EFFECT OF VISCERAL MANIPULATION ON CHILDREN WITH REFRACTORY CHRONIC FUNCTIONAL CONSTIPATION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL.

BACKGROUND: Functional constipation (FC) is a common global high prevalence issue in children. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of visceral manipulation (VM) on children with chronic interacble FC unresponsive to the standard treatment. METHODS: This study was conducted as a randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Fifty-two children with refractory chronic functional constipation unresponsive to the standard medical treatment were randomly allocated to two groups of 26 control (standard medical care (SMC)) and 26 intervention (SMC with VM) for 4 weeks. Abdominal pain, painful defecation, stool consistency, defecation frequency, and the dose of oral laxative were evaluated before and after the treatment period using the Pain Rating Scale, Bristol stool form scale, and patient/parents report. RESULTS: At the end of treatment, except for the dose of oral laxative in the control group, all of the results showed a significant difference in both groups (P<0.05). The dose of oral laxative in the intervention group decreased significantly (P<0.05), however, no significant change was observed in the control group (P>0.05). In the intervention group comparison, statistically significant differences were found in all va-riables except the Bristol stool form scale (P<0.05). The Bristol stool form scale after treatments was not different when the groups were compared (P=0.32), but the number of subjects who had normal stool consistency was significantly increased in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: VM can be considered as a possible treatment without side effects besides SMC for the management of chronic FC. Further studies are needed to investigate the long-term effect of VM.

Unhealthy life habits associated with self-induced vomiting and laxative misuse in Brazilian adolescents.

Adolescence is a stage in life characterized by important social, cognitive, and physical changes. Adolescents are vulnerable to various psychosocial disorders, including eating disorders. We aimed to investigate the association between unhealthy habits, sociodemographic characteristics, and the practice of self-induced vomiting or laxative misuse in a representative sample of Brazilian adolescent girls and boys. Data from 102,072 students who participated in the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey were analyzed using the dependent variable: presence or absence of self-induced vomiting and/or laxative misuse; independent variables: consumption of unhealthy and high-calorie food items, age during first sexual intercourse, and the use of tobacco, alcohol, and/or illicit drugs. Associations between exposure and outcome were estimated using Poisson's regression models stratified by sex, and including region, school, age group, and mother's educational history as adjustment variables. Eating ultra-processed foods and age during first sexual intercourse were associated with self-induced vomiting and laxative misuse only for girls; all other variables (consuming unhealthy foods and using legal or illicit substances) were associated with these behaviors for both sexes after applying adjustment variables. Early interventions focusing on changing unhealthy behaviors may prevent development of eating disorders in adolescents. Our findings demonstrate a strong association of many unhealthy habits with laxative misuse and self-induced vomiting practices in Brazilian adolescents.

Effects of magnesium sulfate and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate on fecal hydration, output and systemic hydration in healthy horses / [Efeitos do sulfato de magnésio e do dioctil-sulfossuccinato de sódio na hidratação e eliminação fecal e sobre a hidratação sistêmica de cavalos saudáveis]

Magnesium sulphate (MS) and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (DSS) are laxative drugs frequently used for the treatment of impactions. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of MS and DSS in fecal hydration, output and systemic hydration in healthy horses. Five healthy horses received 3 treatments with a 21-day interval. Treatment 1 was performed with administration of 4 liters of warm water; treatment 2: administration of 4 liters of warm water associated with 1g/kg of MS; and treatment 3: administration of 4 liters of warm water associated with 20mg/kg DSS. General and specific physical examination of the digestive system were performed, alongside with packed cell volume and total plasma protein measurement, abdominal ultrasonography and quantification of the amount and hydration of feces, before and 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours after the treatments. No adverse effects were observed. The administration of laxatives promoted greater fecal output and hydration without resulting in systemic dehydration, yet no differences were observed between treatments. The absence of adverse effects of DSS demonstrates the safety of its use as a laxative drug at a dose of 20mg/kg. Studies comparing the effects of the laxative drugs in horses with large colon impaction are needed.(AU)

O sulfato de magnésio (SM) e o dioctil-sulfossuccinato de sódio (DSS) são drogas laxativas frequentemente utilizadas no tratamento da compactação. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos do SM e do DSS na hidratação e eliminação fecal, e na hidratação sistêmica de cavalos saudáveis. Cinco cavalos receberam três tratamentos, com intervalo de 21 dias. O tratamento 1 consistiu na administração de quatro litros de água morna; o tratamento 2: administração de quatro litros de água morna associada a 1g/kg de SM; e o tratamento 3: administração de quatro litros de água morna associada a 20mg/kg de DSS. Foram realizados exames físicos gerais e específicos do trato digestivo, hematócrito e proteína plasmática total, ultrassonografia abdominal e mensuração da quantidade e hidratação das fezes antes e após seis, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas dos tratamentos. Não foram observados efeitos adversos. A administração de ambos os laxantes promoveu maior produção fecal e hidratação, sem resultar em desidratação sistêmica, entretanto não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. A ausência de efeitos adversos do DSS demonstra a segurança de seu uso como medicamento laxante na dose de 20mg/kg. São necessários estudos que comparem o efeito dos laxantes em equinos portadores de compactação de cólon.(AU)

