Increasing trend in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments - a 10-year analysis and injury profile.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate injury trends in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) participation by presenting to U.S. emergency departments over a 10-year period and formulate an injury profile. METHODS: The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database was queried for martial arts related injuries from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021. Codes and narratives were examined to compile data for patients sustaining BJJ-related injuries. RESULTS: From 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2021 there were 7,722 (NE = 282,315) ED-diagnosed martial arts related injuries with 911 (NE = 36,023) BJJ-related injuries identified. Regression analysis demonstrated an increasing trend in the annual incidence of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu injuries presenting to the ED (R2 = 0.934; SE = 2.069: p < .0001). Average age was 25.68 years of age (range 4-83). The most common injury diagnoses were sprains/strains and other/not listed at 27.68% and 26.39%. The most commonly injured body parts were the upper trunk, and the shoulder comprising 13.66% and 12.14% of injured body parts, respectively. The most commonly fractured region was toes, at 14.15% of all fractures. The most common dislocations occurred at the shoulder and knee, at 32.49% and 28.45% of dislocations, respectively. The most common mechanisms of injury specifically identified were indeterminate contact between players, fall onto ground, or fall onto another player comprising 18.62% and 17.17%, of injuries, respectively. CONCLUSION: There was an increasing trend of BJJ-related injuries presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments. The most common diagnoses and body parts injured were sprains/strains and upper trunk and shoulder, respectively. The most commonly fractured and dislocated regions were toes and shoulder, respectively. The most common mechanisms of injury were indeterminate contact or falling. This study provides novel information concerning trends in injury and injury profiles for Brazilian Jiu Jitsu related injuries.

Injuries in Judo Athletes With Disabilities: Prevalence, Magnitude, and Sport-Related Mechanisms.

CONTEXT: The participation of judo athletes with disabilities in competitions has increased over the years as well as the burden of sports-related injuries and illnesses in this population. However, there is limited knowledge about sports-related injuries in judo athletes with different disabilities. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of injuries in judo athletes with disabilities, considering the different impairment groups, magnitude of injury (ie, mechanism, nature, and severity of injury), and specific body parts. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study (level of evidence, 3). SETTING: Brazilian Judo athletes with disabilities. PATIENTS: Fifty-one judo athletes with disabilities (15 men and 36 women) participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data were obtained from an adapted injury report form. The prevalence of injuries was assessed, considering type of impairment, body parts, mechanisms, and severity as well as differences between male and female athletes, with the significance level set at P < .05. RESULTS: The results demonstrated a high prevalence of injuries in female athletes with visual impairment (n = 11, 73.3%) and male athletes with amputations (n = 14, 38.8%). A high prevalence was found in the national group, especially for male athletes (n = 29, 80.5%). Among athletes who had injuries, 69.4% (n = 12) of male and 80.0% (n = 25) of female athletes' injuries occurred due to direct contact with other athletes, and 72.2% (n = 26) of male and 86.6% (n = 13) of female athletes' injuries were in the training environment. The magnitude of injuries ranged from moderate to severe for male and female athletes. The knee (n = 25, 49.0%) and shoulder (n = 12, 23.5%) were the body parts most affected by injuries in both male and female athletes. CONCLUSION: A large percentage of judo athletes with disabilities reported experiencing an injury during the previous 2 years; percentages were greater in athletes with visual and physical impairment. Moreover, most injuries occurred in the knee or shoulder, during training, and in direct contact with other athletes and were of severe magnitude.

Back pain and body posture of non-professional Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of back pain in non-professional Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners (NP-BJJ practitioners), and to assess the relationship between their back pain and postural disorders. Methods: The study involved 61 subjects (age: 30.7 ± 4.9 years old; body mass: 79.4 ± 12.9 kg; body height: 179.6 ± 8.4 cm; 8 woman and 53 man), 31 who trained Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) and 30 subjects who had never trained any combat sport. The mean time of training BJJ in the study population was 3.9 ± 4.1 years. Postural assessments were conducted with the use of the photogrammetric method. The assessment of back pain and injuries was conducted with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and with our proprietary questionnaire. Results: Among both populations, 37 subjects reported back pain. There were no differences in back pain location between the two groups or in functional state on the ODI. Significant differences between the groups in the values of the postural parameters (spinal height, length of kyphosis, length of lordosis, pelvis inclination angle) were observed. Statistically significant differences between the NP-BJJ practitioners with and without back pain in the length of the thoracic kyphosis and the differences in the height of the waist triangles were found. Conclusions: Both in the study population and in the control group the spinal pain was minimal or moderate on the ODI. BJJ practitioners who reported back pain had characteristic postural changes in some of the analysed postural parameters in comparison to BJJ practitioners who did not report back pain.

