-month average) postoperatively by physical examination. Deficit of extension and flexion was measured in relation to the unaffected contralateral knee, and the Lysholm knee scoring scale questionnaire was applied. RESULTS: There was no difference in the assessment of joint stability between the groups. In group 1, patients showed less flexion deficit (4.8° ± 5.4° vs. 18.2° ± 14.8°, p < 0.05), and the percentage of patients with a flexion deficit of 5° or less were higher compared with group 0 (64 vs. 18 %, p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in relation to extension loss. Group 1 also presented better Lysholm scores, with 73 % of patients rated as excellent or good compared with 35 % in group 0 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the control rehabilitation protocol with rigid knee bracing in extension, the use of an articulated external fixator in the treatment of chronic multi-ligament-injured knees provided the same ligament stability, better final range of motion and improved Lysholm score. Patients presenting with chronic multi-ligament instability should be considered for articulated external fixation to supplement reconstruction procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Randomized controlled trial, Level I.

Surgical management of knee dislocations with ligament reconstruction associated with a hinged external fixator.

INTRODUCTION: Knee dislocations are defined as ligament injuries involving at least two of the four most important knee ligaments. Results from recent studies have shown a tendency towards improvement of the functional outcomes with use of an articulated external fixator during the postoperative period following multiligament reconstruction. Our hypothesis was that good knee stability and early gain of range of motion could be achieved with the use of the external fixator after ligament reconstructions. METHODS: Fourteen patients with knee dislocations were evaluated after multiligament reconstruction in association with use of a lateral monoplanar external fixator for six weeks. Reconstructions were performed using grafts from a tissue bank. Range of motion was measured after one, two, three, six, twelve months and at the final evaluation at a mean time of 49 months. The assessments were made using objective and subjective IKDC, Lysholm and Tegner scales. RESULTS: The mean scores were 71.7 for the subjective IKDC score, 81.5 for the Lysholm score. No patient was able to return to previous Tegner score. Out of the 45 ligament reconstructions performed, only four failed during the follow-up time. The mean range of motion of the knee presented a progressive increase from the first to the twelfth month, from 67.8° to 115.7°. Two cases of superficial infection on the site of the external fixator pins were observed. CONCLUSION: The use of an external fixator enabled early rehabilitation with range of motion gains starting from the first postoperative month, a low rate of reconstruction failure and minimal complications. Nevertheless, none of the patients returned to the level of activity prevailing prior to the injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, retrospective therapeutic case series.

Uso do fixador externo articulado no tratamento cirúrgico da instabilidade multiligamentar crônica do joelho

INTRODUÇÃO: A instabilidade multiligamentar do joelho, normalmente, é provocada por um trauma que determina sua luxação, um evento pouco frequente, mas, que pode trazer sequelas devastadoras. Mesmo com o tratamento cirúrgico preconizado é alto o índice de complicações. A mobilização precoce no pósoperatório provoca afrouxamento dos ligamentos reconstruídos, o que leva à instabilidade residual. A imobilização melhora a estabilidade, mas provoca dor e rigidez. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar se o uso do fixador externo articulado proporciona melhora na mobilidade, estabilidade e na função subjetiva de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução ligamentar. MÉTODOS: Neste ensaio clínico randomizado com grupos paralelos, 33 pacientes do ambulatório do Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo com mais que 3 semanas de lesão dos ligamentos cruzados anterior e posterior associado à lesão de ligamento colateral fibular e/ ou ligamento colateral tibial foram submetidos à cirurgia de reconstrução multiligamentar, após alocação cega aleatória ao grupo 0 - controle (18 pacientes), com órtese rígida ou ao grupo 1 - fixador externo articulado por 6 semanas (15 pacientes), no período entre novembro de 2010 e novembro de 2013. Após seguimento mínimo de um ano de pós-operatório, a estabilidade dos ligamentos reconstruídos foi avaliada ao exame físico, foram mensurados os déficits de extensão e de flexão residual em relação ao joelho contralateral não acometido e foi aplicado o questionário específico para sintomas do joelho de Lysholm...