Utilização de picossulfato de sódio e citrato de magnésio associado a dieta pobre em resíduos no preparo do intestino grosso para a avaliação por videoendoscopia flexível em cães adultos / Use of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate associated with low residue diet to prepare the large bowel for colonoscopy using flexible video-endoscope in adult dogs / Utilización de picosulfato de sodio y citrato de maqnésio y una dieta pobre en residuos en la preparación del intestino grueso para la evaluación por video-endoscopia flexible en perros adultos

A colonoscopia é uma técnica de endoscopia do reto, do intestino grosso e muitas vezes de final do intestino delgado. É realizada com um endoscópio flexível, que possui na extremidade uma microcâmera digital. Objetivou-se avaliar o protocolo de preparo de evacuação e limpeza do cólon com a utilização de picossulfato de sódio e citrato de magnésio e dieta pobre em resíduos em dez exemplares de cães domésticos. Descrevem-se as técnicas de preparo encontradas na literatura, nas quais se indica o uso de enema com água morna para possibilitar a avaliação em procedimentos de retossigmoidoscopia. Vale salientar que tal técnica é questionada rotineiramente pelos tutores dos animais. O protocolo proposto mostrou-se plenamente eficaz e de fácil administração em cães adultos.

Colonoscopy is used to evaluate the rectum, colon and, in selected cases, the small intestine. The procedure is performed with flexible endoscope with a microdigital camera at the end. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate and a low residue diet as a protocol of evacuation and cleaning of the colon in preparation for colonoscopy. In literature review we have found that warm water enemas is the most frequently recommended technique to prepare the large bowel for proctosigmoidoscopy procedures. In our experience, warm water enemas are frequently opposed by clients, prompting us to search for an alternative method. In the ten adult dogs tested, the use of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate and low residue diet was easy to administer and adequately prepared the intestine for the procedure.

La colonoscopia es una técnica de endoscopia que permite el estudio del recto, del intestino grueso y muchas veces del final del intestino delgado. Se realiza con un endoscopio flexible que posee una microcámara digital en un extremo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el protocolo de limpieza del colon con picosulfato de sodio y citrato de magnesio y una dieta pobre en residuos en diez perros. Son descriptas las técnicas de preparación encontradas en la literatura, en las que se indica el uso de enemas de agua tibia en procedimientos de rectosigmoidoscopia. Cabe destacar que en pequenos animales esa técnica suele ser cuestionada por los tutores para la preparación del colon. El protocolo sugerido se mostró plenamente eficiente y de fácil administración en perros adultos.

Utilização de picossulfato de sódio e citrato de magnésio associado a dieta pobre em resíduos no preparo do intestino grosso para a avaliação por videoendoscopia flexível em cães adultos / Use of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate associated with low residue diet to prepare the large bowel for colonoscopy using flexible video-endoscope in adult dogs / Utilización de picosulfato de sodio y citrato de maqnésio y una dieta pobre en residuos en la preparación del intestino grueso para la evaluación por video-endoscopia flexible en perros adultos

A colonoscopia é uma técnica de endoscopia do reto, do intestino grosso e muitas vezes de final do intestino delgado. É realizada com um endoscópio flexível, que possui na extremidade uma microcâmera digital. Objetivou-se avaliar o protocolo de preparo de evacuação e limpeza do cólon com a utilização de picossulfato de sódio e citrato de magnésio e dieta pobre em resíduos em dez exemplares de cães domésticos. Descrevem-se as técnicas de preparo encontradas na literatura, nas quais se indica o uso de enema com água morna para possibilitar a avaliação em procedimentos de retossigmoidoscopia. Vale salientar que tal técnica é questionada rotineiramente pelos tutores dos animais. O protocolo proposto mostrou-se plenamente eficaz e de fácil administração em cães adultos.(AU)

Colonoscopy is used to evaluate the rectum, colon and, in selected cases, the small intestine. The procedure is performed with flexible endoscope with a microdigital camera at the end. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate and a low residue diet as a protocol of evacuation and cleaning of the colon in preparation for colonoscopy. In literature review we have found that warm water enemas is the most frequently recommended technique to prepare the large bowel for proctosigmoidoscopy procedures. In our experience, warm water enemas are frequently opposed by clients, prompting us to search for an alternative method. In the ten adult dogs tested, the use of sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate and low residue diet was easy to administer and adequately prepared the intestine for the procedure.(AU)

La colonoscopia es una técnica de endoscopia que permite el estudio del recto, del intestino grueso y muchas veces del final del intestino delgado. Se realiza con un endoscopio flexible que posee una microcámara digital en un extremo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar el protocolo de limpieza del colon con picosulfato de sodio y citrato de magnesio y una dieta pobre en residuos en diez perros. Son descriptas las técnicas de preparación encontradas en la literatura, en las que se indica el uso de enemas de agua tibia en procedimientos de rectosigmoidoscopia. Cabe destacar que en pequenos animales esa técnica suele ser cuestionada por los tutores para la preparación del colon. El protocolo sugerido se mostró plenamente eficiente y de fácil administración en perros adultos.(AU)

