Linfoma com manifestações periorbitais em um cão da raça fox americano: relato de caso / Lymphoma with periorbital manifestations in an american fox dog: case report / Linfoma con manifestaciones periorbitarias en un perro zorro americano: reporte de caso

Caracterizado como uma neoplasia maligna, o linfoma avança inicialmente em tecidos linfoides, mas pode apresentar-se em tecidos distintos. Os cães em comparação as outras espécies, tendem a manifestar o linfoma de maneira mais agressiva, independente do seu local de expressão. O presente trabalho objetivou descrever um caso de um cão da raça Fox Americano que apresentou aumento de volume da região periorbital e terceira pálpebra, sendo diagnosticado com linfoma, após exames ultrassonográfico e histopatológico. Após o diagnóstico definitivo de linfoma, iniciou-se o tratamento quimioterápico que teve duração de 19 semanas. Ao término do protocolo, o paciente apresentou remissão completa das manifestações oftálmicas, porém, foi orientado o acompanhamento mensal, e durante 3 meses consecutivos nas avalições o paciente não apresentou nenhuma alteração clínica. Conclui-se que quadros de linfoma podem apresentar manifestações que acometam a região periorbital, sendo de suma importância a avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares para exclusão de outras doenças oftálmicas, e adoção de medidas terapêuticas efetivas.(AU)

Characterized as a malignant neoplasm, lymphoma advances initially in lymphoid tissues, but can present itself in different tissues. Dogs, in comparison to other species, tend to manifest lymphoma in a more aggressive way, regardless of their place of expression. The present study aimed to describe a case of a dog of the Fox American breed that presented an increase in the volume of the periorbital region and third eyelid, being diagnosed with lymphoma, after ultrasound and histopathological exams. After the definitive diagnosis of lymphoma, chemotherapy treatment was started, which lasted 19 weeks. At the end of the protocol, the patient showed complete remission of the ophthalmic manifestations, however, monthly follow-up was advised, and for three consecutive months in the evaluations, the patient did not present any clinical changes. It is concluded that lymphoma pictures can present manifestations that affect the periorbital region, being extremely important the clinical evaluation and accomplishment of complementary exams for exclusion of other ophthalmic diseases, and adoption of effective therapeutic measures.(AU)

Caracterizado como una neoplasia maligna, el linfoma avanza inicialmente en los tejidos linfoides, pero puede presentarse en diferentes tejidos. Los perros, en comparación con otras especies, tienden a manifestar el linfoma de forma más agresiva, independientemente de su lugar de expresión. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir un caso de un perro de la raza Fox American que presentó aumento de volumen de la región periorbitaria y tercer párpado, siendo diagnosticado de linfoma, luego de exámenes ecográficos e histopatológicos. Tras el diagnóstico definitivo de linfoma se inició tratamiento de quimioterapia, que duró 19 semanas. Al final del protocolo, el paciente presentó remisión completa de las manifestaciones oftálmicas, sin embargo, se recomendó un seguimiento mensual y durante 3 meses consecutivos en las evaluaciones, el paciente no presentó cambios clínicos. Se concluye que los cuadros de linfoma pueden presentar manifestaciones que afecten a la región periorbitaria, siendo de suma importancia la evaluación clínica y la realización de exámenes complementarios para la exclusión de otras enfermedades oftálmicas y la adopción de medidas terapéuticas efectivas.(AU)

Primary extraperitoneal rectum lymphoma in AIDS patient / Linfoma primário de reto extraperitoneal em paciente SIDA

ABSTRACT Introduction The gastrointestinal lymphoma can be classified in primary or secondary, and this is important regarding diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma of the rectum is rare and therefore lacks data in medical literature. Its incidence has been increasing and that fact may be related to a higher incidence in immunosuppressive therapy and immunosuppressive diseases (such as AIDS). Metodology 19 articles have been reviewed, searched online on the Scielo and PubMed databases. The goal was to increase data available regarding this pathology and improve its therapy. Discussion Primary GI lymphoma of the rectum presents as hematochezia, rectal pain, change in bowel habits. PET/CT is the first choice exam to pursue investigation; however abdominal CT and MRI reveal sufficient information and are much more available in daily practice. Plasmablastyc lymphoma is an aggressive subtype and is usually associated with AIDS patients. There are no available treatment protocols for this specific type of lymphoma and colonic lymphoma's therapy is usually used for this patient (such as ECHOP and CHOP). Conclusion As rare as this pathology is, this article aims to improve the available data and provide useful information regarding diagnosis and therapy.