NTRODUCTION: Multiligament knee instability is normally caused by a trauma which results in its dislocation, an infrequent event, but one which can have devastating aftereffects. Even with the recommended surgical treatment the rate of complications is high. Early post-operative mobilization provokes loosening of the reconstructed ligaments, which leads to residual instability. Immobilization improves the stability, but causes pain and stiffness. This study aims to assess whether the use of an articulated external fixator provides improvements in the mobility, stability and the subjective function of the patients submitted to ligament reconstruction. METHODS: In this randomized clinical trial with parallel groups, 33 patients of the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of Sao Paulo with more than 3 weeks of injury to the anterior cruciate ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligaments associated with injury to the fibular collateral ligament and/or medial collateral ligament, were submitted to multiligament reconstruction surgery, after blind random allocation to either: Group 0 - control (18 patients), with rigid bracing, or to Group 1 - articulated external fixator for 6 weeks (15 patients), in the period from November, 2010 to November 2013. The stability of the reconstructed ligaments were assessed after 1 year postoperatively by physical examination, the deficit of residual extension and flexion was measured in relation to the unaffected contralateral knee and the Lysholm knee scoring scale questionnaire was applied...

Knee dislocation: descriptive study of injuries / Luxação do joelho: estudo descritivo das lesões

OBJECTIVE:Describe the ligamentous and associated injuries that occur in the traumatic knee dislocation, relating them to the mechanisms of trauma and to identify patterns of injuries. METHODS: Twenty three knee dislocations were described in the period between March 2010 and March 2011. After the diagnosis of the lesions, the reduction and transarticular external fixation of the dislocated knees were done. At the second moment, the patients were evaluated with physical examination under anesthesia and the surgical exploration of peripheral lesions was perfomed by a surgeon of the knee surgery group of this institution.The patients data with the description of the injuries were found and registered. RESULTS: 65% of patients were male, the average age was 35 years and the most common mechanism of trauma was the motorcycle accident (60%). The lesion of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) occurred in 75% of the cases, and the lesion of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in 95%. The medial peripheral injuries happened in 65% of the dislocations, and the lateral lesions in 40%. The most common dislocations were classified as KDI (25%) and as KDIIIm (25%). The arterial injury was present in 15% of the cases, and the nervous injury where registered in one patient (5%). At the initial radiographic evaluation, 45% of the dislocations presented reduced. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of the knee dislocations described showed a great range of variability demonstrating that an individualized evaluation of each case is mandatory. The surgeon should be able to recognize and choose the correct treatment to these lesions. .

OBJETIVO:Descrever as lesões ligamentares e associadas ocorridas nas luxações traumáticas do joelho, relacioná-las aos mecanismos de trauma e identificar padrões de lesões. MÉTODOS: Foram descritas 23 luxações do joelho entre março de 2010 e março de 2011. Após o diagnóstico das lesões, foi procedida a redução e fixação externa transarticular das luxações. Num segundo tempo, os pacientes foram avaliados sob anestesia e a exploração cirúrgica das lesões periféricas foi feita pelos membros do grupo de cirurgia do joelho da instituição. Os dados dos pacientes, junto com as descrições das lesões encontradas, foram registrados. RESULTADOS: 65% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 35 anos, o mecanismo de trauma mais comum foi o acidente com motocicleta (60%). A lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) ocorreu em 75% dos casos, a lesão do ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) em 95%. A lesão periférica medial aconteceu em 65% das luxações e as lesões laterais em 40%. As luxações mais comuns foram as classificadas como KDI (25%) e KDIIIm (25%). A lesão arterial esteve presente em 15% dos casos e a lesão nervosa foi registrada em um paciente (5%). Na avaliação radiográfica inicial, 45% das luxações apresentavam-se reduzidas. CONCLUSÃO: As luxações do joelho descritas apresentaram grande variabilidade, demonstrando que é preciso a avaliação individualizada de cada caso, sendo que o ortopedista precisa estar apto para o reconhecimento e tratamento específicos dessas diversas lesões. .

Locked knee caused by lateral meniscal capsular disruption: verification by magnetic resonance imaging and arthroscopy.

Locking of the knee is commonly reported in patients presenting to an orthopedic surgeon. This case report describes a rare cause of knee locking: subluxation of the lateral meniscus without an associated tear. This case highlights the importance of the popliteus recess in stability of the lateral meniscus. Injury to this area may lead to meniscal subluxation and knee locking.

[Amputation as a treatment for complications on a traumatic dislocations of the knee. Case report]. / Amputación como tratamiento de complicaciones de la luxación traumática de rodilla. Presentación de un caso.

