Infectious etiology and indicators of malabsorption or intestinal injury in childhood diarrhea. / Etiología infecciosa e indicadores de malabsorción o daño intestinal en diarrea infantil

INTRODUCTION: The multifactorial etiology of gastroenteritis emphasizes the need for different laboratory methods to identify or exclude infectious agents and evaluate the severity of diarrheal disease. OBJECTIVE: To diagnose the infectious etiology in diarrheic children and to evaluate some fecal markers associated with intestinal integrity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group comprised 45 children with diarrheal disease, tested for enteropathogens and malabsorption markers, and 76 children whose feces were used for fat evaluation by the traditional and acid steatocrit tests. RESULTS: We observed acute diarrhea in 80% of the children and persistent diarrhea in 20%. Of the diarrheic individuals analyzed, 40% were positive for enteropathogens, with rotavirus (13.3%) and Giardia duodenalis (11.1%) the most frequently diagnosed. Among the infected patients, occult blood was more evident in those carrying pathogenic bacteria (40%) and enteroviruses (40%), while steatorrhea was observed in infections by the protozoa G. duodenalis (35.7%). Children with diarrhea excreted significantly more lipids in feces than non-diarrheic children, as determined by the traditional (p<0.0003) and acid steatocrit (p<0.0001) methods. Moreover, the acid steatocrit method detected 16.7% more fecal fat than the traditional method. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood diarrhea can lead to increasingly severe nutrient deficiencies. Steatorrhea is the hallmark of malabsorption, and a stool test, such as the acid steatocrit, can be routinely used as a laboratory tool for the semi-quantitative evaluation of fat malabsorption in diarrheic children.

Introducción. La etiología multifactorial de la gastroenteritis enfatiza la necesidad de usar diferentes métodos de laboratorio para identificar o excluir agentes infecciosos y evaluar la gravedad de la enfermedad diarreica. Objetivo. Diagnosticar la etiología infecciosa de la diarrea en niños y evaluar algunos marcadores fecales asociados con la integridad intestinal. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 45 niños con enfermedad diarreica, en los cuales se evaluaron la presencia de enteropatógenos y los marcadores de malabsorción. Se analizaron las muestras fecales de 76 niños, mediante las pruebas de esteatocrito tradicional y esteatocrito ácido, para la cuantificación de la grasa. Resultados. Se observó diarrea aguda en el 80 % de los niños y diarrea persistente en el 20 %. De los individuos con diarrea, el 40 % fue positivo para enteropatógenos; los más diagnosticados fueron rotavirus (13,3 %) y Giardia duodenalis (11,1 %). Entre los pacientes infectados, la sangre oculta fue más evidente en aquellos portadores de bacterias patógenas (40 %) o enterovirus (40%), mientras que la esteatorrea se observó en infecciones por el protozoo G. duodenalis (35,7 %). Los niños con diarrea excretaron significativamente más lípidos en las heces que aquellos sin diarrea, según lo determinado por los métodos de esteatocrito tradicional (p<0,0003) y esteatocrito ácido (p<0,0001). Conclusiones. La diarrea infantil puede provocar deficiencias graves de nutrientes. La esteatorrea es distintiva de la malabsorción intestinal y puede detectarse mediante la estimación del esteatocrito ácido. Esta prueba podría utilizarse de forma rutinaria como una herramienta de laboratorio para la evaluación semicuantitativa de la malabsorción de grasas en niños con diarrea.

Mala absorción de glucosa y de galactosa y su asociación con el síndrome de Down / Malabsorption of glucose and galactose and its relation with Down sydrome

Introducción: La malabsorción de glucosa y de galactosa es una enfermedad genética autosómica recesiva debida a una mutación que afecta al cotransportador de sodio-glucosa. Objetivo: Describir una asociación infrecuente entre el síndrome de Down y la mala absorción de glucosa y de galactosa. Presentación del caso: Niño desnutrido de 3 ½ meses de edad con síndrome de Down, de padres consanguíneos. Presentó precozmente diarrea explosiva, vómitos con deshidratación. Se mejoró tras la eliminación de la alimentación oral y la perfusión hidroelectrolítica y empeoró con la utilización de las sales de rehidratación oral y las fórmulas lácteas, sin proteínas de leche de vaca. El estudio de las heces mostró un pH fecal /5, presencia de glucosa, ionograma de las 24 horas fue: sodio 0,5 mEq (1-10), potasio 2,6 mEq (8-22) y el cálculo realizado para distinguir entre diferentes causas de diarrea dio aumentado: 168 mOsm/kg (50-125). Ante este cuadro clínico se consideró el diagnóstico de malabsorción de glucosa y de galactosa sobre todo tras la mejora de la sintomatología bajo dieta exclusivamente azucarada con fructosa. Conclusiones: Es importante tener en cuenta la malabsorción de glucosa y de galactosa dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de las diarreas acuosas congénitas. El diagnóstico precoz y la dieta adecuada con fructosa evitan deshidratación y malnutrición. La particularidad de nuestro caso es la asociación de la malabsorción de glucosa y de galactosa con el síndrome de Down, que, según nuestro conocimiento, es la primera vez que se describe y podría aumentar la morbilidad(AU)