RESUMO Introdução O linfoma do TGI pode ser dividido entre primário e secundário, com importância diagnóstica e terapêutica. O linfoma primário de reto é patologia rara, pouco relatada em literatura médica. Sua incidência tem aumentado e possivelmente esse fenômeno esteja associado ao aumento no numero de pacientes com imunossupressão (seja por SIDA ou drogas imunossupressoras). Metodologia Foram revisados 19 artigos nas bases de dados Scielo e PubMed, com o objetivo de aumentar o número de relatos dessa patologia e consequentemente expandir o conhecimento disponível, visando melhorar a terapêutica e, principalmente, o diagnóstico desse tipo de linfoma. Discussão Quando o linfoma tem seu sítio primário no reto, as principais manifestações são sangramento, dor retal, tenesmo e mudança nos hábitos intestinais (diarreia ou constipação). O exame de investigação de escolha é o PET/CT, porém a TC e RNM fornecem as informações necessárias e são mais disponíveis na prática clínica. O linfoma plasmablástico é um subtipo bastante agressivo e associado aos pacientes com SIDA. Não existem ainda protocolos definidos para o tratamento do linfoma primário de reto, sendo optado por seguir a mesma terapêutica dos linfomas de cólon com esquemas EPOCH e CHOP. Conclusão Por se tratar de patologia rara e pouco descrita na literatura, espera-se que este relato contribua na formação de protocolos de tratamento específicos.

Linfoma multicêntrico canino: uma sinopse sobre os aspectos clinicopatológicos e alterações laboratoriais / Canine multicentric lymphoma: a synopsis of clinicopatholo-gical aspects and laboratory changes

O linfoma é uma neoplasia caracterizada pela proliferação de células linfoides malignas, que pode se desenvolver em qualquer órgão, acometendo inicialmente linfonodos, baço e fígado. Sua causa não é bem elucidada, porém acredita-se na etiologia multifatorial, fatores genéticos, deficiência imunológica e carcinógenos químicos. Existem quatro classificações anatômicas para o linfoma: multicêntrico, alimentar ou digestiva, mediastínico e extranodal, sendo que 80% dos casos em cães são classificados como linfomas multicêntricos. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises citológicas, histológicas e biologia molecular, que auxiliam no estabelecimento do prognóstico do animal considerando o grau de malignidade do linfoma e o tipo celular de origem. Os exames laboratoriais, como os perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos, fornecem dados para o acompanhamento do animal, acometimento e estadiamento da doença. Perante o exposto, constata-se que o linfoma é uma afecção de grande relevância dentre aquelas que acometem cães, portanto, este estudo tem o objetivo de aliar a base teórica frente à apresentação clínica do linfoma, fornecendo o conhecimento das principais alterações descritas para gerar um diagnóstico precoce, estabelecendo uma ponte de sucesso com o clínico e permitindo ao paciente melhor qualidade de vida e sobrevida perante a doença.

Lymphoma is a tumor characterized by the proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells, which can occur in any organ, initially affecting lymph nodes, spleen and liver. It’s cause is not elucidate, but it might be a multifactorial etiology, including genetic factors, immune deficiency and chemical carcinogens. There are four anatomical classifications for lymphoma: multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal and extranodal, but, 80% of the cases in dogs are classified as multicentric lymphomas. The diagnosis is based on cytological, histological and molecular biology sample analyzes, that assist in settlement the animal’s prognosis considering the degree of malignancy of the lymphoma and the cell of origin. Laboratory tests such as hematological and biochemical profiles provide data for monitoring the animal, disease involvement and staging. Lymphoma is a condition of great relevance within the conditions that affect dogs, making it necessary to educate veterinarians to combine the academic basis with the clinical presentation of lymphoma, with the knowledge of the main changes described to create an early diagnosis, establishing a conjunction of success with the clinical and allowing the patient a better quality of life and survival in the face of the disease.