Injury incidence, severity and profile in Olympic combat sports: a comparative analysis of 7712 athlete exposures from three consecutive Olympic Games.

OBJECTIVES: To describe and compare the epidemiology of competition injuries in unarmed combat sports (ie, boxing, judo, taekwondo and wrestling) in three consecutive Olympic Games. METHODS: Prospective cohort study using injury data from the IOC injury surveillance system and exposure data from official tournament records at three consecutive Olympic Games (ie, Beijing 2008, London 2012 and Rio de Janeiro 2016). Competition injury incidence rates per 1000 min of exposure (IIRME) were calculated with 95% CIs using standard formulae for Poisson rates. RESULTS: The overall IIRME was 7.8 (95% CI 7.0 to 8.7). The IIRME in judo (9.6 (95% CI 7.8 to 11.7)), boxing (9.2 (95% CI 7.6 to 10.9)) and taekwondo (7.7 (95% CI 5.6 to 10.5)) were significantly higher than in wrestling (4.8 (95% CI 3.6 to 6.2)). The proportion of injuries resulting in >7 days absence from competition or training was higher in wrestling (39.6%), judo (35.9%) and taekwondo (32.5%) than in boxing (21.0%). There was no difference in injury risk by sex, weight category or tournament round, but athletes that lost had significantly higher IIRME compared with their winning opponents (rate ratio 3.59 (95% CI 2.68 to 4.79)). CONCLUSION: Olympic combat sport athletes sustained, on average, one injury every 2.1 hours of competition. The risk of injury was significantly higher in boxing, judo and taekwondo than in wrestling. About 30% of injuries sustained during competition resulted in >7 days absence from competition or training. There is a need for identifying modifiable risk factors for injury in Olympic combat sports, which in turn can be targeted by injury prevention initiatives to reduce the burden of injury among combat sport athletes.

Musculoskeletal injuries in taekwondo athletes: a nationwide study in Portugal.

OBJECTIVE: Taekwondo is a martial art that emphasizes blows using the feet and fists, and it is characterized by direct and continuous body contact, which subjects their practitioners to a higher number of injuries. This study aimed to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese taekwondo athletes and analyze its associated factors. METHODS: The sample included 341 taekwondo athletes, aged between 4 and 62 years (18.77±12.77 years), 237 (69.5%) were male, and 104 (30.5%) female. A questionnaire was administered at a national level in taekwondo training and competitions via interview. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two (38.7%) taekwondo athletes reported having suffered an injury since they began their practice, totaling 294 injuries. Seventy-six (22.3%) athletes had an injury in the previous 12-months period, with a total of 112 injuries. There were 2.15 injuries per 1,000 hours of taekwondo training. The most common of all injuries was muscle injury (strain, contusion) (58.6%), in the foot and fingers (18.9%). The attack technique (28.8%) was the most prevalent injury mechanism. Adult athletes presented a higher risk of sustaining taekwondo-related injuries than adolescents (odds ratio = 3.91; 95%CI: 1.13-13.55; p=0.032), and athletes who trained more than 1 hour had a risk 4.20 times greater (95%CI: 1.44-12.29; p=0.009) than those who trained up to 1 hour per session. CONCLUSIONS: Injuries were frequent among Portuguese taekwondo athletes, with specific body areas affected, mainly caused by the attack technique. It is necessary to create injury prevention strategies, including specific training and the use of protective equipment.

