ABSTRACT
Inflammation is a protective stress response triggered by external stimuli, with 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) playing a pivotal role as a potent mediator of the leukotriene (Lts) inflammatory pathway. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) functions as a natural orthosteric inhibitor of 5LOX, while 3-acetyl-11-keto-ß-boswellic acid (AKBA) acts as a natural allosteric inhibitor targeting 5LOX. However, the precise mechanisms of inhibition have remained unclear. In this study, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulation was employed to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of NDGA and AKBA on 5LOX. It was found that the orthosteric inhibitor NDGA was tightly bound in the protein's active pocket, occupying the active site and inhibiting the catalytic activity of the 5LOX enzyme through competitive inhibition. The binding of the allosteric inhibitor AKBA induced significant changes at the distal active site, leading to a conformational shift of residues 168-173 from a loop to an α-helix and significant negative correlated motions between residues 285-290 and 375-400, reducing the distance between these segments. In the simulation, the volume of the active cavity in the stable conformation of the protein was reduced, hindering the substrate's entry into the active cavity and, thereby, inhibiting protein activity through allosteric effects. Ultimately, Markov state models (MSM) were used to identify and classify the metastable states of proteins, revealing the transition times between different conformational states. In summary, this study provides theoretical insights into the inhibition mechanisms of 5LOX by AKBA and NDGA, offering new perspectives for the development of novel inhibitors specifically targeting 5LOX, with potential implications for anti-inflammatory drug development.
Subject(s)
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors , Markov Chains , Molecular Dynamics Simulation , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/chemistry , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Humans , Catalytic Domain , Protein Binding , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Masoprocol/chemistry , Protein ConformationABSTRACT
Polyplexes are required to be equipped with multiple functionalities to accomplish adequate structure stability and gene transfection efficacy for gene therapy. Herein, a 4-carboxy-3-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA)-functionalized block copolymer of PEG-b-PAsp(DET/FBA) and PAsp(DET/FBA) (abbreviated as PB and HB) was synthesized and applied for engineering functional polyplex micelles (PMs) through ionic complexation with pDNA followed by strategic cross-linking with nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in respect to the potential linkage of polyphenol and FPBA moieties. In relation to polyplex micelles void of cross-linking, the engineered multifunctional polyplex micelles (PBHBN-PMs) were determined to possess improved structural tolerability against the exchange reaction with charged species. Besides, the FPBA/NDGA cross-linking appeared to be selectively cleaved in the acidic endosomal compartments but not the neutral milieu. Furthermore, the PBHB-PMs with the optimal FPBA/NDGA cross-linking degree were identified to possess appreciable cellular uptake and endosomal escape activities, eliciting a significantly high level of gene expression relative to P-PMs and PB-PMs. Eventually, in vivo antitumor therapy by our proposed multifunctional PMs appeared to be capable of facilitating expression of the antiangiogenic genomic payloads (sFlt-1 pDNA) via systemic administration. The enriched antiangiogenic sFlt-1 in the tumors could silence the activities of angiogenic cytokines for the inhibited neo-vasculature and the suppressed growth of orthotopic 4T1 tumors. Of note, the persistent expression of the antiangiogenic sFlt-1 is also presumed to migrate into the blood circulation, thereby accounting for an overall antiangiogenic environment in preventing the potential pulmonary metastasis. Hence, our elaborated multifaceted PMs inspired fascinating potential as an intriguing gene delivery system for the treatment of clinical solid tumors and metastasis.