Linfoma multicêntrico canino: uma sinopse sobre os aspectos clinicopatológicos e alterações laboratoriais / Canine multicentric lymphoma: a synopsis of clinicopatholo-gical aspects and laboratory changes

O linfoma é uma neoplasia caracterizada pela proliferação de células linfoides malignas, que pode se desenvolver em qualquer órgão, acometendo inicialmente linfonodos, baço e fígado. Sua causa não é bem elucidada, porém acredita-se na etiologia multifatorial, fatores genéticos, deficiência imunológica e carcinógenos químicos. Existem quatro classificações anatômicas para o linfoma: multicêntrico, alimentar ou digestiva, mediastínico e extranodal, sendo que 80% dos casos em cães são classificados como linfomas multicêntricos. O diagnóstico é baseado em análises citológicas, histológicas e biologia molecular, que auxiliam no estabelecimento do prognóstico do animal considerando o grau de malignidade do linfoma e o tipo celular de origem. Os exames laboratoriais, como os perfis hematológicos e bioquímicos, fornecem dados para o acompanhamento do animal, acometimento e estadiamento da doença. Perante o exposto, constata-se que o linfoma é uma afecção de grande relevância dentre aquelas que acometem cães, portanto, este estudo tem o objetivo de aliar a base teórica frente à apresentação clínica do linfoma, fornecendo o conhecimento das principais alterações descritas para gerar um diagnóstico precoce, estabelecendo uma ponte de sucesso com o clínico e permitindo ao paciente melhor qualidade de vida e sobrevida perante a doença.(AU)

Lymphoma is a tumor characterized by the proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells, which can occur in any organ, initially affecting lymph nodes, spleen and liver. Its cause is not elucidate, but it might be a multifactorial etiology, including genetic factors, immune deficiency and chemical carcinogens. There are four anatomical classifications for lymphoma: multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal and extranodal, but, 80% of the cases in dogs are classified as multicentric lymphomas. The diagnosis is based on cytological, histological and molecular biology sample analyzes, that assist in settlement the animals prognosis considering the degree of malignancy of the lymphoma and the cell of origin. Laboratory tests such as hematological and biochemical profiles provide data for monitoring the animal, disease involvement and staging. Lymphoma is a condition of great relevance within the conditions that affect dogs, making it necessary to educate veterinarians to combine the academic basis with the clinical presentation of lymphoma, with the knowledge of the main changes described to create an early diagnosis, establishing a conjunction of success with the clinical and allowing the patient a better quality of life and survival in the face of the disease.(AU)

Pain, sleep patterns and health-related quality of life in paediatric patients with cancer.

PURPOSE: To compare sleep and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cancer who had pain, with those who had no pain during hospitalisation. METHOD: A prospective comparative study was used to collect data from paediatric oncology units in three countries (Portugal, Brazil, USA). Participants (n = 118; 8-18 years) completed the Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) Cancer module, which includes a pain subscale, and wore a wrist actigraph for at least 72 hr. RESULTS: Almost half of the participants (48.3%) reported having pain. Sleep patterns were not affected by pain. Girls, adolescents and patients diagnosed with leukaemia/lymphoma who reported pain, had significantly lower HRQOL scores. Low sleep duration and HRQOL were found, irrespectively of pain status. CONCLUSIONS: The low sleep duration and HRQOL score in children and adolescents with cancer highlight the importance of physical and psychosocial nursing interventions during hospitalisation. The mediating effect of gender, age and diagnoses on the relation between pain and HRQOL needs to be further understood.