Nutritional status, body image, and their association with extreme weight control behaviors among Brazilian adolescents, National Adolescent Student Health Survey 2015. / Estado nutricional, imagem corporal e associação com comportamentos extremos para controle de peso em adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional status, body image perception, and extreme weight control behaviors among adolescents. METHODS: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil based on the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) of 2015, with adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Nutritional status and body image perception were the independent variables. The two dependent variables were vomiting or laxative use and use of medicines and other formulas for weight control in the 30 days prior to data collection. We used Poisson regression models for association, with demographic variables for control. RESULTS: 7.4% of adolescents (95%CI 6.7 - 8.2) reported vomiting or using laxatives, with no difference between genders. The prevalence of use of medicines and formulas was higher among boys (7.8%; 95%CI 6.6 - 8.9). The association between nutritional status and extreme behaviors was not significant. However, the prevalence of vomiting or laxative use for adolescents who considered themselves very fat was 2.3 (95%CI 1.1 - 4.7) times higher for boys and 5.3 (95%CI 3.3 - 8.6) times higher for girls, while the use of medicines and formulas was 4.0 (95%CI 2.3 - 7.1) times higher for girls who considered themselves very fat. CONCLUSION: Body image perception seems to have a greater influence on extreme behaviors than nutritional status. Strategies involving health services and schools have great potential to impact the self-esteem and health of students positively.

INTRODUÇÃO: Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre estado nutricional, percepção da imagem corporal e comportamentos extremos para controle de peso nos adolescentes. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal analítico, realizado no Brasil a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015, com adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos. Estado nutricional e percepção da imagem corporal foram as variáveis independentes. As dependentes foram vômito ou uso de laxantes e uso de remédios e outras fórmulas para controle de peso nos últimos 30 dias. Modelos de regressão de Poisson foram empregados para associação, com uso de variáveis demográficas para controle. RESULTADOS: 7,4% dos adolescentes (IC95% 6,7 - 8,2) relataram vômito ou uso de laxantes, sem diferença entre os sexos. A prevalência de uso de remédio e fórmulas foi maior entre meninos (7,8%; IC95% 6,6 - 8,9). A associação entre estado nutricional e comportamentos extremos não foi significativa; entretanto, a prevalência de vômito ou uso de laxantes foi 2,3 (IC95% 1,1 - 4,7) vezes maior em meninos e 5,3 (IC95% 3,3 - 8,6) vezes maior em meninas que se sentiam muito gordos(as), ao passo que uso de remédios e fórmulas foi 4,0 vezes (IC95% 2,3 - 7,1) maior em meninas que sentiam muito gordas. CONCLUSÃO: A percepção da imagem corporal parece ter maior influência na prática dos comportamentos extremos do que o estado nutricional. Estratégias envolvendo serviços de saúde e escolas têm grande potencialidade para ações que impactem positivamente na autoestima e na saúde dos estudantes.

Consumo de drogas médicas, medicamentos de venta libre y alcohol en adultos mayores / Consumption of medical drugs, over-the-counter medications and alcohol in elderlys / Consumo de drogas médicas, medicamentos de venda livre e álcool em idosos

Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar los estudios que reportan la frecuencia del consumo drogas médicas, medicamentos de venta libre y alcohol, así como el consumo combinado de estas sustancias en los adultos mayores. Método: se utilizó como guía la Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, se identificaron 4,881 artículos a través de las bases de datos y tres artículos en el buscador google scholar, se eligieron doce estudios ya que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad y por su calidad metodológica. Resultados: la revisión de la literatura permitió identificar que las drogas médicas más utilizadas fueron los benzodiacepinas, los sedantes, los antidepresivos y los psicotrópicos, los medicamentos de venta libre más usados fueron los analgésicos, laxantes, antiácidos y antihistamínicos; la combinación con el alcohol son prácticas observadas entre los adultos mayores. Conclusión: las drogas médicas y medicamentos de venta libre son consumidas para tratar los trastornos del sueño, depresión, ansiedad y estrés; con relación al alcohol entre el 20.3% y el 57.1% de los adultos mayores lo consumen; la combinación de alcohol y drogas médicas se observó entre el 9.3% y el 18.1%.(AU)

Objective: to perform a systematic review of the literature to identify the studies that report the frequency of consumption of medical drugs, over-the-counter medications and alcohol, as well as the combined use of these substances in the elderly. Method: the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes were used as a guide, 4,881 items through the databases and three items in the search google scholar were identified, twelve studies were chosen as they met the eligibility criteria and their methodological quality. Results: the literature review allowed us to identify that the most used medical drugs were benzodiazepines, sedatives, antidepressants and psychotropic drugs, the most used over-the-counter medications were analgesics, laxatives, antacids and antihistamines; the combination with alcohol are practices observed among the elderly. Conclusion: medical drugs and over-the-counter medications are consumed to treat sleep disorders, depression, anxiety and stress; in relation to alcohol between 20.3% and 57.1% of the elderly consume it; the combination of alcohol and medical drugs was observed between 9.3% and 18.1%.(AU)