Introduction: Malabsorption of glucose and galactose is a genetic autosomic recesive disease caused by a mutation that affects the co-transportator of sodium-glucose. Objective: To describe an unfrequent relation between the Down syndrome and the malabsortion of glucose and galactose. Case presentation: Undernourished child, 3 and half months old with Down syndrome from parents by blood. He early presented explosive diarrhea and vomiting with dehydration. He improved his state after elimination of oral feeding and a hydroelectrolitic perfusion, and his state worsened with the use of oral rehydration salts and dairy formula, even without cow´s milk proteins. The study of feces showed a fecal pH /5, presence of glucose, and the ionogram after 24 hours showed: sodium 0,5mEg (1-10), potasium 2,6 mEg (8-22) and the calculation made to identify the different causes of diarrhea was increased: 168 mOsm/kg (50-125). Having this clinical records, it was considered a diagnostic of glucose and galactose malabsorption, mainly after the improvement of the symptoms under a diet exclusively sugared with fructose. Conclusions: It is important to take into account glucose and galactose malabsortion in the differential diagnosis of congenital watery diahrrea. The early diagnosis and an adequate diet with fructose avoid dehytration and malnutrition. The particularity of this case is the relation of glucose and galactose malabsorption with Down syndrome, that according to our knowledge is the first time it is described and it can increase the morbility(AU)

Dolor y distensión abdominal: abordaje diagnóstico a distintas edades / Abdominal pain and distention: diagnostic approach at different ages

Fluctuating abdominal pain and bloating suggest gastrointestinal origin with multiple causes. In adults, patients fulfilling the Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have a low probability of neoplasms or intestinal inflammatory diseases. In these patients it is cost effective to request fecal calprotectin and celiac disease serology. Due to the high probability of nocebo effect, the diagnosis of sensitivity to non celiac and food allergies should require a blind rechallenge. It is recommended to evaluate other non ominous diagnostic options in a second stage if there is not good control of symptoms. In adults that do not fulfil the criteria of IBS or in adults older than 50 it is often necessary to request more studies, including endoscopic examinations. In children, abdominal pain and bloating occur frequently in the context of excessive consumption of sugar (including fructose, lactose and sorbitol). In infants it can occur in the context of congenital malformations, infant colics and food allergies. An active search for symptoms and signs of alarm is recommended. In their absence the performance of an endoscopic study is low. The use of celiac disease serology is also recommended, but the use of fecal calprotectin has the limitation that normal values are not present below age 4, so its use is not recommended under that age.

El dolor abdominal y la distensión abdominal fluctuantes sugieren origen gastrointestinal, con múltiples causas. En adultos, los pacientes que cumplen criterios de Roma para Síndrome de Intestino Irritable (SII) tienen una baja probabilidad de neoplasias o enfermedades inflamatorias intestinales (EII). En estos pacientes, es costoefectivo solicitar calprotectina fecal y serología de enfermedad celiaca. Por la alta probabilidad de efecto nocebo, el diagnóstico de sensibilidad al gluten no celiaca (SGNC) y alergias alimentarias debería requerir un rechallenge ciego. Es recomendable evaluar otras opciones diagnósticas no ominosas en una segunda etapa, si no hay buen control sintomático. En adultos que no cumplen criterios de SII o en adultos mayores de 50 años, suele requerirse más cantidad de estudios, incluyendo endoscópicos. En niños, el dolor abdominal y distensión ocurren frecuentemente en el contexto de consumo excesivo de azúcares (incluyendo fructosa, lactosa y sorbitol). En lactantes puede ocurrir también en el contexto de malformaciones congénitas, cólicos del lactante y alergia alimentaria. Se recomienda la búsqueda activa de signos y síntomas de alarma. En su ausencia el rendimiento del estudio endoscópico es bajo. También se recomienda el uso de serología de enfermedad celíaca, pero el uso de calprotectina fecal tiene la limitación de ausencia de valores de normalidad hasta los 4 años, por lo que su uso no se recomienda bajo esa edad.