Subject(s)
Boronic Acids , Genetic Therapy , Masoprocol , Micelles , Animals , Boronic Acids/chemistry , Mice , Humans , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Female , Cell Line, Tumor , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/chemistry , Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease arises from protein misfolding, aggregation, and fibrillation and is characterized by LB (Lewy body) deposits, which contain the protein α-synuclein (α-syn) as their major component. Another synuclein, γ-synuclein (γ-syn), coexists with α-syn in Lewy bodies and is also implicated in various types of cancers, especially breast cancer. It is known to seed α-syn fibrillation after its oxidation at methionine residue, thereby contributing in synucleinopathy. Despite its involvement in synucleinopathy, the search for small molecule inhibitors and modulators of γ-syn fibrillation remains largely unexplored. This work reveals the modulatory properties of cyclic-nordihydroguaiaretic acid (cNDGA), a natural polyphenol, on the structural and aggregational properties of human γ-syn employing various biophysical and structural tools, namely, thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, Rayleigh light scattering, 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid binding, far-UV circular dichroism (CD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, ITC, molecular docking, and MTT-toxicity assay. cNDGA was observed to modulate the fibrillation of γ-syn to form off-pathway amorphous species that are nontoxic in nature at as low as 75 µM concentration. The modulation is dependent on oxidizing conditions, with cNDGA weakly interacting (Kd â¼10-5 M) with the residues at the N-terminal of γ-syn protein as investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking, respectively. Increasing cNDGA concentration results in an increased recovery of monomeric γ-syn as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate and native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The retention of native structural properties of γ-syn in the presence of cNDGA was further confirmed by far-UV CD and FTIR. In addition, cNDGA is most effective in suppression of fibrillation when added at the beginning of the fibrillation kinetics and is also capable of disintegrating the preformed mature fibrils. These findings could, therefore, pave the ways for further exploring cNDGA as a potential therapeutic against γ-synucleinopathies.
Subject(s)
Amyloid , Masoprocol , Protein Aggregates , gamma-Synuclein , Masoprocol/analogs & derivatives , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Humans , gamma-Synuclein/chemistry , Amyloid/antagonists & inhibitors , Amyloid/chemistry , Protein Aggregates/drug effects , Oxidation-Reduction , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Molecular Docking Simulation , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic InteractionsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: Collagen fibrils from carious dentin matrix are prone to enzymatic degradation. This study investigates the feasibility and mechanism of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), as a collagen crosslinker, to bio-modify the demineralized dentin matrix. METHODS: The physicochemical properties of the crosslinked dentin matrix were characterized by swelling ratio, ninhydrin assay, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The collagenase degradation resistance was evaluated by measuring loss of dry mass, hydroproline release, loss of elasticity, and micro-nano structure integrity. The cytotoxicity of NDGA-crosslinked dentin collagen was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: NDGA crosslinked dentin matrix without destroying the integrity of collagen. Mechanistically, NDGA formed bisquinone bond between two adjacent o-quinone groups, resulting in NDGA polymeric matrix in which collagen fibrils were embedded. NDGA modification could significantly enhance the stiffness of dentin matrix at macro-nano scale. The NDGA-crosslinked dentin matrix exhibited remarkably low collagen degradation and sustained bulk elasticity after collagenase challenge, which were attributed to decreased water content, physical masking of collagenase bind sites on collagen, and improved stiffness of collagen fibrils. Notably, NDGA-crosslinked dentin matrix exhibited excellent biocompatibility. CONCLUSION: NDGA, as a biocompatible collagen crosslinker, improves the mechanical properties and biodegradation resistance of demineralized dentin matrix.