Musculoskeletal injuries in taekwondo athletes: a nationwide study in Portugal

SUMMARY BACKGROUND Taekwondo is a martial art that emphasizes blows using the feet and fists, and it is characterized by direct and continuous body contact, which subjects their practitioners to a higher number of injuries. This study aimed to determine the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in Portuguese taekwondo athletes and analyze its associated factors. METHODS The sample included 341 taekwondo athletes, aged between 4 and 62 years (18.77±12.77 years), 237 (69.5%) were male, and 104 (30.5%) female. A questionnaire was administered at a national level in taekwondo training and competitions via interview. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-two (38.7%) taekwondo athletes reported having suffered an injury since they began their practice, totaling 294 injuries. Seventy-six (22.3%) athletes had an injury in the previous 12-months period, with a total of 112 injuries. There were 2.15 injuries per 1,000 hours of taekwondo training. The most common of all injuries was muscle injury (strain, contusion) (58.6%), in the foot and fingers (18.9%). The attack technique (28.8%) was the most prevalent injury mechanism. Adult athletes presented a higher risk of sustaining taekwondo-related injuries than adolescents (odds ratio = 3.91; 95%CI: 1.13-13.55; p=0.032), and athletes who trained more than 1 hour had a risk 4.20 times greater (95%CI: 1.44-12.29; p=0.009) than those who trained up to 1 hour per session. CONCLUSIONS Injuries were frequent among Portuguese taekwondo athletes, with specific body areas affected, mainly caused by the attack technique. It is necessary to create injury prevention strategies, including specific training and the use of protective equipment.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO O Taekwondo consiste numa arte marcial que enfatiza os golpes com os pés e punhos, sendo caracterizada pelo contato corporal direto e contínuo, fatores que podem ocasionar lesões. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em atletas portugueses de taekwondo e analisar os fatores associados. MÉTODOS A amostra foi constituída por 341 atletas de taekwondo, com idades entre 4 e 62 anos (18,77±12,77), sendo 237 (69,5%) do sexo masculino. O instrumento de medida consistiu num questionário, aplicado sob a forma de entrevista, em nível nacional. RESULTADOS Cento e trinta e dois (38,7%) atletas relataram terem sofrido lesões desde que iniciaram a prática, totalizando 294 lesões. Setenta e seis (22,3%) atletas referiram presença de lesões no período de 12 meses, totalizando 112 lesões. Foram registradas 2,15 lesões por 1.000 horas de treinamento de taekwondo. O tipo de lesão mais frequente foi a lesão muscular (57,7%) e as localizadas no pé e dedos (18,9%). A técnica de ataque (28,8%) foi o mecanismo de lesão mais prevalente. Os adultos apresentaram maior risco de sofrer lesões comparados aos adolescentes (odds ratio = 3,91; IC 95%: 1,13-13,55; p=0,032), e os atletas que treinaram mais de uma hora tiveram um risco de 4,20 (IC 95%: 1,44-12,29; p=0,009) do que aqueles que treinaram até uma hora por sessão. CONCLUSÕES Os dados do estudo revelaram que as lesões foram frequentes em atletas portugueses de taekwondo, com áreas corporais específicas afetadas, e causadas principalmente pela técnica de ataque. Torna-se necessário elaborar estratégias de prevenção de lesões, incluindo treinamentos específicos e uso de material de proteção.

Injury rate and pattern among Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners: A survey study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the 6-month incidence rate and pattern of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ)-related injuries and characterize associations between injuries and experience level, demographic factors, and training variables. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: Online survey. PARTICIPANTS: 1287 adult BJJ practitioners. OUTCOME MEASURES: 6-month BJJ-related injury incidence, anatomical pattern of injuries, and injury-associated demographic and training variable identification. RESULTS: 59.2% of practitioners reported at least one injury over 6 months. The knee was the most common site. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated 6-month injury incidence was negatively associated with years of training and body weight, and positively associated with training days per week and instructor status. More experienced athletes were more likely to report low back injury, while less experienced athletes more frequently reported head, upper extremity, and elbow injuries. None of the following variables were predictive of injury risk: gi preference, instruction on break-falling, and participation in a structured beginner's program. CONCLUSIONS: The risk factor analysis is applicable to BJJ instructors interested in reducing student injury risk. The widespread pattern of injuries and the distinction between types of injuries sustained at different levels of experience are notable findings that sports medicine practitioners should keep in mind when working with BJJ athletes.

Injury in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Training.