Hipotiroidismo refractario idiopático: un caso clínico / Idiopathic refractory hypothyroidism: case report

Introducción: El hipotiroidismo constituye una patología frecuente, y su tratamiento habitual es el suplemento de levotiroxina (LT4) oral (VO). Sin embargo, existen casos inhabituales donde no es posible corregir esta condición a pesar de la utilización de LT4 en dosis alta. El hipotiroidismo refractario se define como la persistencia del hipotiroidismo a pesar del uso de LT4 > 1,9 ug/kg/día. La prevalencia del hipotiroidismo refractario no ha sido suficientemente documentada hasta ahora. Descripción del caso: Mujer de 53 años con antecedentes de hipotiroidismo, obesidad, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial e insulinorresistencia. Fue derivada desde APS a nivel terciario por hipotiroidismo persistente a pesar del uso de LT4 800 ug/día y liotironina 80 ug/día. En forma ambulatoria se descartaron distintas causas, como mala adhesión al tratamiento, pseudo-malabsorción, síndromes de malabsorción; interacciones farmacológicas o interacciones alimentarias. Ante esto, y manteniéndose en su condición, se decide hospitalizar. Durante la hospitalización se prueban distintas fórmulas de administración. Finalmente, se logra respuesta adecuada con LT4 por vía rectal 100 ug/día asociado a 100 ug c/12 horas VO. Discusión: A pesar de no contar con herramientas óptimas para enfrentar este caso, se logró aplicar una estrategia sistemática especializada, que permitió un buen manejo de la paciente. Luego de probar distintas formulaciones de hormonas tiroideas, se logró respuesta mediante la administración por vía rectal, lo cual sugiere que esta paciente presentaba algún trastorno celular/bioquímico intestinal alto, que impedía la absorción óptima de LT4 VO. Conclusiones: La principal fortaleza de este trabajo consiste en la demostración de la utilidad práctica, en un contexto de recursos limitados, de una estrategia de estudio y tratamiento sistemático del hipotiroidismo refractario, lo cual ha sido escasamente publicado en la literatura internacional. Además, se recalca la importancia de una intervención especializada oportuna para evitar los riesgos sistémicos asociados a dosis altas de hormonas tiroideas.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common condition, and its usual treatment is the supplement of oral levothyroxine (po). However, there are unusual cases where it is not possible to correct this condition despite the use of high-dose levothyroxine. Refractory hypothyroidism is defined as the persistence of hypothyroidism despite the use of levothyroxine > 1.9 ug/kg/ day. The prevalence of refractory hypothyroidism has not been sufficiently documented so far. Case description: 53 year old woman with a history of hypothyroidism, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and insulin resistance. She was sent from primary care to tertiary level due to persistent hypothyroidism despite the use of 800 ug/day levothyroxine and liothyronine 80 ug/ day. On an outpatient basis, different causes were excluded as poor adherence to treatment, pseudo-malabsorption, malabsorption syndromes; drug interactions or food interactions. Given this, and staying on her condition, it was decided to hospitalize. Different forms of administration were tested during hospitalization. Finally, got adequate response with levothyroxine rectally 100 ug/day associated with 100 ug po bid. Discussion: Despite not having optimum tools to deal with this case, it was succeeded thanks to the implementation of a specialized systematic strategy. After testing different formulations of thyroid hormones, a positive response by rectal administration was achieved, which suggests that this patient presented any high intestinal cell/biochemist disorder that prevented the optimal absorption of levothyroxine po. Conclusions: The main strength of this work consists in demonstrating the practical utility, in a context of limited resources, of a study and systematic treatment strategy of refractory hypothyroidism, which has barely been published in the international literature. It is also highlighted the importance of an early specialized intervention to prevent the systemic risks associated with high doses of thyroid hormones.

Recommended vitamin D levels in the general population. / Recomendaciones de vitamina D para la población general.