Subject(s)
Collagen , Collagenases , Masoprocol/analysis , Masoprocol/chemistry , Collagenases/analysis , Collagenases/metabolism , Dentin/chemistryABSTRACT
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a continuum of pulmonary changes caused by various lung insults. Previously, we synthesized a series of nordihydroguaiaretic acid analogs; of these, compound 3a exhibited excellent antioxidant capacity in a murine model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. However, it remains unclear whether compound 3a can modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. ALI was induced via tracheal LPS administration, and the pathological changes were assessed. The level of inflammation was verified by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses. Apoptosis was measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assays and Western blotting. Changes in the levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway proteins were assessed by immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with compound 3a prior to LPS challenge, and the intracellular level of inflammation was assessed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Relevant proteins were detected via immunofluorescence assays and Western blotting. Mice developed extensive lung inflammation by 24 h after LPS challenge. Histological examination revealed signs typical of ALI. Preadministration of compound 3a markedly ameliorated the histopathological changes and reduced fluid exudation into the alveolar space. Compound 3a also greatly reduced the levels of inflammation and apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, compound 3a markedly reduced phosphorylation of MAPK/NF-κB pathway-related proteins and p65 translocation, consistent with the in vitro observations. In summary, administration of compound 3a prior to LPS suppressed ALI via inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
Subject(s)
Acute Lung Injury/prevention & control , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Protective Agents/pharmacology , Animals , Apoptosis/drug effects , Inflammation/metabolism , Lipopolysaccharides , Male , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/therapeutic use , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Protective Agents/chemistry , Protective Agents/therapeutic use , RAW 264.7 Cells/drug effectsABSTRACT
In this study, the antioxidant and antiradical properties of some phyto lignans (nordihydroguaiaretic acid, secoisolariciresinol, secoisolariciresinol diglycoside, and α-(-)-conidendrin) and mammalian lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) were examined by different antioxidant assays. For this purpose, radical scavenging activities of phyto and mammalian lignans were realized by 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical (ABTSâ¢+) scavenging assay and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging assay. Additionally, the reducing ability of phyto and mammalian lignans were evaluated by cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing (CUPRAC) ability, and ferric ions (Fe3+) and [Fe3+-(TPTZ)2]3+ complex reducing (FRAP) abilities. Also, half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined and reported for DPPH⢠and ABTSâ¢+ scavenging influences of all of the lignan molecules. The absorbances of the lignans were found in the range of 0.150-2.320 for Fe3+ reducing, in the range of 0.040-2.090 for Cu2+ reducing, and in the range of 0.360-1.810 for the FRAP assay. On the other hand, the IC50 values of phyto and mammalian lignans were determined in the ranges of 6.601-932.167 µg/mL for DPPH⢠scavenging and 13.007-27.829 µg/mL for ABTSâ¢+ scavenging. In all of the used bioanalytical methods, phyto lignans, as secondary metabolites in plants, demonstrated considerably higher antioxidant activity compared to that of mammalian lignans. In addition, it was observed that enterodiol and enterolactone exhibited relatively weaker antioxidant activities when compared to phyto lignans or standard antioxidants, including butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), Trolox, and α-tocopherol.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/chemistry , Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry , Lignans/chemistry , Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Animals , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Benzothiazoles/chemistry , Benzothiazoles/pharmacology , Biphenyl Compounds/chemical synthesis , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology , Butylated Hydroxyanisole/chemistry , Butylated Hydroxytoluene/chemistry , Butylene Glycols/chemistry , Chromans/chemistry , Copper/chemistry , Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology , Ions/chemistry , Iron/chemistry , Lignans/pharmacology , Mammals , Masoprocol/chemistry , Phytochemicals/pharmacology , Picrates/chemical synthesis , Picrates/pharmacology , Sulfonic Acids/chemistry , Sulfonic Acids/pharmacology , Tetrahydronaphthalenes/chemistryABSTRACT
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a major lignan metabolite found in Larrea spp., which are widely used in South America to treat various diseases. In breast tissue, estradiol is metabolized to the catechol estrogens such as 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2), which have been proposed to be cancer initiators potentially involved in mammary carcinogenesis. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) catalyzes the O-methylation of catechol estrogens to their less toxic methoxy derivatives, such as 4-O-methylestradiol (4-MeOE2). The present study investigated the novel biological activities of NDGA in relation to COMT and the effects of COMT inhibition by NDGA on 4-OHE2-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Two methoxylated metabolites of NDGA, 3-O-methylNDGA (3-MNDGA) and 4-O-methyl NDGA (4-MNDGA), were identified in the reaction mixture containing human recombinant COMT, NDGA, and cofactors. Km values for the COMT-catalyzed metabolism of NDGA were 2.6 µM and 2.2 µM for 3-MNDGA and 4-MNDGA, respectively. The COMT-catalyzed methylation of 4-OHE2 was inhibited by NDGA at an IC50 of 22.4 µM in a mixed-type mode of inhibition by double reciprocal plot analysis. Molecular docking studies predicted that NDGA would adopt a stable conformation at the COMT active site, mainly owing to the hydrogen bond network. NDGA is likely both a substrate for and an inhibitor of COMT. Comet and apurinic/apyrimidinic site quantitation assays, cell death, and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells showed that NDGA decreased COMT-mediated formation of 4-MeOE2 and increased 4-OHE2-induced DNA damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, NDGA has the potential to reduce COMT activity in mammary tissues and prevent the inactivation of mutagenic estradiol metabolites, thereby increasing catechol estrogen-induced genotoxicities.