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para identificar os estudos que revelam a frequência do consumo de drogas médicas, medicamentos de venda livre e álcool, assim como o consumo combinado dessas substâncias em idosos. Método: foi utilizada como guia a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses, foram identificados 4,881 artigos através das bases de dados e três artigos no Navegador Google Scholar, foram selecionados doze exames já que cumpriram com os critérios de elegibilidade e pela sua qualidade metodológica. Resultados: a revisão da literatura permitiu identificar que as drogas médicas mais utilizadas foram as benzodiazepínicas, sedativos, antidepressivos e os psicotrópicos. Os medicamentos de venda livre mais usados foram os analgésicos, laxantes, antiácidos e anti-histamínicos. A combinação com o álcool é um comportamento observado nos idosos. Conclusão: as drogas médicas e medicamentos de venda livre são consumidos para o tratamento dos distúrbios do sono, depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Com relação ao álcool, entre 20.3% e 57.1% das pessoas idosas o consomem. A combinação de álcool e drogas médicas foi observada entre 9.3% e 18.1%.(AU)

Estado nutricional, imagem corporal e associação com comportamentos extremos para controle de peso em adolescentes brasileiros, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar de 2015 / Nutritional status, body image, and their association with extreme weight control behaviors among Brazilian adolescents, National Adolescent Student Health Survey 2015

RESUMO: Introdução: Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre estado nutricional, percepção da imagem corporal e comportamentos extremos para controle de peso nos adolescentes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal analítico, realizado no Brasil a partir da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2015, com adolescentes de 13 a 17 anos. Estado nutricional e percepção da imagem corporal foram as variáveis independentes. As dependentes foram vômito ou uso de laxantes e uso de remédios e outras fórmulas para controle de peso nos últimos 30 dias. Modelos de regressão de Poisson foram empregados para associação, com uso de variáveis demográficas para controle. Resultados: 7,4% dos adolescentes (IC95% 6,7 - 8,2) relataram vômito ou uso de laxantes, sem diferença entre os sexos. A prevalência de uso de remédio e fórmulas foi maior entre meninos (7,8%; IC95% 6,6 - 8,9). A associação entre estado nutricional e comportamentos extremos não foi significativa; entretanto, a prevalência de vômito ou uso de laxantes foi 2,3 (IC95% 1,1 - 4,7) vezes maior em meninos e 5,3 (IC95% 3,3 - 8,6) vezes maior em meninas que se sentiam muito gordos(as), ao passo que uso de remédios e fórmulas foi 4,0 vezes (IC95% 2,3 - 7,1) maior em meninas que sentiam muito gordas. Conclusão: A percepção da imagem corporal parece ter maior influência na prática dos comportamentos extremos do que o estado nutricional. Estratégias envolvendo serviços de saúde e escolas têm grande potencialidade para ações que impactem positivamente na autoestima e na saúde dos estudantes.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the association between nutritional status, body image perception, and extreme weight control behaviors among adolescents. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil based on the National Adolescent Student Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - PeNSE) of 2015, with adolescents aged 13 to 17 years. Nutritional status and body image perception were the independent variables. The two dependent variables were vomiting or laxative use and use of medicines and other formulas for weight control in the 30 days prior to data collection. We used Poisson regression models for association, with demographic variables for control. Results: 7.4% of adolescents (95%CI 6.7 - 8.2) reported vomiting or using laxatives, with no difference between genders. The prevalence of use of medicines and formulas was higher among boys (7.8%; 95%CI 6.6 - 8.9). The association between nutritional status and extreme behaviors was not significant. However, the prevalence of vomiting or laxative use for adolescents who considered themselves very fat was 2.3 (95%CI 1.1 - 4.7) times higher for boys and 5.3 (95%CI 3.3 - 8.6) times higher for girls, while the use of medicines and formulas was 4.0 (95%CI 2.3 - 7.1) times higher for girls who considered themselves very fat. Conclusion: Body image perception seems to have a greater influence on extreme behaviors than nutritional status. Strategies involving health services and schools have great potential to impact the self-esteem and health of students positively.