OBJECTIVE: To provide recommendations based on evidence on the management of vitaminD deficiency in the general population. PARTICIPANTS: Members of the Bone Metabolism Working Group of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology. METHODS: Recommendations were formulated using the GRADE system (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. A systematic search was made in MEDLINE (Pubmed) using the term VitaminD and the name of each issue. Papers in English and Spanish with publication date before 17 March 2016 were included. Recommendations were jointly discussed by the Working Group. CONCLUSIONS: This document summarizes the data about vitaminD deficiency in terms of prevalence, etiology, screening indications, adequate levels and effects of supplementation on bone and non-skeletal health outcomes.

[Breaking paradigms. Intestinal microbiota transplantation: Preliminar report]. / Rompiendo paradigmas. Trasplante de microbiota intestinal: reporte preliminar.

In the fourth century, during the Chinese Dong Jin dynasty, the doctor Ge Hong described good results after the oral administration of a suspension prepared from human faeces in patients with severe diarrhoea or food poisoning. Faecal microbiota transplantation has been used for five years in order to treat different diseases in addition to the severe diarrhoea caused by Clostridium difficile1. This paper aims to confirm that intestinal microbiota transplantation succeeds in reducing the negative impact of diseases such as severe diarrhoea, irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, allergies, metabolic syndrome and others and that it is not only indicated for severe diarrhoea caused by C. difficile. This preliminary study included six patients who underwent faecal microbiota transplantation, aged 83, 76, 66, 37 and 36 years (four men and two women). An improvement in symptoms of 70% was observed. The methodology and criteria to be followed with donors are described and the results are listed in three tables. The methodology followed for the microbiota transplant is the same as that reported by other researchers for the treatment of C. difficile diarrhoea and other diseases. The discussion addresses the issues raised in other parts of the world in handling different pathologic entities, as well as genetic advances. The conclusions show encouraging results.

[Evolution of type 2 diabetes and carbohydrate intolerance following bariatric surgery in a Mexican mestizo population]. / Evolución de los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e intolerancia a los carbohidratos posterior a cirugía bariátrica en la población mexicana.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery continues to be the best treatment for weight loss and control of obesity related comorbidities. Gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy have demonstrated to be the most effective surgeries, but this has not been established in a Mexican (non-American) population. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the improvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus and carbohydrate intolerance in obese patients after bariatric surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the data collected prospectively between 2013 and 2015 on every obese patient with diabetes and carbohydrate intolerance submitted for bariatric surgery. Analysis was performed at baseline, and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, and included metabolic, clinical, lipid, and anthropometrical parameters. A peri-operative and morbidity and mortality analysis was also performed. Remission rates for patients with diabetes were also established. RESULTS: The analysis included 73 patients, 46 with diabetes and 27 with carbohydrate intolerance. Sixty-two patients were female with a mean age of 42 years. Baseline glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin were 123±34mg/dl and 6.8±1.6%, and at 12 months they were 90.1±8mg/dl and 5.4±0.3%, respectively. Diabetes remission was observed in 68.7% of patients, including 9.3% with partial remission and 21.8% with an improvement. There was also a significant improvement in all metabolic and non-metabolic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Bariatric surgery safely improves the metabolic status of patients with diabetes mellitus or carbohydrate intolerance during the first year, inducing high rates of complete remission. It has also shown a significant improvement on blood pressure, lipid, and anthropometric parameters during the first year of follow-up.

[Microvillous inclusion disease as a cause of severe congenital diarrhea. Case report]. / Enfermedad por inclusión microvellositaria como causa de diarrea congénita severa. Caso clínico.

Congenital diarrheas correspond to a severe and low frequency digestive disease, with a high mortality. They start a few days or months after birth, leading to intestinal insufficiency and dependence on parenteral nutrition. It must be highly suspected in newborns or infants with diarrhea and severe electrolyte disorders. The diagnosis is based on clinical, endoscopic, histologic and eventually genetic findings. Treatment is supportive with intensive correction of electrolyte imbalances as well as parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVE: To present a case report of congenital diarrhea identified as microvillous inclusion disease presenting in the neonatal period. CASE REPORT: Male patient currently 3 years of age, son of consanguineous parents. At 10 days of age presents a severe secretory diarrhea, requiring treatment in a critical care unit and parenteral nutrition. Initially he also presented with Fanconi syndrome, which improved afterwards. The suspicion of congenital microvillous inclusion was confirmed later by optic and electronic microscopy, and inmunohistochemistry. A succesful evolution was later achieved maintaining home parenteral nutrition after discharge. CONCLUSION: We present the first known case in Chile of congenital diarrhea due to microvillous inclusión disease and his evolution.