Subject(s)
Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/chemistry , Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Catechol O-Methyltransferase/metabolism , Estrogens, Catechol/metabolism , Masoprocol/metabolism , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Mutagens/toxicity , Binding Sites , Cell Death/drug effects , DNA Damage , Estrogens, Catechol/chemistry , Estrogens, Catechol/pharmacology , Humans , MCF-7 Cells , Masoprocol/chemistry , Methylation , Molecular Docking Simulation , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Substrate Specificity/drug effectsABSTRACT
Leukotrienes (LT) are lipid mediators of the inflammatory response that are linked to asthma and atherosclerosis. LT biosynthesis is initiated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) with the assistance of the substrate-binding 5-LOX-activating protein at the nuclear membrane. Here, we contrast the structural and functional consequences of the binding of two natural product inhibitors of 5-LOX. The redox-type inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is lodged in the 5-LOX active site, now fully exposed by disordering of the helix that caps it in the apo-enzyme. In contrast, the allosteric inhibitor 3-acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) from frankincense wedges between the membrane-binding and catalytic domains of 5-LOX, some 30 Å from the catalytic iron. While enzyme inhibition by NDGA is robust, AKBA promotes a shift in the regiospecificity, evident in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in primary immune cells expressing 5-LOX. Our results suggest a new approach to isoform-specific 5-LOX inhibitor development through exploitation of an allosteric site in 5-LOX.
Subject(s)
Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/chemistry , Biological Products/chemistry , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Masoprocol/chemistry , Triterpenes/chemistry , Allosteric Site , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics , Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism , Biological Products/metabolism , Catalytic Domain , Cloning, Molecular , Crystallography, X-Ray , Escherichia coli/genetics , Escherichia coli/metabolism , Gene Expression , Genetic Vectors/chemistry , Genetic Vectors/metabolism , Humans , Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/chemistry , Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acids/metabolism , Leukotriene B4/chemistry , Leukotriene B4/metabolism , Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/metabolism , Masoprocol/metabolism , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical , Protein Conformation, beta-Strand , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs , Protein Multimerization , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Substrate Specificity , Triterpenes/metabolismABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is a plant lignan obtained from creosote bush, known to possess anti-oxidant, anti-cancer and anti-viral activities and is being used in traditional medicine. However, toxicity studies indicated liver and kidney damage despite its immense medicinal properties. There has been a recent increase of curiosity in the chemical synthesis of NDGA derivatives for therapeutic applications. NDGA derivatives have been developed as better alternatives to NDGA and for targeted delivery to the site of tissue by chemical derivatives. In this regard, an analog of NDGA, Acetyl NDGA (Ac-NDGA), has been synthesized based on a previous procedure and formulated as a nanostructured complex with Polycaprolactone/Polyethylene glycol polymer matrices, by o/w solvent evaporation method. RESULTS: The drug-incorporated polymeric nanospheres exhibited a drug load of 10.0 ± 0.5 µg drug per mg of nanospheres in acetonitrile solvent with 49.95 ± 10% encapsulation efficiency and 33-41% drug loading capacity with different batches of nanospheres preparation. The in vitro drug release characteristics indicated 82 ± 0.25% drug release at 6 h in methanol. Further, the nanospheres have been characterized extensively to evaluate their suitability for therapeutic delivery. CONCLUSIONS: The present studies indicate a new and efficient formulation of the nanostructured AcNDGA with good therapeutic potential.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants , Masoprocol , Nanostructures/chemistry , Polymers/chemistry , Antioxidants/chemistry , Antioxidants/pharmacokinetics , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Cell Survival/drug effects , Hep G2 Cells , Humans , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/pharmacokinetics , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Materials Testing , Particle SizeABSTRACT