Use of Biofeedback Combined With Diet for Treatment of Obstructed Defecation Associated With Paradoxical Puborectalis Contraction (Anismus): Predictive Factors and Short-term Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have described the use of biofeedback therapy for the treatment of anismus. Success rates vary widely, but few data are available regarding factors predictive of success. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate short-term results of biofeedback associated with diet in patients with obstructed defecation because of anismus and to investigate factors that may affect the results. DESIGN: Patients were identified from a single-institution prospectively maintained database. SETTINGS: This study was conducted in a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: Consecutive patients who had obstructed defecation associated with anismus and were treated with biofeedback associated with diet were eligible. INTERVENTIONS: Each patient underwent anal manometry and/or dynamic anal ultrasound. Patients with anismus and were treated with biofeedback associated with diet. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients classed as having a satisfactory response to therapy and those classed as having an unsatisfactory response were compared with regard to sex, age, Cleveland Clinic Florida constipation score, functional factors (anal resting and squeeze pressures and reversal of paradoxical puborectalis contraction on manometry), and anatomic factors in women (history of vaginal delivery, number of vaginal deliveries, menopause, hysterectomy, and previous anorectal surgery). RESULTS: A total of 116 patients were included (75 women and 41 men). Overall, 59% were classed as having a satisfactory response (decrease in constipation score, >50%). Patients with satisfactory responses to biofeedback plus diet did not differ from those with unsatisfactory responses with regard to clinical, anatomic, and physiological factors. LIMITATIONS: This was not a randomized controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS: Biofeedback combined with diet is a valuable treatment option for patients with obstructed defecation syndrome associated with anismus, and more than half of our patients of both sexes achieved a satisfactory response. Improvement was not related to reversal of paradoxical contraction of puborectalis muscles at manometry. Patient sex, age, previous anorectal surgery, anorectal manometry pressures, and vaginal delivery, menopause, and hysterectomy in women did not significantly affect outcome.

Daily laxative therapy reduces organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: a phase II randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Constipation is a common problem in intensive care units. We assessed the efficacy and safety of laxative therapy aiming to promote daily defecation in reducing organ dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, nonblinded phase II clinical trial at two general intensive care units. Patients expected to remain ventilated for over 3 days were randomly assigned to daily defecation or control groups. The intervention group received lactulose and enemas to produce 1-2 defecations per day. In the control group, absence of defecation was tolerated up to 5 days. Primary outcome was the change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score between the date of enrollment and intensive care unit discharge, death or day 14. RESULTS: We included 88 patients. Patients in the treatment group had a higher number of defecations per day (1.3 ± 0.42 versus 0.7 ± 0.56, p < 0.0001) and lower percentage of days without defecation (33.1 ± 15.7% versus 62.3 ± 24.5%, p < 0.0001). Patients in the intervention group had a greater reduction in SOFA score (-4.0 (-6.0 to 0) versus -1.0 (-4.0 to 1.0), p = 0.036) with no difference in mortality rates or in survival time. Adverse events were more frequent in the treatment group (4.5 (3.0-8.0) versus 3.0 (1.0-5.7), p = 0.016), including more days with diarrhea (2.0 (1.0-4.0) versus 1.0 (0-2.0) days, p < 0.0001). Serious adverse events were rare and did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laxative therapy improved daily defecation in ventilated patients and was associated with a greater reduction in SOFA score. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov NCT01607060, registered 24 May 2012.

Disordered eating behaviors in adolescents and adults living in the same household in metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of disordered eating behaviors among adolescents and adults living in the same household. METHODS: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study developed with a probabilistic sample of 511 adolescents and 1254 adults living in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The frequency of binge eating, purging, and strict dieting or fasting over the previous 6 months was ascertained using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS: Binge eating (20.0% vs. 8.4%), strict dieting or fasting (18.9% vs. 2.4%), and purging (3.3% vs. 2.2%) were more frequent among adolescents than adults. There was a significant association between frequency of binge eating and strict dieting or fasting in adults and in adolescents living in the same household. CONCLUSION: The presence of disordered eating behaviors in adults may be a risk factor for the development of eating disorders in adolescents living in the same household. Thus, the development and implementation of eating disorder interventions should consider incorporating a family component.

Laxative effects and mechanism of action of Brazilian green propolis.

BACKGROUND: Brazilian green propolis is reported to have wide range of biological properties including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-influenza, and antioxidant activities. In the digestive system, a protective effect of propolis on gastric ulcer has been reported, but a laxative effect has not yet been reported. We investigated the effect and the mechanism of action of water and ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis. METHODS: We examined the laxative effect of propolis on stool frequency by administering orally an ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) or a water extract of propolis (WEP) at 10, 50, 100, or 500 mg/kg to normal mice. We then investigated the effects of propolis using constipation model mice induced by two types of drugs, loperamide (a µ opioid receptor agonist) and clonidine (an α-2 adrenergic receptor agonist). We also investigated the effects of WEP on gastrointestinal transit and contractional tension of the ileum to uncover the mechanism of action of WEP. RESULTS: Treatment with WEP, but not with EEP, significantly increased the weight of stools (p<0.01 at 500 mg/kg). WEP treatment significantly restored stool frequency and stool weight in clonidine-induced constipation model mice, but not in loperamide-induced constipation model mice. WEP treatment did not affect gastro-intestinal transit, but significantly increased the contractional tension of the isolated ileum of guinea pigs. This increase was inhibited by an acetylcholine receptor antagonist (atropine), but not by a 5-HT receptor antagonist (GR113808). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that WEP has laxative effects both in normal mice and in clonidine-induced constipation model mice. The laxative effects of WEP might be mediated by increased contractional tension of the ileum exerted at least in part via activation of an acetylcholine receptor.