Enfermedad por inclusión microvellositaria como causa de diarrea congénita severa: caso clínico / Microvillous inclusion disease as a cause of severe congenital diarrhea: case report

Las diarreas congénitas son patologías graves de baja frecuencia y alta mortalidad. Se manifiestan durante los primeros días o meses de vida con severa diarrea, generando insuficiencia intestinal y dependencia de nutrición parenteral. Se debe sospechar ante un recién nacido o lactante con pérdidas masivas hidroelectrolíticas, y se diagnostican utilizando parámetros clínicos, endoscópicos, histológicos y eventualmente genéticos. El tratamiento es de soporte, con reposición hidroelectrolítica intensa y nutricional. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de diarrea congénita, identificada como Enfermedad por Inclusión Microvellositaria, de presentación neonatal. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente varón edad actual 3 años, hijo de padres consanguíneos, quien debutó a los 10 días de vida con diarrea secretora severa, requiriendo ingreso a unidad de paciente crítico y nutrición parenteral permanente. Inicialmente además con síndrome de Fanconi, que luego se recupera. Se confirmó la sospecha de Enfermedad de Inclusión Microvellositaria utilizando microscopia óptica, electrónica e inmunohistoquímica. Se obtuvo una favorable evolución utilizando nutrición parenteral total (NPT) a domicilio. CONCLUSIONES: Se presenta el primer caso conocido en Chile de un paciente con diarrea congénita por inclusión microvellositaria manejado y su evolución.

Congenital diarrheas correspond to a severe and low frequency digestive disease, with a high mortality. They start a few days or months after birth, leading to intestinal insufficiency and dependence on parenteral nutrition. It must be highly suspected in newborns or infants with diarrhea and severe electrolyte disorders. The diagnosis is based on clinical, endoscopic, histologic and eventually genetic findings. Treatment is supportive with intensive correction of electrolyte imbalances as well as parenteral nutrition. OBJECTIVE: To present a case report of congenital diarrhea identified as microvillous inclusion disease presenting in the neonatal period. CASE REPORT: Male patient currently 3 years of age, son of consanguineous parents. At 10 days of age presents a severe secretory diarrhea, requiring treatment in a critical care unit and parenteral nutrition. Initially he also presented with Fanconi syndrome, which improved afterwards. The suspicion of congenital microvillous inclusion was confirmed later by optic and electronic microscopy, and inmunohistochemistry. A succesful evolution was later achieved maintaining home parenteral nutrition after discharge. CONCLUSION: We present the first known case in Chile of congenital diarrhea due to microvillous inclusión disease and his evolution.

Fructose malabsorption in children with functional digestive disorders.

CONTEXT: Fructose is a monosaccharide frequently present in natural and artificial juice fruits. When the concentration of fructose in certain food is present in excess of glucose concentration some individuals may develop fructose malabsorption. OBJECTIVES: To report the frequency of fructose malabsorption utilizing the hydrogen breath test in children with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders. METHODS: Between July 2011 and July 2012, 43 patients with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders, from both sexes, were consecutively studied, utilizing the hydrogen breath test with loads of the following carbohydrates: lactose, glucose, fructose and lactulose. Fructose was offered in a 10% aqueous solution in the dose of 1 g/kg body weight. Samples were collected fasting and at every 15 minutes after the intake of the aqueous solution for a 2 hour period. Malabsorption was considered when there was an increase of >20 ppm of hydrogen over the fasting level, and intolerance was diagnosed if gastrointestinal symptoms would appear. RESULTS: The age of the patients varied from 3 months to 16 years, 24 were boys. The following diagnosis were established: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea in 16, functional abdominal pain in 8, short stature in 10, lactose intolerance in 3, celiac disease in 1, food allergy in 1 and giardiasis in 1 patient. Fructose malabsorption was characterized in 13 (30.2%) patients, and intolerance in 1 (2.3%) patient. The most frequent fructose malabsorption was characterized in 7 (16.3%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome and in 4 (9.3%) patients with functional abdominal pain. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain were the main cause of fructose malabsorption.