Lignans are widely produced by various plant species; they are a class of natural products that share structural similarity. They usually contain a core scaffold that is formed by two or more phenylpropanoid units. Lignans possess diverse pharmacological properties, including their antiviral activities that have been reported in recent years. This review discusses the distribution of lignans in nature according to their structural classification, and it provides a comprehensive summary of their antiviral activities. Among them, two types of antiviral lignans-podophyllotoxin and bicyclol, which are used to treat venereal warts and chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in clinical, serve as examples of using lignans for antivirals-are discussed in some detail. Prospects of lignans in antiviral drug discovery are also discussed.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Lignans/chemistry , Plants/chemistry , Podophyllotoxin/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Benzodioxoles/chemistry , Benzodioxoles/pharmacology , Biological Products/chemistry , Biological Products/pharmacology , Biological Products/therapeutic use , Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry , Biphenyl Compounds/pharmacology , Biphenyl Compounds/therapeutic use , Drug Development , Furans/chemistry , Furans/pharmacology , Lignans/pharmacology , Masoprocol/analogs & derivatives , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Masoprocol/therapeutic use , Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology , Podophyllotoxin/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is the major lignan of the creosote bush Larrea tridentata known for its antioxidative and pharmacological properties. Here we present the identification of glucansucrases for NDGA glucosylation and the physicochemical and biological characterization of the glucosides. Extracellular glucansucrase of L. pseudomesenteroides DSM 20193 was selected from 19 glucansucrase positive Leuconostoc and Weissella strains. Kinetic analysis of the PEG-fractionated enzyme revealed a KM of 6.6 mM and a kcat of 2.6 s-1 for NDGA. Full-factorial design methodology was used to optimize conversion resulting in 95.5% total NDGA glucosides. In total 7 glucosides were detected by LC-MS ranging from mono- to triglucoside. The 4-O-α-D-monoglucoside and the symmetrical 4,4'-O-α-D-diglucoside were the major products in all biotransformations. Water solubility and half-life stability at 45 °C increased significantly in the order diglucoside > monoglucoside > aglycon. Analysis of cellular antioxidative capacity exhibited a time-dependent activity increase pointing towards glucoside hydrolysis. Accordingly, NDGA-glucosides impaired metastasis of triple negative breast cancer cells to the same degree as the aglycon with 35% reduction of cell migration by the mono- and 34% reduction by the diglucoside after 20 h.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/pharmacology , Glucosides/chemical synthesis , Glucosides/pharmacology , Glycosyltransferases/metabolism , Larrea/enzymology , Masoprocol/chemistry , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Antioxidants/chemical synthesis , Cell Movement , Female , Humans , Iridoid Glucosides , Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that Creosote bush-derived nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) exerts beneficial actions on the key components of metabolic syndrome including dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and hypertension in several relevant rodent models. Here, we synthesized and screened a total of 6 anti-hyperlipidaemic analogues of NDGA and tested their efficacy against hepatic lipid metabolism in a high-fructose diet (HFrD) fed dyslipidaemic rat model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: HFrD fed Sprague-Dawley rats treated with NDGA or one of the six analogues were used. Serum samples were analysed for blood metabolites, whereas liver samples were quantified for changes in various mRNA levels by real-time RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS: Oral gavage of HFrD-fed rats for 4 days with NDGA analogues 1 and 2 (100 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) suppressed the hepatic triglyceride content, whereas the NDGA analogues 2, 3 and 4, like NDGA, decreased the plasma triglyceride levels by 70-75%. qRT-PCR measurements demonstrated that among NDGA analogues 1, 2, 4 and 5, analogue 4 was the most effective at inhibiting the mRNA levels of some key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lipogenesis. All four analogues almost equally inhibited the key genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid elongation. Unlike NDGA, none of the analogues affected the genes of hepatic fatty acid oxidation or transport. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data suggest that NDGA analogues 1, 2, 4 and 5, particularly analogue 4, exert their anti-hyperlipidaemic actions by negatively targeting genes of key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lipogenesis, triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid elongation. These analogues have therapeutic potential.