BACKGROUND: Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a grappling-based martial art that can lead to injuries both in training and in competition. There is a paucity of data regarding injuries sustained while training in BJJ, in both competitive and noncompetitive jiu-jitsu athletes. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that most BJJ practitioners sustain injuries to various body locations while in training and in competition. Our primary objective was to describe injuries sustained while training for BJJ, both in practice and in competition. Our secondary objectives were to classify injury type and to explore participant and injury characteristics associated with wanting to quit jiu-jitsu after injury. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: We conducted a survey of all BJJ participants at a single club in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. We developed a questionnaire including questions on demographics, injuries in competition and/or training, treatment received, and whether the participant considered discontinuing BJJ after injury. RESULTS: A total of 70 BJJ athletes participated in this study (response rate, 85%). Ninety-one percent of participants were injured in training and 60% of competitive athletes were injured in competitions. Significantly more injuries were sustained overall for each body region in training in comparison with competition (P < 0.001). Two-thirds of injured participants required medical attention, with 15% requiring surgery. Participants requiring surgical treatment were 6.5 times more likely to consider quitting compared with those requiring other treatments, including no treatment (odds ratio [OR], 6.50; 95% CI, 1.53-27.60). Participants required to take more than 4 months off training were 5.5 times more likely to consider quitting compared with those who took less time off (OR, 5.48; 95% CI, 2.25-13.38). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of injury is very high among BJJ practitioners, with 9 of 10 practitioners sustaining at least 1 injury, commonly during training. Injuries were primarily sprains and strains to fingers, the upper extremity, and neck. Potential participants in BJJ should be informed regarding significant risk of injury and instructed regarding appropriate precautions and safety protocols. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware of the substantial risk of injury among BJJ practitioners and the epidemiology of the injuries as outlined in this article.

Head Trauma Exposure in Mixed Martial Arts Varies According to Sex and Weight Class.

BACKGROUND: Brain injury arising from head trauma is a major concern in mixed martial arts (MMA) because knockout (KO) and technical knockout (TKO) are frequent fight outcomes. Previous studies have shown a high incidence of matches ending due to strikes to the head but did not consider weight categories and female fights. This study aimed at analyzing match stoppages in MMA and the exposure to head trauma distinguished by sex and weight categories. HYPOTHESIS: The heavier the weight class, the greater the risk and incidence of head trauma will be, regardless of sex. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Publicly available data of 167 MMA events from 1903 fights between 2014 and 2017 were assessed, comprising 8 male and 2 female weight categories. RESULTS: The combined KO/TKO rates per 100 athlete-exposures in the middleweight (19.53), light heavyweight (20.8), and heavyweight (26.09) divisions were greater than previously reported for MMA. While stoppage via KO/TKO occurred in 7.9% of combats in the female strawweight division, it occurred in 52.1% of the male heavyweight fights. The male middleweight ( P = 0.001), light heavyweight ( P < 0.001), and heavyweight divisions ( P < 0.001) had an increased risk of KO/TKO due to strikes to the head by 80%, 100%, and 206%, respectively. The risk in the flyweight division decreased 62% ( P = 0.001). All categories were compared with the lightweight division. The female bantamweight category presented a 221% increased risk in matches ending due to KO/TKO compared with the strawweight division ( P = 0.012). Punches to the head were the major technique used to end a combat via KO/TKO, regardless of sex and weight class. CONCLUSION: Head injury risk and incidence varies considerably according to sex and weight category in MMA. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The analysis of head trauma exposure in MMA athletes should be distinguished according to sex and weight category.

Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Judo, and Mixed Martial Arts Injuries Presenting to United States Emergency Departments, 2008-2015.

