[Trans-scapho-perilunar fracture-dislocation: a case report]. / Fractura-luxación transescafo-perilunar: reporte de un caso clínico.

Trans-scaphoid perilunate fractures-dislocations are rare injuries caused by high-energy trauma of the wrist. Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and tools such as radiographs, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging. Early treatment consists of closed reduction and casting to stabilize the limb. Definitive treatment is surgical and includes bone and soft tissue repair. A case of trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture-dislocation is presented, along with diagnosis, management and outcome.

Las fracturas-luxaciones transescafo-perilunares son lesiones infrecuentes causadas por impactos de alta energía hacia la muñeca. El diagnóstico se basa en la historia clínica, exploración física y herramientas como la radiografía, la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética. El manejo inmediato consiste en una reducción cerrada e inmovilización para estabilizar la extremidad. El tratamiento definitivo es de carácter quirúrgico e incluye la reparación ósea y de tejidos blandos. Se presenta un caso de fractura-luxación transescafo-perilunar, su diagnóstico, manejo y evolución.

Scaphoid proximal pole ejection in perilunate injury: a case report and pathophysiological hypothesis.

Isolated ejection of the scaphoid proximal pole in perilunate injuries is rare, with only 4 reports in the literature, and does not correspond to the biomechanical situations in the Herzberg or Mayfield classifications. Bone ejection incurs a risk of avascular necrosis despite good osteosynthesis, notably because of precarious vascularization. We present a case of scaphoid proximal pole ejection and a theoretical hypothesis of the biomechanics of this injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Ligamentoplasty in scapholunate instability: short-term results of the "all dorsal scapholunate repair" technique.

Injury to the scapholunate complex is the cause of scapholunate instability which can lead to radiocarpal and medio-carpal osteoarthritis. Several ligamentoplasty techniques have been reported for the treatment of chronic scapholunate instability before the osteoarthritis stage. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term results of an "all dorsal scapholunate repair" ligamentoplasty. We report the clinical, radiological and functional results of a retrospective study including 21 patients, operated between June 2019 and December 2020 for a stage 3 or 4 scapholunate instability according to the Garcia Elias classification. With a follow-up of 14.2 months, the pain was 0.1/10 according to the VAS at rest and 4/10 during exercise. Wrist strength was measured at 65% of the opposite side. The flexion-extension range of motion was 105°. Radiologically, there was a reduction of the diastasis and scapholunate angle. Osteolysis areas around the anchors were described in 47% of patients. The mean QuickDASH was 29.2/100, PRWE 24/100 and Mayo wrist score 67.8/100. Eighty-one percent of patients were satisfied. Seventeen patients had returned to work 5.2 months postoperatively. In the case of work-related injury, the functional scores were poorer, with a delayed return to work. This technique provides encouraging results in the short term. Most patients were improved compared to preoperative state. The work-related injury appears to be a poor prognostic factor. A longer-term study is imperative to confirm the maintenance over time of the correction of carpal malalignment and the evolution of the osteolysis areas.Level of evidence: Level IV Retrospective study.

Correlation between dorsal capsulo-scapholunate septum (DCSS) lesion and predynamic scapholunate instability.

OBJECTIVE: Scapholunate instability is the most common ligament injury of the wrist. In case of predynamic instability, diagnosis can be difficult, even under arthroscopy. Scapholunate instability is not the result of an isolated injury to the scapholunate interosseous ligament. Scapholunate stability is dependent not only on the scapholunate ligament, but on a complex that is comprising intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. The dorsal capsule-scapholunate septum (DCSS) is one of the secondary stabilizers of the scapholunate complex. The objective of the present study was to investigate the correlation between DCSS lesion and predynamic scapholunate instability. METHOD: A prospective multicenter study included patients who underwent wrist arthroscopy for traumatic wrist. Arthroscopic DCSS lesion stage and instability according to European Wrist Arthroscopy Society stage were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-seven subjects were included. We found a significant correlation between pathological DCSS and predynamic scapholunate instability and a correlation between DCSS lesion severity and instability level. CONCLUSION: Isolated DCSS lesion should be considered a predictive factor for predynamic instability.

Anterior dislocation of the lunate due to a high-energy trauma.

Semilunate and perilunate dislocation is an injury that mostly occurs when the subject is exposed to a high-energy trauma. Considered severe, it compromises the stability and function of the wrist. The case presented is that of a 50-year-old male patient who after having a motorcycle accident arrived at the ER with neurovascular affectation, swelling, deformity and a considerable decrease of the wrist joint movement. He was also referring severe pain. A Henry (Volar) intervention was done with the help of external fixation of the lunate, followed by K-wire fixation, once a prior closed reduction was unsuccessfully attempted. The scaphoid was connected to the semilunate, and then the latter with the capitate. Ligament reconstruction followed, and stability was clinically confirmed with an X-ray. Although improvement of symptomatology was observed during the follow-up analysis, motion of the wrist remained limited. Even with the best treatment, in terms of functionality, this type of injury presents a poor prognosis.