Cytokine markers of B lymphocytes in minor salivary gland infiltrates in Sjögren's syndrome.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterised by the clinical presence of sicca syndrome. SS compromises the dysfunction of exocrine glands due to the presence of focal, mononuclear cell infiltrates that surround the ducts and replace the secretory units. Abnormal expression of different cytokines and chemokines such as B-cell activating factor, CXC Motif Chemokine Ligand 13, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-22, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand as well as that of their corresponding receptors has been implicated in the inflammatory process. The severity of glandular infiltration has been suggested to be associated with the presence of extra-glandular systemic manifestations, contributing to a clinical spectrum of the most severe disease. This review describes several cytokines and chemokines associated with B lymphocytes expressed in the minor salivary gland, their chemical structures, and their roles in SS as possible early predictors of lymphoma development and disease progression.

Cancer-Related Fatigue and Muscle Quality in Hodgkin's Lymphoma Survivors.

The purpose of this study was to compare fatigue, strength, body composition, muscle thickness, and muscle quality between Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors (HLS) and apparently healthy subjects matched by age, gender, and physical activity levels (CON). Twelve HLS (32.16 ± 8.06) and 36 CON (32.42 ± 7.64) were enrolled in the study. Fatigue was assessed using the 20-item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, muscle strength using an isokinetic dynamometer, body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and thickness and muscle quality using B-mode ultrasound. Differences between HLS and CON were analyzed using independent samples t tests. No significant differences were observed between groups for any demographic characteristics: age ( P = .922), weight ( P = .943), height ( P = .511), body mass index ( P = .796), fat mass ( P = .688), fat-free mass ( P = .520), and percent body fat ( P = .446). No significant differences were observed for strength (peak torque; P = .552), relative peak torque ( P = .200), muscle thickness ( P > .05) and muscle quality ( P > .05). However, self-perceived fatigue was significantly higher in HLS than in CON ( P = .009). It appears that when HLS are matched by age and physical activity levels to CON, no significant difference in body composition, muscle thickness, muscle quality, or strength is observed. Self-perceived fatigue, as predicted, is higher in HLS, which may have implications and should be considered when prescribing exercise training to this cancer population.

Newcastle Disease Virus: Potential Therapeutic Application for Human and Canine Lymphoma.

Research on oncolytic viruses has mostly been directed towards the treatment of solid tumors, which has yielded limited information regarding their activity in hematological cancer. It has also been directed towards the treatment of humans, yet veterinary medicine may also benefit. Several strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been used as oncolytics in vitro and in a number of in vivo experiments. We studied the cytolytic effect of NDV-MLS, a low virulence attenuated lentogenic strain, on a human large B-cell lymphoma cell line (SU-DHL-4), as well as on primary canine-derived B-cell lymphoma cells, and compared them to healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from both humans and dogs. NDV-MLS reduced cell survival in both human (42% ± 5%) and dog (34% ± 12%) lymphoma cells as compared to untreated controls. No significant effect on PBMC was seen. Cell death involved apoptosis as documented by flow-cytometry. NDV-MLS infections of malignant lymphoma tumors in vivo in dogs were confirmed by electron microscopy. Early (24 h) biodistribution of intravenous injection of 1 × 10(12) TCID50 (tissue culture infective dose) in a dog with T-cell lymphoma showed viral localization only in the kidney, the salivary gland, the lung and the stomach by immunohistochemistry and/or endpoint PCR. We conclude that NDV-MLS may be a promising agent for the treatment of lymphomas. Future research is needed to elucidate the optimal therapeutic regimen and establish appropriate biosafety measures.

Leukemia/lymphoma-associated gene fusions in normal individuals.

Hematopoietic neoplasias are characterized by recurrent chromosomal aberrations that result in the formation of gene fusions and the subsequent expression of chimeric proteins with unique properties. However, in recent years, different lymphoma/leukemia-associated rearrangements, such as BCR/ABL, IGH/BCL2, ETV6/RUNX1 and MLL duplications, have been detected in healthy individuals. The presence of these rearrangements indicates that such translocations can be generated in normal hematopoietic cells without apparent oncogenic consequences. This article reviews and discusses the data available in the literature.