Limited research has systematically examined injuries resulting from Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ), Judo, and mixed martial arts (MMA), especially when compared to more well-known or -established martial arts. These three combative sports differ substantially regarding their rules and techniques. BJJ emphasizes ground positioning and submission, Judo rewards throwing an opponent on their back with submission ending the match, and MMA emphasizes knocking out or forcing the submission of one's opponent. We examined injuries, among people of any age, experienced from participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA. We analyzed data from the United States (U.S.) Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System to create estimates of injuries presenting to U.S. emergency departments (EDs). We compared injury profiles between sports, including estimated numbers of injuries, their site, type, and mechanism. Participation in BJJ, Judo, and MMA resulted in an estimated 39,181 injuries presenting to U.S. EDs from 2008 through 2015. Strains and sprains were the most common diagnoses for BJJ and Judo participants, whereas abrasions/contusions were the most commonly diagnosed MMA injury. Being struck resulted in the majority of injuries for all three sports. The head was the most injured body region for BJJ and MMA, whereas the leg was the most injured body region for Judo. Finally, the majority of BJJ and Judo injuries occurred during noncompetitive grappling, whereas most MMA injuries occurred during competition. Our study adds to the limited literature examining injuries from BJJ, Judo, and MMA using data from a probability sample and is an initial step towards understanding the national burden of injury from participation in these sports. Given the quantity and severity of injuries sustained by participants, additional research is needed to assess the riskiness of participation and the effectiveness of interventions, such as improved personal protective gear and mats, as a means to prevent commonly occurring injuries.

Injury prevalence in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes: comparison between different competitive levels / Prevalência de lesões em atletas de Brazilian jiu-jitsu: comparação entre diferentes níveis competitivos

Abstract This study aimed to identify types and sites of body injury, location of injury occurrence, and the mechanism and severity of injuries in novice and advanced Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes. One hundred and eight BJJ athletes took part in this study separated in two groups: advanced (n = 53) and novice (n = 55). Athletes answered a questionnaire concerning regions of injury, locality of occurrence, injury severity and mechanism. Chi square test and a logistic regression analysis were used with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. The main results showed that shoulders and knees were the most injury location reported by novice and advanced athletes. Novice athletes demonstrated higher prevalence of injuries during training sessions (54.5%), whereas advanced athletes reported more injuries during competitions (66.1%). Significant associations between novice and advanced athletes were observed for major joints (p < 0.05). The odds ratio of having injury was 70-87% less for novice versus advanced athletes for the major joints cited. We concluded that BJJ athletes demonstrate high prevalence of injury mainly at knee and shoulder. While risk of injury appeared less in novice, the advanced demonstrated higher number of injuries during competitions as a consequence of injured joint keys. By contrast, novice athletes reported higher number of injuries associated with training sessions as a consequence of overuse.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as regiões do corpo afetadas por lesões, o local de maior ocorrência de lesão, o mecanismo e a gravidade das lesões em atletas iniciantes e avançados de Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ). Cento e oito atletas participaram deste estudo, separados em dois grupos: avançados (n = 53) e iniciantes (n = 55). Os atletas responderam um questionário sobre as regiões acometidas por lesões, local de ocorrência, grau de gravidade e mecanismos. O teste do Qui-Quadrado e análise de regressão logística foram utilizados com o nível de significância de p < 0,05. Os principais resultados mostraram que o ombro e o joelho foram os locais de lesão mais citados pelos atletas iniciantes e avançados; os atletas iniciantes apresentaram maior prevalência de lesões durante a sessão de treino (54,5%), enquanto os atletas avançados apresentaram mais lesões durante as competições (66,1%). Foram observadas associações significativas entre atletas iniciantes e avançados para as principais articulações (p < 0,05). A chance de ter lesão foi de 70-87% menor para iniciantes do que avançados nas principais articulações citadas. Concluímos que os atletas do BJJ apresentaram alta prevalência de lesões principalmente no joelho e no ombro. A razão de chance de ter lesão foi menor para atletas iniciantes do que avançados. Atletas avançados apresentaram maior número de lesões durante as competições e o mecanismo principal foram chaves articulares. Os atletas iniciantes apresentaram maior número de lesões durante as sessões de treino e o mecanismo principal foi o uso excessivo.