Subject(s)
Hyperlipidemias/drug therapy , Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Animals , Hypolipidemic Agents/chemistry , Male , Masoprocol/analogs & derivatives , Masoprocol/chemistry , Molecular Docking Simulation , Molecular Structure , Rats , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Exogenous supplementation of antioxidants with ROS scavenging activity would be a potential therapy to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke. In the present study, a series of NDGA analogues with attenuation oxidative stress by directly scavenging ROS and indirectly through keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway activation were designed and synthesized. All analogues were found to effectively remove ROS directly by DPPH radical scavenging assay, and compound 3a conferred potent protection from the oxidative injury in PC12 cells via promoting Nrf2 to translocate into nucleus and increasing expression of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), where strongly reduced intracellular ROS level indirectly. More importantly, 3a significantly reduced brain infarction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Overall, our findings shown compound 3a could serve as a promising compound for the treatment of stroke.
Subject(s)
Brain Ischemia/drug therapy , Drug Design , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Stroke/drug therapy , Animals , Cell Survival/drug effects , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Hydrogen Peroxide/antagonists & inhibitors , Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology , Male , Masoprocol/chemical synthesis , Masoprocol/chemistry , Molecular Structure , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , PC12 Cells , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Structure-Activity Relationship , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
Nile tilapia skin collagen sponges were fabricated by freeze-drying technology and modified with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS), genipin+PBS, genipin+ethanol, tea polyphenol (TP), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA). Physicochemical and biological properties, micromorphology and compatibility before and after modification were investigated to evaluate collagen sponge as a hemostatic biomedical material. The mechanical property of collagen sponges strengthened after cross-linking. The elongation at break of cross-linked collagen sponges decreased except for EDC/NHS, which was close to that of non-crosslinked. The collagen sponge cross-linked with EDC/NHS exhibited the highest hygroscopicity in comparison with other cross-linkers. The resistance to collagenase biodegradation of collagen sponges after cross-linking strengthened significantly except for NDGA. Collagen sponges cross-linked with EDC/NHS, TP and NDGA maintained high porosity (97-98%), similar to non-crosslinked (98.42%). Collagen sponges could shorten the blood coagulation time. From the variations of the FTIR spectrum pattern and SEM, DPPA could change the secondary structure of collagen and destroy the spongy structure of collagen sponge, which was not suitable for the cross-linking of collagen sponge. Whereas, EDC/NHS was recognized as a perfect cross-linker owing to its excellent properties and porous microstructure. All fabricated collagen sponges were recognized to be biocompatible by the hemolysis assay in vitro. Therefore, collagen sponge modified with EDC/NHS could be used as a perfect biomedical hemostatic material.