Primer on the human genome

The study of the expression patterns of many genes, or even the entire genome, is now routinely possible. Such powerful tools have enabled hypothesis-generating research at a scale never before possible. Moreover, spatially or temporally linked gene and protein expression, implying co-regulation and functional relatedness, has led to the identification of particular clusters of genes important for fundamental biologic processes, such as development and cancer. Not only is this expected to yield further mechanistic insights into disease processes, but perhaps most exciting, it will likely establish the foundation of predictive medicine, in which understanding of individual genomic signatures leads to the use of appropriately targeted therapy. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to understand the fundamental tenets of molecular biology as they relate to the field of genomics.

Tratamento com Carboplatina intra-tumoral em carcinoma de células escamosas no plano nasal de gatos / Treatment with carboplatin intratumoral in squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal planum of cats

O carcinoma de células escamosas é uma das neoplasias que mais acometem a pele de gatos. O tratamento pode ser realizado através da excisão cirúrgica, quimioterapia sistêmica, quimioterapia intra-tumoral, radioterapia fotodinâmica. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar dois casos de carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos tratados semanalmente com carboplatina intra-tumoral na dose de 1,5mg/cm³. Em um dos gatos foi notada uma redução gradual do tumor, entretanto, o outro felino na respondeu à quimioterapia. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado em ambos os casos

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most commom cutaneous tumor in cats. Surgery, cryosurgery, systemic chemotherapy, intratumoral chemotherapy, radiotherapy of phothodynamic therapy have been used to treat cats with squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to report an intratumoral chemotherapy in 2 cats with squamous cell carcinoma treated with 1,5mg/m³ of carboplatin, once a week. One cat has a gradual tumor regression, however the other cat, the chemotherapy was not effective. None side effects were detected in both cases

Tratamento com Carboplatina intra-tumoral em carcinoma de células escamosas no plano nasal de gatos / Treatment with carboplatin intratumoral in squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal planum of cats

O carcinoma de células escamosas é uma das neoplasias que mais acometem a pele de gatos. O tratamento pode ser realizado através da excisão cirúrgica, quimioterapia sistêmica, quimioterapia intra-tumoral, radioterapia fotodinâmica. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de relatar dois casos de carcinoma de células escamosas em gatos tratados semanalmente com carboplatina intra-tumoral na dose de 1,5mg/cm³. Em um dos gatos foi notada uma redução gradual do tumor, entretanto, o outro felino na respondeu à quimioterapia. Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado em ambos os casos(AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most commom cutaneous tumor in cats. Surgery, cryosurgery, systemic chemotherapy, intratumoral chemotherapy, radiotherapy of phothodynamic therapy have been used to treat cats with squamous cell carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to report an intratumoral chemotherapy in 2 cats with squamous cell carcinoma treated with 1,5mg/m³ of carboplatin, once a week. One cat has a gradual tumor regression, however the other cat, the chemotherapy was not effective. None side effects were detected in both cases(AU)

Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease / Cutaneous malignancy and human immunodeficiency virus disease

Certain skin cancers occur with increased frequency or altered course in patients infected with HIV. Malignant melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma are examples of cutaneous malignancies that have a more aggressive course in patients with HIV. Others, such as basal cell carcinoma, appear more frequently in this population but do not appear to be more aggressive. The incidence of HIV-associated Kapsosi's sarcoma has markedly decreased since the advent of HIV antiretroviral therapy. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy and its unique management issues are fully reviewed. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is rare in this population. Other types of cutaneous lymphoma and HIV-associated pseudo-CTCL are discussed. This article addresses prevention, treatment, and follow-up strategies for this at-risk population. LEARNING OBJECTIVE: At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the unique epidemiology, clinical course, and management of cutaneous malignancy in patients infected with HIV...

Multicentric lymphoma with metastasis in the central nervous system in a dog

Linfoma multicêntrico foi diagnosticado em um cão com dois anos de idade que apresentava insuficiência respiratória, aumento de volume abdominal (ascite) e linfoadenopatia generalizada. O exame imunoistoquímico revelou origem de células T com expressão CD3+ e CD79-. Após cinco semanas, o cão apresentou déficits neurológicos progressivos, sendo identificada a presença de linfócitos neoplásicos no líquor. O exame histopatológico demonstrou invasão de células neoplásicas no baço, linfonodos, cérebro e cerebelo.