High precompetition injury rate dominates the injury profile at the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games: a prospective cohort study of 51 198 athlete days.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the incidence of injury in the precompetition and competition periods of the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games. METHODS: A total of 3657 athletes from 78 countries, representing 83.4% of all athletes at the Games, were monitored on the web-based injury and illness surveillance system over 51 198 athlete days during the Rio 2016 Summer Paralympic Games. Injury data were obtained daily from teams with their own medical support. RESULTS: A total of 510 injuries were reported during the 14-day Games period, with an injury incidence rate (IR) of 10.0 injuries per 1000 athlete days (12.1% of all athletes surveyed). The highest IRs were reported for football 5-a-side (22.5), judo (15.5) and football 7-a-side (15.3) compared with other sports (p<0.05). Precompetition injuries were significantly higher than in the competition period (risk ratio: 1.40, p<0.05), and acute traumatic injuries were the most common injuries at the Games (IR of 5.5). The shoulder was the most common anatomical area affected by injury (IR of 1.8). CONCLUSION: The data from this study indicate that (1) IRs were lower than those reported for the London 2012 Summer Paralympic Games, (2) the sports of football 5-a-side, judo and football 7-a-side were independent risk factors for injury, (3) precompetition injuries had a higher IR than competition period injuries, (4) injuries to the shoulder were the most common. These results would allow for comparative data to be collected at future editions of the Games and can be used to inform injury prevention programmes.

Conmoción cerebral en el karate deportivo: disminución en la frecuencia en los campeonatos mundiales de karate / Cerebral concussion in sport karate: decrease in the frequency in world karate championships

Objetivo: presentar la reducción progresiva en la frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales en los Campeonatos Mundiales de Karate, a partir de los cambios en el reglamento de la Federación Mundial de Karate (FMK). Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de las conmociones cerebrales ocurridas en los campeonatos del mundo de Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokio (2008), Belgrado (2010) y París (2012). Resultados: La frecuencia de conmociones cerebrales, definidas según la Conferencia Internacional de Conmoción en el Deporte (Viena 2001, Praga 2004, Zurich 2008 y 2012) ha disminuido progresivamente en los Campeonatos del Mundo de Karate: una conmoción cada 230 combates en Madrid, una cada 196 en Monterrey, una cada 99 en Tampere, una cada 612 en Tokio, una cada 512 en Belgrado, y una cada 1.140 en París. Discusión y Conclusión: El uso de protecciones, la aplicación rigurosa del reglamento del karate deportivo y la educación continua en la prevención de lesiones de los competidores, técnicos y árbitros, ha disminuido la frecuencia de conmocionescerebrales en los Campeonatos del Mundo, haciendo del karate deportivo una disciplina más segura, cumpliendo con los principios del Olimpismo.

Objective: to present the progressive reduction of the frequency of cerebral concussion in the World Karate Championships, due to the changes in the Rules and Regulations of the World Karate Federation (WKF). Material and Method: Prospective study of the brain concussions occurred in the World Championships of Madrid (2002), Monterrey (2004), Tampere (2006), Tokyo (2008), Belgrade (2010) and Paris (2012). Results: The frequency of brain concussion, defined by the International Conference of Sports Concussion (Vienne 2001, Prague 2004, Zurich 2008 and 2012) has progressively diminished in the World Karate Championships: one concussion each 230 bouts in Madrid, one each 196 in Monterrey, one each 99 in Tampere, one each 612 in Tokyo, one each 512 in Belgrade, and one each 1,140 in Paris. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of protections, the rigorous enforcement of the Rules and Regulations of the Sports Karate and the continuous education inthe prevention of injury of athletes, technicians and referees, has diminished the frequency of brain concussion in the World Championships, making Karate a much safer sport, achieving Olympic principles.

Functional Movement Screening Performance of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Athletes From Brazil: Differences Considering Practice Time and Combat Style.