Subject(s)
Biocompatible Materials/chemistry , Cichlids/metabolism , Collagen/chemistry , Skin/metabolism , Animals , Azides/chemistry , Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry , Iridoids/chemistry , Masoprocol/chemistry , Materials Testing , Tissue EngineeringABSTRACT
Fibrillar aggregates of the protein α-synuclein (αS) are one of the hallmarks of Parkinson's disease. Here, we show that measuring the fluorescence polarization (FP) of labels at several sites on αS allows one to monitor changes in the local dynamics of the protein after binding to micelles or vesicles, and during fibril formation. Most significantly, these site-specific FP measurements provide insight into structural remodeling of αS fibrils by small molecules and have the potential for use in moderate-throughput screens to identify small molecules that could be used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Subject(s)
Catechin/analogs & derivatives , Dopamine/chemistry , Masoprocol/chemistry , Protein Aggregates/drug effects , Small Molecule Libraries/chemistry , alpha-Synuclein/chemistry , Amino Acid Sequence , Catechin/chemistry , Catechin/pharmacology , Dopamine/pharmacology , Fluorescence Polarization , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Humans , Masoprocol/metabolism , Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Small Molecule Libraries/pharmacology , Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/chemistry , Unilamellar Liposomes/chemistry , Xanthenes/chemistryABSTRACT
The food and dietary supplements we consume contain a wide variety of plant secondary metabolites and other compounds, which, like drugs, can be absorbed, metabolized, distributed, and excreted from the body. In the intestine, these compounds can interact with transport proteins such as the multidrug resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2, ABCC2) and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) that regulate the absorption of drugs and other compounds. Inhibition of these transporters by dietary components could lead to increased exposure and adverse effects of concomitantly administered drugs. Therefore, we screened a library of 124 natural compounds and their derivatives using the vesicular transport assay to evaluate their inhibitory potential on MRP2 and BCRP. Of the library compounds, 36% were identified as BCRP inhibitors, whereas the number was only 3.2% for MRP2. BCRP inhibitors are described by higher molecular weight, number of rings, aromaticity, and LogD7.4 than noninhibitors. IC50 values were measured for six dual inhibitors, among which three novel inhibitors, gossypin, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and octyl gallate, were identified. Our results confirm that flavonoids are avid inhibitors of BCRP, and flavones and flavonols appear to be important subclasses of flavonoids for this inhibition. The strong inhibition of BCRP transport by some compounds suggests that their presence at high levels in the diet could cause food-drug interactions, but this seems to be a minor cause of concern for MRP2.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/antagonists & inhibitors , Biological Products/pharmacology , Breast Neoplasms/diet therapy , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Breast Neoplasms/metabolism , Cell Line , DNA, Complementary/metabolism , Flavonoids/chemistry , Flavonoids/pharmacology , Food-Drug Interactions/physiology , Gallic Acid/analogs & derivatives , Gallic Acid/chemistry , Humans , Masoprocol/chemistry , Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 , Sf9 CellsABSTRACT
Although the cure of amyloid related neurodegenerative diseases, non-neuropathic amyloidogenic diseases and non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis are appealing energetic research attempts, beneficial medication is still to be discovered. There is a need to explore intensely stable therapeutic compounds, potent enough to restrict, disrupt or wipe out such toxic aggregates. We had performed a comprehensive biophysical, computational and cell based assay, that shows Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NA) not only significantly inhibits heat induced hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) fibrillation but also disaggregates preformed HEWL fibrils and reduces the cytoxicity of amyloid fibrils as well as disaggregated fibrillar species. The inhibitory potency of NA was determined by an IC50 of 26.3 µM. NA was also found to effectively inhibit human lysozyme (HL) fibrillation. NA interferes in the amyloid fibrillogenesis process by interacting hydrophobically with the amino acid residues found in highly prone amyloid fibril forming region of HEWL as explicated by molecular docking results. The results recommend NA as a probable neuroprotective and promising inhibitor for the therapeutic advancement prospective against amyloid related diseases.