INTRODUCTION: Vascular lesion associated with knee dislocation represents a common and potentially devastating complication. A delay in revascularization that exceeds 8 hours can lead to amputation of the extremity. Therefore it is mandatory to do an immediate examination and an effective diagnosis to rule out this complication. CASE REPORT: A 19-year-old male was struck by a motor vehicle and caused traumatic dislocation of the left knee as observed on X-rays. The knee was reduced immediately. At 12 hours, the patient presented edema on the extremity and was then stabilized with external fixators. On the third day the patient developed a compartmental syndrome and artery obstruction, and required fasciotomies and revascularization of the popliteal artery. Twenty four hours later, again the artery was obstructed, conducing to supracondylar amputation. DISCUSSION: The purpose of this article is to show that a knee dislocation, with vascular complications, may lead to extremity amputation as a drastic treatment. It is important to emphasize that vigilance of vascular permeability has to be followed every 2-3 hours, for at least 72 hours after the injury, and assisted with Doppler study. And if needed, at the moment when a pulse abnormality is detected an arteriography study must be realized.

Luxação traumática de joelho: análise clínica / Traumatic knee luxation: clinical analysis

Objetivo: comparar o resultado funcional final, obtido no tratamento da luxação traumática de joelho, com diferentes modalidades de tratamento. Pacientes e Método: na classificação das luxações, utilizou-se os critérios de Schenck e foram excluídos casos que apresentavam comorbidades que pudessem interferir no resultado funcional do joelho acometido.Os pacientes foram reexaminados e a avaliação constou dados objetivos e subjetivos:anamnese, exame físico e Escala de Lysholm. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 35,6 ±14,4 anos, com predomínio do gênero masculino. O mecanismo de trauma mais freqüente foi o acidente de trânsito. O padrão de luxação mais observado foi o KD-III. O ligamento cruzado posterior foi o mais lesado (86,8%), seguido pelo cruzado anterior (80%). Quatro pacientes (26,7%) tiveram lesão do nervo fibular comum, dois com recuperação completa.O tratamento cirúrgico na fase aguda foi realizado em 11 pacientes, dando-se prioridade para a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado posterior. A dor foi a queixa mais freqüente. Os pacientes operados, na fase aguda, obtiveram melhores resultados do que os tratados conservadoramente ou os operados na fase crônica. Não houve perda importante de amplitude de movimentos, mas foi observada a instabilidade residual, o que não chegou a limitar os pacientes na vida cotidiana. Conclusão: a luxação de joelho, sem dano vascular, tem bom prognóstico com tratamento adequado. Um grau variável de instabilidade residual é esperado e bem tolerado. Já o reparo ou reconstrução das lesões periféricas e do LCP (Ligamento Cruzado Posterior) foram satisfatórios, considerando-se os critérios subjetivos e objetivos.

Objective: to compare the final functional result, obtained in the treatment of traumatic knee luxation, with different treatment modalities. Patients and Methodology: the Schenk criteria were used in the luxations classification and the cases with comorbidities that might interfere in the impaired knee functional result were excluded. The patients were reexamined and the evaluation counted with objective and subjective data: anamneses, physical exam and Lysholm Scale...

Luxación abierta, intrauterina, rodila derecha: presentación de un caso / Open, intra-uterine luxación, right rodila: presentation of a case

La luxación traumática de rodilla es una de las lesiones más severas del miembro inferior y además una de las urgencias de manejo prioritario en Cirugía Ortopédica. Presentamos un caso clínico de un prematuro de 31 semanas de gestación por FUR, embarazo gemelar, tratado por comunicación arteriovenosa placentaria mediante cirugía endoscópica intrauterina a las 21 semanas, quien presentó una luxación posterior abierta de rodilla, traumática e intrauterina.

Luxación de rodilla con lesión aislada del ligamento cruzado anterior: reporte de un caso / Knee dislocation with anterior cross ligament isolated lesion: one case report

We describe a very unusual case of a 28 year old man with a complete anterior knee dislocation, following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruption without any other ligament tears. The pathology of the knee joint was torn ACL, intact meniscus and other ligaments and bone bruise of the trochlear grove. After joint reduction the ACL reconstruction was performed two weeks after the injury, obtaining a complete functional recovery. He had a Lysholm score of 95 points and a normal IKDC score.

Este artículo escribe un caso poco usual de una luxación anterior de rodilla, con lesión aislada de ligamento cruzado anterior en un paciente deportista de 28 años. El estudio clínico y de resonancia magnética demostró lesión aislada el ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA), edema óseo en la tróclea femoral y ausencia de otras lesiones ligamentosas y meniscales de la rodilla. Luego de la reducción ortopédica, se programó una reconstrucción del LCA, dos semanas después el accidente. La evaluación alejada a dos años plazo, muestra una articulación estable. La aplicación de la escala de Lysholm fue de 95 puntos y un IKDC normal.