La luxación semilunar y perilunar es una lesión que se produce principalmente cuando el sujeto está expuesto a un traumatismo de alta energía. Considerada grave, compromete la estabilidad y la función de la muñeca. El caso presentado es el de un paciente varón de 50 años que tras sufrir un accidente de motocicleta llegó a urgencias con afectación neurovascular, tumefacción, deformidad y una considerable disminución del movimiento articular de la muñeca. También refería fuertes dolores. Se realizó una intervención de Henry (Volar) con la ayuda de fijación externa del lunar, seguida de fijación con agujas de Kirschner, una vez que se había intentado sin éxito una reducción cerrada previa. El escafoides se conectó con el semilunar y luego éste con el capitado. A continuación se reconstruyó el ligamento y se confirmó clínicamente la estabilidad con una radiografía. Aunque se observó una mejora de la sintomatología durante el análisis de seguimiento, el movimiento de la muñeca seguía siendo limitado. Incluso con el mejor tratamiento, en términos de funcionalidad, este tipo de lesión presenta un mal pronóstico.

Introducing the Foveola lunata, an anatomical landmark of the wrist.

The lunate foveola is often the starting point of a cystic swelling called a "ganglion". To make the anatomy of this region more relevant to the needs of clinicians and more accessible to students, we propose to introduce the term lunate foveola (Foveola lunata) on the dorsal side of the wrist just distal to the os lunatum. The easily located foveola will help in the examination of the wrist to more easily understand the anatomy of the wrist and facilitate the examination of patients with wrist injuries when an injury to the lunate (Os lunatum) is suspected.

Comminuted lunate fracture combined with distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture: A case report.

RATIONALE: Incidence of lunate fractures is very low, less than 1% of all fractures. Lunate fractures generally come from high-energy injuries, often combined with other wrist fractures. Simple lunate fractures can be fixed with screws or Kirschner wires. However, Comminuted lunate fractures are difficult to reduce and fixe by conventional methods. PATIENT CONCERNS: Here we report a 42-year-old male construction worker who was crushed by an excavator bucket and presented with comminuted lunate fracture combined with distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture. DIAGNOSES: Comminuted lunate fracture, distal radius fracture, and scaphoid fracture. INTERVENTIONS: The posterior approach was used to reconstruct the radial lunate bone with polymethylmethacrylate cement, and cannulated screws were used to fix the scaphoid and distal radius fractures. OUTCOMES: At the 3rd month after surgery, the movement of the right wrist joint improved. At the sixth month after surgery, the patient returned to the building site and began working at the same intensity as before the injury. LESSONS: Although the incidence of comminuted lunate fractures is very low, they occur sometimes. For comminuted lunate fractures, early identification and intervention can preserve most of the function of the wrist joint.

Scapholunate Instability: Diagnosis and Management - Anatomy, Kinematics, and Clinical Assessment - Part I.

Injuries to the scapholunate joint are the most frequent cause of carpal instability. The sequelae of these injuries account for considerable morbidity, and if left untreated, may lead to scapholunate advanced collapse and progressive deterioration of the carpus. Rupture of the scapholunate interosseous ligament and its critical stabilizers causes dyssynchronous motion between the scaphoid and lunate. Additional ligament injury or attenuation leads to rotary subluxation of the scaphoid and increased scapholunate gap. Intervention for scapholunate instability is aimed at halting the degenerative process by restoring ligament integrity and normalizing carpal kinematics. In the first section of this review, we discuss the anatomy, kinematics, and biomechanical properties of the scapholunate ligament as well as its critical ligament stabilizers. We provide a foundation for understanding the spectrum of scapholunate ligament instability and incorporate meaningful new anatomical insights that influence treatment considerations. The purpose is to provide an update regarding the anatomy of the scapholunate ligament complex, importance of the critical ligament stabilizers of the proximal carpal row, introduction of safe technique to surgically expose the scaphoid and lunate, as well as pathoanatomy as it pertains to the treatment of scapholunate dissociation. In the second section of this review, we propose a novel ligament-based treatment algorithm based on the stage of injury, degree and nature of ligament damage, and presence of arthritic changes.

InternalBrace for Intercarpal Ligament Reconstruction.

Scapholunate and lunotriquetral instability are common causes of chronic, debilitating wrist pain and functional impairment. In the setting of subacute or chronic injuries with predynamic or dynamic instability, the ideal surgical approach remains unclear. In January 2020 the authors started enrolling patients with predynamic and dynamic instability in an Institutional Review Board-approved prospective study, aimed at meticulously studying outcomes using the all-dorsal InternalBrace reconstruction technique. The all-dorsal technique described herein is straightforward, efficient, and easy to learn, with early outcomes equivalent or superior to those of other techniques.