Subject(s)
Amyloidosis/metabolism , Masoprocol/chemistry , Amyloid/chemistry , Amyloidosis/drug therapy , Benzothiazoles , Cell Line, Tumor , Hot Temperature , Humans , Hydrogen Bonding , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Immunoglobulin Light-chain Amyloidosis , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Kinetics , Light , Microscopy, Fluorescence , Molecular Docking Simulation , Muramidase/chemistry , Nephelometry and Turbidimetry , Protein Aggregates , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Scattering, Radiation , Spectrometry, Fluorescence , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Exogenous drugs that are used as antidote against chemotheray, inflammation or viral infection, gets absorbed and interacts reversibly to the major serum transport protein i.e. albumins, upon entering the circulatory system. To have a structural guideline in the rational drug designing and in the synthesis of drugs with greater efficacy, the binding mechanism of an antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory drug Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) with human and bovine serum albumins (HSA & BSA) were examined by spectroscopic and computational methods. NDGA binds to site II of HSA with binding constant (Kb) ~105 M-1 and free energy (ΔG) ~ -7.5 kcal.mol-1. It also binds at site II of BSA but with lesser binding affinity (Kb) ~105 M-1 and ΔG ~ -6.5 kcal.mol-1. The negative value of ΔG, ΔH and ΔS for both the albumins at three different temperatures confirmed that the complex formation process between albumins and NDGA is spontaneous and exothermic. Furthermore, hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are the main forces involved in complex formation of NDGA with both the albumins as evaluated from fluorescence and molecular docking results. Binding of NDGA to both the albumins alter the conformation and causes minor change in the secondary structure of proteins as indicated by the CD spectra.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry , Computer Simulation , Masoprocol/chemistry , Models, Chemical , Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry , Animals , Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics , Cattle , Humans , Masoprocol/pharmacokinetics , Protein Binding , Serum Albumin, Bovine/metabolism , Spectrophotometry, UltravioletABSTRACT
In this work we have focused on the inhibition of three different enzymes with a role in postprandial glucose management: α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase 4. The assortment of 29 monomeric phenolic compounds was first screened at a single concentration. Next, the IC50 values of tested compounds were evaluated for compounds that considerably inhibited any of the enzymes. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a phenolic compound abundant in Creosote bush Larrea tridentata, possessed inhibitory activity for all tested enzymes. This in vitro mechanism of action supports traditional use of Creosote bush in diabetes treatment.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Larrea/chemistry , Masoprocol/pharmacology , Phenols/pharmacology , Blood Glucose/drug effects , Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/metabolism , Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors , Humans , Hypoglycemic Agents/chemistry , Hypoglycemic Agents/isolation & purification , Masoprocol/chemistry , Masoprocol/isolation & purification , Phenols/chemistry , Phenols/isolation & purification , Postprandial Period , alpha-Amylases/antagonists & inhibitors , alpha-Amylases/metabolism , alpha-Glucosidases/metabolismABSTRACT
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) and rosmarinic acid (RA), phenolic compounds found in various plants and functional foods, have known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we comparatively investigated the importance of hydrophobicity and oxidisability of NDGA and RA, regarding their antioxidant and pharmacological activities. Using a panel of cell-free antioxidant protocols, including electrochemical measurements, we demonstrated that the anti-radical capacities of RA and NDGA were similar. However, the relative capacity of NDGA as an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (ex vivo assays) was significantly higher compared to RA. The inhibitory effect on NADPH oxidase was not related to simple scavengers of superoxide anions, as confirmed by oxygen consumption by the activated neutrophils. The higher hydrophobicity of NDGA was also a determinant for the higher efficacy of NDGA regarding the inhibition of the release of hypochlorous acid by PMA-activated neutrophil and cytokine (TNF-α and IL-10) production by Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In conclusion, although there have been extensive studies about the pharmacological properties of NDGA, our study showed, for the first time, the importance not only of its antioxidant activity, but also its hydrophobicity as a crucial factor for pharmacological action.