Boscolo Del Vecchio, F, Foster, D, and Arruda, A. Functional movement screening performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes from Brazil: differences considering practice time and combat style. J Strength Cond Res 30(8): 2341-2347, 2016-Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) is a grappling combat sport that athletes, lying (guard fighter) or kneeling (pass fighter) on the mat, attempt to force their opponents to submit. Brazilian jiu-jitsu practices may result in muscular imbalances, which increase the risk of injury. Instead, the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is an evaluation routine that could be related to injury incidence and seeks to detect muscular imbalance and movement dysfunction. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the injury profile and the FMS score and their relationship, with consideration for the BJJ fight style. Sports injuries were recorded in the last 12 months of 33 BJJ athletes, and the statistical analyses were applied to a routine evaluation FMS and a score of 14 points or less was considered low performance in FMS. We used a logistic regression; the effect size (ES) was calculated, and 5% was assumed as the statistical significance level. Pass fighters showed a higher percentage of injuries on the thorax (24.24%) than did guard fighters (6.67%, p = 0.01). Upper limbs were the most injured part of the body (χ = 36.7; p < 0.001), and they were 79% of the injuries that occurred in training sessions (χ = 14.53; p < 0.001). Despite the lack of statistical differences in the FMS performance between guard and pass fighters (t = 1.97; p = 0.05), its magnitude was considered medium (ES = 0.77). There was an association between FMS and presence of injury (χ = 4.95; p = 0.03). Considering the FMS score as a predictor and the presence or absence of injury as the dependent variable, the data met a Wald coefficient of 4.55, p = 0.03 and Exp (B) = 5.71. The study found that almost half of the sample had injuries in the upper limbs and a quarter had injuries in the lower limbs in the last year. A poor FMS score was observed, and lower scores in the FMS were associated with a higher risk of injury in BJJ athletes.

Isolated lateral collateral ligament complex injury in rock climbing and Brazilian Jiu-jitsu.

We report two occurrences of high-grade tears of the lateral collateral ligament complex (LCLC), consisting of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) and fibular collateral ligament (FCL). One injury occurred in a rock climber and the other in a martial artist. Increasing awareness of isolated injuries of the LCLC will allow for appropriate diagnosis and management. We review and discuss the anatomy of the LCLC, the unique mechanism of isolated injury, as well as physical and imaging examination findings.

Twin athlete brothers with open physes operated for ACL reconstruction on the same day, but with different elapsed times after injury: a 5-year follow-up.

We present the case of twin brothers with open physes who practiced judo to a high level and were operated on the same day for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. One of them was injured a year before surgery, and the other was injured a month before the procedure. The brother who chose to undergo a conservative treatment sustained meniscus injury afterwards and showed lower objective results when evaluated 5 years after surgery.

Incidence of injury among male Brazilian jiujitsu fighters at the World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009.

CONTEXT: Brazilian jiujitsu is a modern combat martial art that uses joint locks to submit an opponent and achieve victory. This form of martial art is a relatively young but rapidly growing combat sport worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the cumulative injury incidence and risk of injury by belt rank and body region at an international-level Brazilian jiujitsu tournament. DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING: World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009 in Long Beach, California. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: We monitored 951 athletes (age range, 18-50 years) enrolled to compete in the World Jiu-Jitsu No-Gi Championship 2009. INTERVENTION(S): Fighters were categorized by belt level for group comparisons (belt experience). Incidence rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) and incidence rate ratios were compared by belt rank. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Incidence rates and incidence rate ratios. RESULTS: During the tournament, 1606 AEs and 62 total injuries were reported. Of these injuries, 40 affected the joints, for an overall incidence rate of 24.9 per 1000 AEs. The joint incidence rate by belt rank was 21.5 per 1000 AEs for blue, 21.3 per 1000 AEs for purple, 25.2 per 1000 AEs for brown, and 35.1 per 1000 AEs for black. We found no differences for incidence rate ratios of joint injury among individual belt groups (P > .05). More experienced (brown belt and black belt) competitors had a higher injury risk than the less experienced (blue belt and purple belt) competitors; however, the difference was not significant (incidence rate ratio = 1.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.9, 2.9; P = .06). The incidence of joint injury was highest at the knee (7.5 per 1000 AEs) and elbow (7.5 per 1000 AEs). CONCLUSIONS: The data from this international Brazilian jiujitsu tournament indicated that the risk of joint injury was similar among belt ranks or experience during this Brazilian jiujitsu competition. The knee and elbow were the joints most susceptible to injury. Future investigation of injury mechanism is warranted to develop strategies to reduce potential risk factors attributed to injury.