A randomized, prospective, comparison study of a mixture of acacia fiber, psyllium fiber, and fructose vs polyethylene glycol 3350 with electrolytes for the treatment of chronic functional constipation in childhood.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of a mixture of acacia fiber, psyllium fiber, and fructose (AFPFF) with polyethylene glycol 3350 combined with electrolytes (PEG+E) in the treatment of children with chronic functional constipation (CFC); and to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of AFPFF in the treatment of children with CFC. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized, open label, prospective, controlled, parallel-group study involving 100 children (M/F: 38/62; mean age ± SD: 6.5 ± 2.7 years) who were diagnosed with CFC according to the Rome III Criteria. Children were randomly divided into 2 groups: 50 children received AFPFF (16.8 g daily) and 50 children received PEG+E (0.5 g/kg daily) for 8 weeks. Primary outcome measures were frequency of bowel movements, stool consistency, fecal incontinence, and improvement of other associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Safety was assessed with evaluation of clinical adverse effects and growth measurements. RESULTS: Compliance rates were 72% for AFPFF and 96% for PEG+E. A significant improvement of constipation was seen in both groups. After 8 weeks, 77.8% of children treated with AFPFF and 83% of children treated with PEG+E had improved (P = .788). Neither PEG+E nor AFPFF caused any clinically significant side effects during the entire course of the study period. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized study, we did not find any significant difference between the efficacy of AFPFF and PEG+E in the treatment of children with CFC. Both medications were proved to be safe for CFC treatment, but PEG+E was better accepted by children.

Strategic pain management: the identification and development of the IAHPC opioid essential prescription package.

The aim of this study was to determine by consensus the components of an opioid essential prescription package (OEPP) to be used when initiating a prescription for the control of moderate to severe chronic pain. Palliative care physicians (n=60) were sampled from the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care (IAHPC) membership list to represent a range of countries of varying economic levels and diverse geographical regions. Using a Delphi study method, physicians were asked to rank preferences of drug and dosing schedule for first-line opioid, antiemetic, and laxative for the treatment of adults with chronic pain due to cancer and other life-threatening conditions. Overall response rates after two Delphi survey rounds were 95% (n=57) and 82% (n=49), respectively. A consensus (set at ≥75% agreement) was reached to include morphine as first-line opioid at a dose of 5 mg orally every 4 hours. Consensus was reached to include metoclopramide as a first-line antiemetic, but there was no consensus on "regular" or "as needed" administration. No consensus was reached regarding a first-line laxative, but a combination of senna and docusate secured 59% agreement. There was consensus (93% agreement) that laxatives should always be given regularly when opioid treatment is started. Further work is needed to establish a recommended dose of metoclopramide and a type and dose of laxative. The resulting OEPP is international in scope and is designed to ensure that opioids are better tolerated by reducing adverse effects of opioids, which could lead to more sustained improvements in pain management.

Comparison of three types of preparations for abdominal sonography.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized, prospective study was to evaluate the effect of three preparation types on the abdominal sonographic examination quality and on patient acceptance. METHODS: Examinations were performed on 611 patients in the imaging department of a referral oncology center. Patients were divided into three groups: preparation with fasting, water, laxatives, and antiflatulents (Group I), preparation with fasting, water, and antiflatulents alone (Group II), or preparation with fasting and water alone (Group III). The examination quality was evaluated both objectively through grades and subjectively through impressions. Statistical significance was set at the p ≤ 0.05 level. RESULTS: No difference in examination quality was seen among patients with or without medication. Improved visualization of the retroperitoneum in the mid abdomen was observed among Group I patients. Patients in Groups II and III displayed fewer side effects. Other variables, such as obesity and increased abdominal wall thickness, also impacted the image quality. CONCLUSIONS: Visualization of the abdominal organs was satisfactory even in patients who had only fasted and received water. The use of laxative and antiflatulent preparations is not required before routine abdominal ultrasound examinations.

Comparação da efetividade entre polietilenoglicol 4000 sem eletrólitos e hidróxido de magnésio no tratamento da constipação intestinal crônica funcional em crianças / Comparison of the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children

OBJETIVO: Comparar a efetividade de dois medicamentos: hidróxido de magnésio e polietilenoglicol 4000 sem eletrólitos no tratamento da constipação intestinal crônica funcional em crianças. MÉTODOS: Trinta e oito crianças foram divididas, por processo randômico, em dois grupos para uso de polietilenoglicol 4000 sem eletrólitos ou de hidróxido de magnésio. As crianças foram acompanhadas em consultas periódicas até completarem 6 meses de tratamento. Em todas as consultas, foram investigados: consistência das fezes, frequência evacuatória, presença de escape fecal, dor abdominal, esforço evacuatório e aceitação desses fármacos. RESULTADOS: Dezessete crianças fizeram uso de polietilenoglicol, e 21 utilizaram o hidróxido de magnésio. Houve melhora clínica de todas as variáveis nos dois grupos, sem diferenças com significância estatística. Todas as crianças aceitaram o polietilenoglicol, enquanto 42,9 por cento recusaram o hidróxido de magnésio. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença de efetividade no tratamento da constipação intestinal entre esses dois laxantes. Entretanto, a melhor aceitação do polietilenoglicol, por ser inodoro e insípido, torna-o melhor opção no tratamento da constipação intestinal crônica funcional.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of two drugs, polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide, in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children. METHODS: Thirty-eight children were randomly assigned to either of two groups, polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes or magnesium hydroxide. The children were followed through periodic appointments until they reached 6 months of treatment. In each medical appointment the following aspects were evaluated: stool consistency, frequency of bowel movements, fecal incontinence, abdominal pain, straining and acceptance of the drugs. RESULTS: Seventeen children made use of polyethylene glycol and twenty-one received magnesium hydroxide. All variables analyzed improved for both groups, with no statistically significant differences. All children accepted polyethylene glycol, while 42.9 percent refused magnesium hydroxide. CONCLUSION: The two laxatives showed no difference in effectiveness for the treatment of constipation. However, due to its better acceptance, because it is odorless and tasteless, polyethylene glycol proved to be a better option for treating chronic functional constipation.