Perilunate and Lunate Dislocations.

Lunate and perilunate dislocations, although somewhat uncommon, are serious injuries and can be easily missed. The mechanism of injury is hyperextension of the wrist, often associated with a fall on the outstretched hand (FOOSH) injury, falls from height, or motor vehicle crash with a high-energy traumatic injury to the wrist. Perilunate dislocations typically present with pain and swelling over both the dorsal and volar aspects of the wrist and limited range of motion of the wrist. Perilunate dislocations result in disruption of the relationship between the lunate and the capitate, whereas lunate dislocations result in a disruption of the lunate bone, both from the radius and the capitate, primarily diagnosed on the lateral view of the wrist radiograph. These injuries require emergent reduction and stabilization either via a closed or open surgical reduction by an orthopedic specialist. Lunate dislocations can lead to long-term pain and disability if overlooked in their initial assessments.

Outcomes of acute perilunate injuries-a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to perform epidemiological as well as clinical, radiological and patient-reported outcome analysis of surgically treated perilunate dislocations and fracture dislocations (PLDs and PLFDs) based on the so far largest pooled patient population to date. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This systematic review was written according to the updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. A comprehensive literature search of Pubmed, Embase, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases was performed. All studies reporting on complications, radiological, functional and/or patient-reported outcomes of surgically treated acute PLDs and PLFDs with a minimum follow-up of 12 months were included. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies encompassing 550 patients with 553 operatively treated acute perilunate injuries (106 PLDs and 447 PLFDs) were included. The overall postoperative complication rate was 15.0% with secondary reduction loss representing the main contributing factor (10.1%). The overall reoperation rate was 10.4% and the incidence of salvage procedures was 2.8%. The risk for secondary reduction loss was higher for PLD than for PLFD injuries (24.2% vs. 7.0%, relative risk [RR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-7.5). There was a higher overall complication rate for the combined dorsopalmar approach when compared to the isolated dorsal approach (17.4% vs. 8.4%, RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-1.0, number needed to treat [NNT] 11.2) and for open surgery versus arthroscopic surgery (17.4% vs. 4.8%, RR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9, NNT 8.0). A significant correlation was found between radiological osteoarthritis (rOA) and follow-up duration of the individual studies, while functional and patient-rated outcomes were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of surgical technique, PLFDs appear to be less susceptible to secondary reduction loss than PLDs. Whenever possible, less invasive (e.g. arthroscopic) surgery should be performed to minimize postoperative complications. The rate of rOA is high and increases significantly with follow-up duration. Interestingly, rOA does not seem to correlate with reduced wrist function nor patient dissatisfaction and the need for salvage surgery is surprisingly rare. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review of level IV studies.

Complications and outcomes of operative treatment for acute perilunate injuries: a systematic review.

We systematically reviewed the incidence of complications and outcomes of different surgical methods for acute perilunate injury in the MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Forty-three articles with 880 patients were included. The most common complications were arthritis (30%), carpal instability (15%), avascular necrosis of the lunate (12%), complex regional pain syndrome (11%), and nonunion or avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (9%). In the meta-analysis, the mean scapholunate gap was 1.7 mm in the closed surgery group and 2.3 mm in the open surgery group, which was a statistically significant difference. The mean flexion-extension arc of the wrist and modified Mayo wrist score were better in the closed surgery group than in the open surgery group. However, these findings may relate to different cohorts in terms of injury severity. Therefore, the causal relationship between closed surgery and better outcomes may be uncertain as less severe subluxations are more likely to be treated closed.

The tangential view described by Moneim to demonstrate scapholunate dissociation: an update.

PURPOSE: Scapholunate dissociation is a common and significant injury to the wrist. Radiographs are important in the diagnosis of this injury and in the planning of treatment. The tangential radiograph view was described almost 40 years ago as a method for accurately measuring scapholunate gaps. The hand is positioned on a 20° foam rubber block and the thumb on the cassette, which positions the scaphoid and lunate articular surfaces parallel, without patient discomfort or effort. The goal of this study was to review this method with more recent data and in a larger group of patients. METHODS: Radiographs of 31 patients who had scapholunate interosseous ligament tears and surgical repair over a 9 year period were retrospectively evaluated. Each of the four authors independently measured scapholunate gaps for posteroanterior and tangential views. RESULTS: The tangential view gaps were significantly greater than the posteroanterior gaps overall. Similar results were found for borderline cases where the posteroanterior gap was less than 3 mm. Every tangential view gap measurement was greater than its respective posteroanterior gap with good inter-rater reliability. CONCLUSION: The tangential view is a reliable radiographic method to identify scapholunate gaps. It should be obtained when there is clinical concern for scapholunate dissociation, especially in patients with borderline posteroanterior gaps.