Fructose malabsrrption in children with functional digestive disordrss / Ma absorcao a frutose em criancas com transtornos digestivos funcionais

Context Fructose is a monosaccharide frequently present in natural and artificial juice fruits. When the concentration of fructose in certain food is present in excess of glucose concentration some individuals may develop fructose malabsorption. Objectives To report the frequency of fructose malabsorption utilizing the hydrogen breath test in children with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders. Methods Between July 2011 and July 2012, 43 patients with gastrointestinal and/or nutritional disorders, from both sexes, were consecutively studied, utilizing the hydrogen breath test with loads of the following carbohydrates: lactose, glucose, fructose and lactulose. Fructose was offered in a 10% aqueous solution in the dose of 1 g/kg body weight. Samples were collected fasting and at every 15 minutes after the intake of the aqueous solution for a 2 hour period. Malabsorption was considered when there was an increase of >20 ppm of hydrogen over the fasting level, and intolerance was diagnosed if gastrointestinal symptoms would appear. Results The age of the patients varied from 3 months to 16 years, 24 were boys. The following diagnosis were established: irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea in 16, functional abdominal pain in 8, short stature in 10, lactose intolerance in 3, celiac disease in 1, food allergy in 1 and giardiasis in 1 patient. Fructose malabsorption was characterized in 13 (30.2%) patients, and intolerance in 1 (2.3%) patient. The most frequent fructose malabsorption was characterized in 7 (16.3%) patients with irritable bowel syndrome and in 4 (9.3%) patients with functional abdominal pain. Conclusions Patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional abdominal pain were the main cause of fructose malabsorption. .

Contexto Frutose é um monossacarídeo frequentemente presente em sucos de frutas naturais e artificiais. Quando a concentração de frutose em determinados alimentos está presente em excesso de glicose, alguns indivíduos podem apresentar má absorção à frutose. Objetivo Descrever a freqüência de má absorção à frutose utilizando o teste do hidrogênio no ar expirado em crianças com transtornos digestivos e/ou nutricionais. Métodos Durante o período compreendido entre julho de 2011 e julho de 2012 foram investigados de forma consecutiva 43 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com suspeita de má absorção, por meio do teste hidrogênio no ar expirado com sobrecarga dos seguintes carboidratos: lactose, glicose, frutose e lactulose. A frutose foi administrada em solução aquosa 10% à dose de 1 g/kg de peso. Foram obtidas amostras em jejum e, após a ingestão da solução, a cada 15 minutos durante 2 horas. Foi considerada má absorção quando houve incremento >20 ppm de hidrogênio no ar expirado em relação ao jejum, e intolerância caso surgissem sintomas após a sobrecarga. Resultados A idade dos pacientes variou de 3 meses a 16 anos, 24 meninos. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes diagnósticos: síndrome do intestino irritável com diarréia 16, dor abdominal funcional 8, baixa estatura 10, intolerância à lactose 3, doença celíaca 1, alergia alimentar 1 e giardíase 1. Má-absorção à frutose foi caracterizada em 13 (30,2%) pacientes; observou-se intolerância em 1 (2,3%) deles. Síndrome do intestino irritável com diarréia em 7 (16,3%) e dor abdominal funcional em 4 (9,3%) pacientes foram os transtornos com maior prevalência ...

Unintended consequences of Helicobacter pylori infection in children in developing countries: iron deficiency, diarrhea, and growth retardation.

Helicobacter pylori infection is predominantly acquired early in life. The prevalence of the infection in childhood is low in developed countries, whereas in developing countries most children are infected by 10 y of age. In poor resource settings, where malnutrition, parasitic/enteropathogen and H. pylori infection co-exist in young children, H. pylori might have potentially more diverse clinical outcomes. This paper reviews the impact of childhood H. pylori infection in developing countries that should now be the urgent focus of future research. The extra-gastric manifestations in early H. pylori infection in infants in poor resource settings might be a consequence of the infection associated initial hypochlorhydria. The potential role of H. pylori infection on iron deficiency, growth impairment, diarrheal disease, malabsorption and cognitive function is discussed in this review.