Ocorrência de injúrias orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta / Orofacial injuries in combat sports practitioners

Objetivo: Analisar a ocorrência de lesões orofaciais em praticantes de esportes de luta. Método: Realizou-se um estudo transversal, descritivo-analítico, com abordagem indutiva e técnica de pesquisa a observação direta extensiva. A amostra do tipo não probabilística foi composta por 85 praticantes de esportes de luta matriculados em academias de Campina Grande-PB. Os dados foram coletados mediante a aplicação de um questionário composto por perguntas abertas e fechadas, dicotômicas e de múltipla escolha. As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, idade, número e tipo de esporte praticado, importância e uso do protetor bucal, tipo de protetor bucal (pré-fabricado, termoplástico ou confeccionado pelo cirurgião-dentista), ocorrência de lesão associada à prática esportiva, região acometida e injúria na cavidade bucal. Os dados foram apresentados por meio da estatística descritiva. Para a análise bivariada utilizou-se os testes Exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado (p menor que 0,05%). Resultados: A maioria dos atletas eram homens (76,5%), sendo a média de idade de 27,4 anos (±8,7). Quanto ao número de esportes, observou-se que a maioria fazia um único esporte de luta (90,6%). No que concerne ao tipo de esporte, verificou-se um predomínio do boxe (46,2%), seguido do Jiu-Jitsu (25,8%). A quase totalidade dos indivíduos (95,3%) afirmou conhecer a importância dos protetores bucais, porém apenas 41,7% relataram utilizá-lo, durante a prática esportiva existindo diferença estatisticamente significante entre o uso e o sexo do atleta (P=0,023). O tipo de protetor bucal mais utilizado foi o termoplástico (51,4%). Com relação à ocorrência de lesões nas distintas regiões do corpo, 43,5% afirmaram ter sofrido injúrias, existindo associação entre o sexo e a presença de lesão (P=0,002). Lesões na cavidade bucal foram reportadas por 16,5% dos praticantes, sendo todos do sexo masculino, existindo, portanto, associação estatisticamente significante entre o sexo e a presença de lesões na cavidade bucal (P=0,016). Conclusão: Há um predomínio do sexo masculino entre os atletas de esportes de luta, porém nem todos fazem uso dos protetores bucais durante a prática esportiva, apesar da alta ocorrência de injúrias nas regiões da cabeça e face. As lesões na cavidade bucal apresentaram uma baixa frequência nesses desportistas.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of orofacial injuries among combat sports practitioners. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in a sample of 85 combat sports practitioners from fitness gyms in the city of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The data were collected using a questionnaire applied to the participants and referred to gender, age, type and number of the practiced sports, importance and use of mouthguard, type of mouthguard, occurrence of injuries related to sports practice, affected region, and oral injury. The data were processed by Epi Info 3.5.1 software and presented by descriptive statistics. Fisher's exact and chi-square tests were employed for bivariate analysis (p less than 0.05). Results: Most athletes were men (76.5%) and the mean age was 27.4 ± 8.7 years. The prevailing sports practices were boxing (46.2%) and jiu-jitsu (25.8%). Only 41.7% of the interviewers used a mouthguard during sports practice and there was a statistically significant difference for its use between the genders (p=0.023). Thermoplastic mouthguard was the most frequently used type (51.4%). Occurrence of diverse injuries in different regions of the body was reported by 43.5% of the subjects, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of injury (p=0.002). Oral injuries were reported by 16.5% of the practitioners, all of them male, with a statistically significant association between gender and presence of oral injuries (p=0.016). Conclusion: Mouthguard is not properly used by combat sports practitioners, in spite of the high rate of injuries in the head and face region. There was a low frequency of oral injuries among these athletes.

Traumatismo encefalocraneano en el deporte: evaluación y manejo a partir del karate deportivo juvenil / Head injury in sports: evaluation and management of sport karate from young people

Este trabajo revisa la definición de conmoción cerebral asociada al deporte y sus posibles complicaciones. Se muestra el perfil de lesiones del XX Campeonato Panamericano Juvenil de karate, especialmente la frecuencia de traumatismo encéfalo craneano (TEC). Finalmente propone un protocolo de evaluación precompetitiva, examen neurológico en el área de competición y normas para el reintegro a la actividad deportiva post TEC.

This work reviews the definition of sport concussion and it’s complications. The injury profile of the XX Panamerican Karate Junior Championship, especially frequency of head trauma is shown. Finally proposes a protocol of precompetitive evaluation, a neurological exam in the competition area and rules of eincorporation to sport activity after concussion.