Comparison of the effectiveness of polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of two drugs, polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes and magnesium hydroxide, in the treatment of chronic functional constipation in children. METHODS: Thirty-eight children were randomly assigned to either of two groups, polyethylene glycol 4000 without electrolytes or magnesium hydroxide. The children were followed through periodic appointments until they reached 6 months of treatment. In each medical appointment the following aspects were evaluated: stool consistency, frequency of bowel movements, fecal incontinence, abdominal pain, straining and acceptance of the drugs. RESULTS: Seventeen children made use of polyethylene glycol and twenty-one received magnesium hydroxide. All variables analyzed improved for both groups, with no statistically significant differences. All children accepted polyethylene glycol, while 42.9% refused magnesium hydroxide. CONCLUSION: The two laxatives showed no difference in effectiveness for the treatment of constipation. However, due to its better acceptance, because it is odorless and tasteless, polyethylene glycol proved to be a better option for treating chronic functional constipation.

Riesgos de la preparación colónica con fosfato sódico / Risks of sodium phosphate colonic cleansing

Introducción. La difusión de la colonoscopía incrementó el uso del fosfato sódico oral (NaP). Se han notificado complicaciones como deshidratación, hipotensión, insuficiencia renal aguda e insuficiencia renal crónica con nefrocalcinosis, y hasta casos fatales de hiperfosfatemia severa. Basado en la evidencia científica actual, en el presente trabajo se presentan los riesgos y contraindicaciones de la utilización de laxantes de fosfato sódico y cómo evitarlos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un análisis bibliográfico sobre el tema en PubMed y Google Advanced Search, de publicaciones en español e inglés, en el que se incluyen ensayos clínicos, revisiones bibliográficas, cartas, editoriales, guías prácticas, meta análisis y revisiones Cochrane. Resultados. Las complicaciones por NaP se relacionan con patologías que incrementan la absorción del fosfato, con hiperparatiroidismo y con disfunción renal. También se asocian con dosis mayores a 60 g y con intervalos entre las tomas menores a 5 h, y son facilitadas por la deshidratación. Se reportaron algunos casos en los que no se respetaron estas condiciones. La insuficiencia renal por nefrocalcinosis es irreversible. Conclusión. Se debe realizar una selección adecuada de los pacientes para evitar el uso de NaP en aquellos que presenten riesgo de desarrollar hiperfosfatemia o insuficiencia renal; además, es necesario efectuar una correcta hidratación oral, no administrar más de 60 g de NaP y evitar que los intervalos entre las dosis sean menores a 5 h.

Introduction. The spread of colonoscopy has increased the use of oral sodium phosphate (OSP). Complications such as dehydration, hypotension, acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease with nephrocalcinosis and even fatal cases of severe hyperphosphatemia have been reported. The risk and contraindications of OSP use and the ways to avoid them are shown in this paper according to the scientific evidence. Material and methods. Bibliographic analysis on this subject is carried in PubMed and Google Advanced Search, publications in Spanish and English, including clinical trials, bibliographic revisions, letters, editorials, practical guidelines, meta analyses and Cochrane reviews. Results. OSP complications are related to pathologies that increase its absorption, with hyperparathyroidism and with kidney impairment. They are also associated with OSP doses >60 g and with dose intervals <5 h and are facilitated by dehydration. Some cases have been reported in patients without those conditions. Nephrocalcinosis kidney disease is irreversible. Conclusion. Adequate patient selection is mandatory to avoid OSP in patients with risk of developing hyperphosphatemia or renal impairment; proper oral hydration is also essential as is not administering more than 60 g OSP, and avoiding dose intervals <5 h.