Multicentric lymphoma with metastasis in the central nervous system in a dog / Linfoma multicêntrico com metástase no sistema nervoso central em cão

Multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in a two-year-old dog with respiratory distress, dysorexia, abdominal enlargement and generalized lymphadenopathy. Immunohistochemical examination showed T-cell origin with CD3+ e CD79- expression. After five weeks, progressive neurological deficits and neoplastic lymphocytes were identified in the cerebrospinal fluid. Histopathological examination showed neoplastic cell invasion in the spleen, lymph nodes, cerebrum and cerebellum.(AU)

Linfoma multicêntrico foi diagnosticado em um cão com dois anos de idade que apresentava insuficiência respiratória, aumento de volume abdominal (ascite) e linfoadenopatia generalizada. O exame imunoistoquímico revelou origem de células T com expressão CD3+ e CD79-. Após cinco semanas, o cão apresentou déficits neurológicos progressivos, sendo identificada a presença de linfócitos neoplásicos no líquor. O exame histopatológico demonstrou invasão de células neoplásicas no baço, linfonodos, cérebro e cerebelo.(AU)

Linfoma ósseo em cão / Bone lymphoma in a dog

It was reported one case of primary bone lymphoma in eight year-old bitch, Fila, with history of anterior limbs paralysis and side lied. A cervical vertebrae neoplasm was suspected and in view of the poor prognosis, the animal was euthanatized. Based on the anatomopathological and histological findings it was firmed the diagnosis of primary bone lymphoma.

Metaloproteinasas como marcadores de progresión tumoral y futuros blancos de terapias en patologías linfoides / Metalloproteinases as markers of tumoral progression and future targets for therapies in neoplasms of lymphoid tissue

En las últimas décadas la medicina evolucionó hacia un enfoque molecular en la búsqueda de blancos específicos que permitan seguir adecuadamente la progresión de las patologías neoplásicas y desarrollar terapias exitosas. El conocimiento y comprensión de que la matriz extracelular (MEC) que rodea a un tumor influye sobre el comportamiento del mismo, reveló la importancia que cumplen las metaloproteinasas (MMPs) en la regulación de los componentes de la MEC, y por lo tanto en el desarrollo tumoral. Es por ello que actualmente se está evaluando la eficacia de inhibidores sintéticos de estas enzimas en ensayos clínicos, algunos ya en fase clínica III de investigación. También se propone que estas MMPs podrían ser utilizadas como marcadores bioquímicos, permitiendo evaluar la progresión de la enfermedad en pacientes que sufren patologías neoplásicas, e incluso dar un valor pronóstico. Es en este punto en que el laboratorio de análisis clínicos cumplirá un papel fundamental y deberá contar con los conocimientos y las herramientas necesarias para evaluar la presencia y actividad de estas enzimas. En este trabajo se expone el conocimiento actual de la estructura y funciones biológicas de las MMPs así como los antecedentes que muestran el papel que cumplen en las enfermedades neoplásicas, en especial en leucemias y linfomas (AU)

Protective effect of prolactin and placental lactogen on NO-induced Nb2 lymphoma cell apoptosis.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important modulator involved in immune regulation. Here, we describe conditions under which NO-donors induce apoptosis on Nb2 lymphoma cells, as evidenced by decreased cell viability and increased hypodiploid DNA content determined by flow cytometry. In addition, DNA fragmentation typical of apoptosis was shown by agarose gel electrophoresis. This apoptosis was accompanied by a significant increase of caspase-3-like enzymatic activity. Both ovine prolactin (oPRL) and ovine placental lactogen (oPL) exerted a protective effect on the NO-donor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, dexamethasone (Dex)-induced cell death was also associated with caspase-3-like activity and oPL had the same potency as oPRL in its protective effect on Dex-induced apoptosis of Nb2 cells.