Respuesta a la vacunación contra hepatitis B en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad celíaca / Hepatitis B vaccination in children with celiac disease, inmunological response

Determinar la respuesta inmunológica a la vacunación contra virus de hepatitis B en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad celíaca. Se revisaron 25 historias clínicas de celíacos diagnosticados entre 2001-2010 por estudios serológico, histopatológicos, genético y esquema de vacunación hepatitis B completo, de los cuales se excluyeron 11 pacientes. Se solicitó anticuerpo contra antígeno de superficie virus hepatitis B. El grupo de celíacos no respondedores fue evaluado posterior a revacunación bajo apego a dieta sin gluten. Se estudiaron 14 pacientes (35,7% hembras, 64,3% varones). 8 pacientes se vacunaron al nacer y 6 después de los 8 años de edad. De los cuales 28,6% tuvieron baja respuesta a la vacunación y 71,4% sin respuesta. La respuesta fue positiva en 3/8 (37,5%) de los pacientes vacunados al nacer y en 1/6 de los mayores de 8 años (16,7%). 4 no respondedores fueron revacunados cumpliendo dieta libre de gluten, evidenciándose respuesta inmunológica positiva en el 75%. Existe una disminución en la respuesta a la vacunación contra hepatitis B en pacientes celíacos, asociado a HLA DQ2 y que la dieta libre de gluten puede mejorar la respuesta inmunológica

To determine the immune response to the vaccination against hepatitis B virus in pediatric patients with celiac disease. Reviewed 25 medical histories of celiac diagnosed between 2001-2010 by serological, histopathological, genetic studies and full hepatitis B vaccination scheme, of which 11 patients were excluded. Also ask antibody against hepatitis B virus surface antigen The group of non-responder celiac was evaluated after revaccination under attachment to diet without gluten. 14 Patients were studied (35.7% females, 64.3% boys). 8 patients vaccinated at birth and 6 after eight years of age. Of which 28.6% had low response to vaccination and 71.4% unanswered. The answer was positive in 3/8 (37.5%) of patients vaccinated at birth and 1/6 of the 8 older (16.7%). not answering. 4 were fulfilling gluten-free diet, showing response immunological positive in 75%. There is a decrease in the response to vaccination against hepatitis B in celiac patients, conditional primarily by HLA DQ2 and that the gluten-free diet can improve the immune response

Gastric acid inhibition for fat malabsorption or gastroesophageal reflux disease in cystic fibrosis: longitudinal effect on bacterial colonization and pulmonary function.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate bacterial colonization and pulmonary function longitudinally in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving drugs for gastric acid (GA) inhibition for fat malabsorption or for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study of 218 pediatric patients with CF was performed. Multilevel modeling was used to perform longitudinal analysis of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum expiratory flow at 50% of FVC (MEF(50)), and maximal mid-expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (MMEF(25-75)). Cox regression was used to calculate Pseudomonas aeruginosa- and Staphylococcus aureus-free survival. RESULTS: Patients with CF and GA inhibition had a significantly smaller yearly decline of MEF(50) and MMEF(25-75) compared with control subjects. Other pulmonary function parameters and P aeruginosa or S aureus acquisition or colonization were not different from that of control subjects. GERD was associated with a significantly reduced pulmonary function (FEV(1) and FVC) and an earlier acquisition of P aeruginosa and S aureus. CONCLUSIONS: GA inhibition did not affect pulmonary function or bacterial acquisition and therefore is not contraindicated in patients with CF. GA inhibition might improve pulmonary function with time, because the decline of MEF(50) and MMEF(25-75) was less pronounced. GERD was associated with a reduced pulmonary function and an earlier acquisition of P aeruginosa and S aureus. Therefore the diagnosis and treatment of GERD should be aggressively pursued in patients with CF.

Tuberculosis pulmonar: enfermedad de addison y síndrome de malabsorción intestinal, reporte de un caso / Pulmonary tuberculosis: addison´s disease and intestinal malabsorpion syndrome, a case report

Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 18 años de edad con tuberculosis pulmonar causada por una enfermedad de Addison y un síndrome de malabsorción intestinal, como antecedente sufrió a los seis años de una insuficiencia adrenal inmune. Se analizan las influencias de estas enfermedades y se revisa el diagnóstico y los cuidados terapéuticos que deben tenerse con estos pacientes. Se discute brevemente el tema y se señalan sus características haciendo énfasis en la importancia de la educación del paciente y de la familia en lo que respecta a estas enfermedades(AU)

An 18-years-old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by an Addison´s disease and an intestinal malabsorption syndrome is presented, who at the age of six suffered of an immune adrenal insuffiency as antecedent. Influences of these diseases are analyzed and diagnosis and therapeutic cares that should have these patients are reviewed. The theme is briefly discussed and its characteristics are identified with an emphasis on the importance of educating the patient and family in regard to these diseases.