Introdução. A difusão da colonoscopia aumentou o uso de fosfato de sódio oral (NaP). Têm sido relatadas complicações como desidratação, hipotensão, insuficiência renal aguda e insuficiência renal crônica com nefrocalcinose, e até casos fatais de hiperfosfatemia severa. Com base na evidência científica atual, são apresentados os riscos e contraindicações da utilização de laxantes de fosfato de sódio e a forma de evitá-los. Material e métodos. Foi feita uma análise bibliográfica sobre o tema (publicações em espanhol e inglês) em PubMed e Google Advanced Search que abrange ensaios clínicos, revisões bibliográficas, cartas, editoriais, guias práticos, meta-análise e revisões Cochrane. Resultados. As complicações por NaP se associam a patologias que aumentam a absorção de fosfato, a hiperparatiroidismo e a disfunção renal. Também se associam a doses maiores que 60 g e intervalos entre as tomadas menores que 5 h, e são facilitadas pela desidratação. São relatados casos em estas condições não foram respeitadas. A insuficiência renal por nefrocalcinose é irreversível. Conclusão. Deve ser feita uma seleção adequada dos pacientes para evitar o uso de NaP naqueles com risco de desenvolver hiperfosfatemia ou insuficiência renal; além disso, é necessário realizar uma correta hidratação oral, não administrar mais do que 60 g de NaP e evitar intervalos entre as doses menores que 5 h.

Eating disorder risk behavior in Brazilian adolescents from low socio-economic level.

We investigated the prevalence, by gender, age and nutritional status, of eating disorder (ED) risk behavior, using a simplified self-report questionnaire in a probabilistic sample of 561, 12-19-year-old students from public schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sex- and age-specific body mass index cut-offs were used to assess nutritional status. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 16.2% and of being underweight was 2.5%; 37.3% of the adolescents studied presented symptoms of binge eating (BE) and 24.7% would go on a strict diet at least once a week, both cases more frequent in females (40.8% vs. 25.3%; 31.2% vs. 10.5%, respectively). Older students were shown to be more susceptible to binge eating and younger students more susceptible to strict dieting. Overweight adolescents were shown to be more susceptible to strict dieting than normal-weight adolescents, regardless of sex and age. The prevalence of binge eating and strict dieting was high in low-income Brazilian adolescents and females are at greater risk of developing eating disorders than males. The greater prevalence of strict dieting in younger students shows they are at nutritional risk.

Estudio de la constipación en pacientes oncológicos bajo tratamiento opioide en población de la Región Metropolitana / Study of constipation in cancer patients under opioid treatment in the Metropolitan Region

La constipación es uno de los principales efectos secundarios indeseables entre pacientes de cáncer que usan opioides. A veces, este problema afecta el óptimo uso de opioides y por ende, la analgesia. La prevalencia de estreñimiento se estima entre el 15 y el 90 por ciento en este grupo. No existen datos en Chile sobre la magnitud real del problema. Este estudio está basado en una encuesta a pacientes de varias Unidades de Cuidados Paliativos en Santiago. El objetivo fue estimar la prevalencia, la intensidad y la forma cómo la constipación afecta la vida diaria y su relación con el uso de opioides. Se entrevistaron 177 pacientes con un cuestionario de 27 puntos: 73 hombres y 104 mujeres. El 50,6 por ciento eran mayores de 60 años con cáncer avanzado de distintas etiologías. La constipación se estimó con un score de 0 a 6, adaptado del original de Fallon. El 86 por ciento de los pacientes reportó constipación con un score de 0 a 3, lo que significaba la mayor intendidad del síntoma. El 14 por ciento tiene un score de 4 a 6, lo que significaba no constipación. Los pacientes usaban opioides débiles en el 45 por ciento de los casos, y opioides potentes en un 55 por ciento; el tiempo utilizado fue una media de 60 días (3-202 días). El 71 por ciento de los pacientes estaban utilizando laxantes, el 28,9 por ciento utiliza 2 o más laxantes y 1 de cada 5 usaba además enemas evacuantes. No se encontró relación entre el tipo de opioide, tiempo de uso y la gravedad de la constipación. Los pacientes constipados mostraron deterioro estadísticamente significativo en las actividades de la vida diaria, en comparación con el grupo no constipado. Conclusión: Aunque se toman medidas en la prevención de la constipación en pacientes encológicos que usan opioides, el problema de la constipación es todavía grave en esta población.

Constipation is a major undesirable side effect among cancer patients under opioid treatment. Sometimes this problem affects the optimal use of opioids and therefore, analgesia. Between 15 percent and 90 percent of these patients suffer from constipation. There is no information available to measure the real effects of this problem in Chile. This study is based on a survey using patients from several Palliative Care Units in Santiago. The objetive is to estimate the prevalence, intensity and the effects of constipation in the patients' daily life and its relation to the use of opioids. 177 patients were interviewed and answered a 27 item questionnaire. From this total, 73 were men and 104 women. 50.6 percent of these patients were over 60 years of age with different types of cancer at advanced stages. The score used for making estimates was 0 to 6 and was adapted from the original Fallon. 86 percent of patients reported a constipation score fro 0 to 3, which reflected the highest intensity of the symptom. 14 percent reached a score of 4 to 6, which meant no constipation. In 45 percent of cases patients used weak opioids and strong ones were used in 55 percent of cases for an average of 60 days (3-202 days). 715 of patients were using laxatives, 28.9 percent used 2 or more laxatives and 1 out of 5 also used enemas. No relation was found between the type of opioid, the opioid ese length, and the seriousness of constipation. Constipated patients showed significant more difficulties in their day to day lives than non constipated patients. Conclusion: Although measure are taken to prevent constipation in cancer patients under opioid treatment, this is still a serious issue to be solved.