A Case for Acute Proximal Row Carpectomy for Perilunate Injuries.

Background: Perilunate injuries are complex injuries typically arising from high-energy injuries to the wrist. Standard treatment involves open reduction and internal fixation with ligamentous reconstruction; however, outcomes are fraught with complications including pain, stiffness, and arthrosis. Several case reports have demonstrated the role of proximal row carpectomy as a salvage procedure for complex carpal trauma in the setting of significant cartilage injury or bone loss. The authors believe that proximal row carpectomy may be an appropriate acute treatment in certain patient populations, with functional results similar to those obtained with ligamentous reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of two cases with perilunate dislocations managed with primary proximal row carpectomy are presented. Results: At greater than 1-year follow-up, both patients had stable radiocarpal alignment. Quick-DASH scores were 22.7 and 27.3. Conclusion: Primary proximal row carpectomy is a treatment option in the acute setting for perilunate injuries in elderly, lower-demand patients. Functional results are similar to those obtained with ligamentous reconstruction, with a shorter recovery period. Level of Evidence: IV.

Perilunate Dislocations: Current Treatment Options.

➢: Approximately 25% of all patients who sustain perilunate dislocations present in a delayed fashion. ➢: While management of acute injuries is relatively well-described, treatment of chronic injuries can be complex and there is a paucity of scientific evidence to guide management. ➢: Treatment options include open reduction internal fixation, proximal row carpectomy, scaphoid or lunate excision with or without arthrodesis, and total wrist arthrodesis, although indications vary based on chronicity of injury and patient factors. ➢: The purpose of this article was to determine the quality of evidence supporting surgical options for the treatment of these injuries.

Arthroscopic-Assisted Volar Scapholunate Capsulodesis: A New Technique.

Most current surgical techniques for scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries address the dorsal component only. Previously, volar capsulodesis has been described either as an open approach or an "all-inside" technique. In this article, we report an alternative arthroscopic technique to address volar scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries. Arthroscopic-assisted volar scapholunate capsulodesis may be considered in the treatment algorithm for volar scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries.

Simultaneous Bilateral Chronic Volar Lunate Dislocation: A Case Report.

CASE: A 24-year-old professional judo competitor suffered injuries to both the wrists when he fell on his back while lifting a 90-kg barbell in the bilateral dorsiflexed wrist position. Simultaneous bilateral volar lunate dislocation had been missed for a year. The degenerated lunates were simultaneously removed using a palmar approach. At 12 months postoperatively, the patient returned to judo competitions without pain. Radiography showed no progression of the intercarpal alignment abnormality. CONCLUSION: Simultaneous bilateral chronic volar lunate dislocation is extremely rare. Long-term follow-up is necessary to check for carpal alignment.

Perilunate dislocation and fracture dislocation of the wrist: Outcomes and long-term prognostic factors.

INTRODUCTION: Perilunate dislocations and fracture-dislocations are severe injuries that often have serious functional sequelae. Our goal was to evaluate the long-term clinical and radiological results of these perilunate injuries, and to look for prognostic factors of a poor clinical outcome. HYPOTHESIS: All patients who suffered perilunate injuries in their wrist have functional sequelae and long-term radiographic changes despite optimal treatment with anatomical surgical reduction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We did a single-center, retrospective study of 32 patients who had either an isolated perilunate dislocation (n=7) or fracture-dislocation (n=25) in their wrist. Pain, range of motion, strength and functional scores (MWS, PRWE, QuickDASH) were evaluated. Radiographs were analyzed to look for signs of osteoarthritis or carpal instability. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 9.9years (3.5-24). The wrist joint had a mean flexion-extension of 86° (0-140), radioulnar deviation of 38° (0-65) and pronosupination of 153° (120-180). The mean grip strength was 35kg (5-56). The mean MWS, PRWE and QuickDASH scores were 65/100, 32/100 and 29/100, respectively. At the final assessment, 23 patients (79%) had radiographic signs of osteoarthritis while 5 patients (16%) had residual carpal instability. Three patients subsequently underwent palliative treatment. Opening the carpal tunnel and the magnitude of the lunate's displacement are significant predictors of a poor long-term functional outcome (p<0.05). Older age at the time of injury was a predictor for the development of osteoarthritis. DISCUSSION: Despite optimal treatment, perilunate dislocations and fracture-dislocations at the wrist cause functional sequelae such as pain, stiffness, strength deficit and posttraumatic arthritis in nearly 80% of patients. The functional outcomes are determined by the amount of lunate displacement (stage) and the patient's age. We do not recommend opening the carpal tunnel, even when signs of median nerve compression are present; reducing the dislocation helps to relieve the neurological symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV; retrospective observational study.