Systematization, description, and territory of arteries that promote vascularization of the midbrain and rhombencephalon in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).

Brain specimens from 30 ostriches were injected with red-dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries (Aa.). The ventral tectal mesencephalic artery (a.), invariably a medium-sized single vessel, was, on the right side, a collateral branch of the caudal branch of the carotid artery (53.4%), a direct branch of the carotid artery (43.3%) and a direct branch of the basilar artery (3.3%) and on the left side, a collateral branch of the caudal branch of the carotid artery (66.7%), a direct branch of the carotid artery (30%), and a direct branch of the basilar artery (3.3%). It vascularized only the ventral half of the optic lobe, with no involvement in cerebellar vascularization on the right (93.3%) and left (80%) sides, extending to the ventrorostral-most cerebellar lobules, which were vascularized on the right (6.7%) and left (20%) sides. The caudal ventral cerebellar arteries were a single vessel on the right (96.7%) and left (93.3%) sides. Its first branch was a common trunk: dorsal spinal-caudal cerebellar on the right (60%) and left (56.6%) sides. Its second branch was the caudal cerebellar artery on the right (76.7%) and left (86.7%) sides. Its third branch was the second component of the caudal cerebellar artery on the right (6.7%) and left (3.3%) sides. The midbrain was vascularized by dorsal and ventral tectal mesencephalic arteries. The cerebellum was vascularized by branches of the caudal ventral cerebellar artery and by the dorsal cerebellar artery.

[Wernekink's commissural syndrome due to a stroke of the midbrain-pons union]. / Sindrome comisural de Wernekink secundario a un ictus de la union mesencefalo-protuberancial.

TITLE: Sindrome comisural de Wernekink secundario a un ictus de la union mesencefalo-protuberancial.

Midbrain infarcts and hemorrhages.

The vascular supply of this small brainstem structure is complex. Although midbrain infarcts and particularly hemorrhages are uncommon, their clinical manifestations are diverse mainly because the vertical gaze centers and two of three nuclei of the extraocular muscles lie primarily in the midbrain. Consequently, eye movement disturbances are often the hallmark clinical findings in midbrain stroke. The main clinical patterns, etiology and outcome of infarcts limited to the midbrain are summarized according to defined vascular territories along with the clinical findings of midbrain hemorrhage.

Arm chorea secondary to an unruptured giant aneurysm.

We describe the case of a 20-year-old male who developed right-arm choreic movements secondary to a giant unruptured aneurysm impinging upon the left thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, cerebral peduncle, midbrain, and subthalamic nucleus. The aneurysm was treated successfully with coils and a supraclinoid balloon. Abnormal movements initially failed to ameliorate, but within a few months, it was possible to discontinue symptomatic haloperidol therapy, with only mild residual abnormal movements.

Peduncular hallucinosis as a transient ischemic attack.

Peduncular hallucinosis is characterized by vivid hallucinations associated with organic midbrain disease. In the case reported here, the computed tomography brain scan showed basilar arterial atherosclerotic disease with central and cortical atrophy. Carotid imaging revealed bilateral stenosis. The electroencephalogram and magnetic resonance imaging of the midbrain revealed no abnormalities. The patient's symptoms resolved completely in 48 hours. This is believed to be the first report of peduncular hallucinosis as the manifestation of a transient ischemic attack syndrome.

Weber's syndrome with recovery: CT demonstration of an end-zone infarction in the territory of the mesencephalic artery.

Weber's syndrome is one of the classically described brainstem syndromes. The mesencephalic artery and the syndromes resulting from occlusion of its branches have been attracting increasing interest in the past few years. We present here a case of Weber's syndrome emphasizing that (1) it is one of the major syndromes deriving from infarction in the territory of the mesencephalic artery; (2) that at least two clinical patterns of Weber's syndrome may be distinguished on the basis of the presence or lack of abnormal somnolence, mental confusion, and abulia; and (3) that each one of these patterns seems to be correlated with damage to distinct zones within the general territory of the mesencephalic artery.

Weber's syndrome with recovery: CT demonstration of an end-zone infarction in the territory of the mesencephalic artery

A síndrome de Weber representa uma das síndromes clássicas do tronco cerebral. A artéria mesencefálica e as síndromes que resultam da oclusäo dos seus ramos têm despertado interesse crescente nos últimos anos. Apresentamos um caso de síndrome de Weber, enfatizando que (1) é uma das principais síndromes decorrentes de infarto do território da artéria mesencefálica; (2) dois padröes clínicos, pelo menos, podem ser distinguidos da síndrome de Weber, com base na presença ou näo de sonolência anormal, confusäo mental e abulia; e (3) cada um desses padröes parece se correlacionar com lesäo de zonas diferentes contidas no território geral da artéria mesencefálica

[Combined lateral gaze palsy with unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in high mesencephalic-pontine hemorrhage. Report of a case]. / Paralisia do olhar conjugado lateral associada a oftalmoplegia internuclear unilateral em hemorragia mesencéfalo-pontina alta. Relato de um caso.

The authors report a case of right midbrain and high pons haemorrhage with complete external ophthalmoplegia, except bilateral convergence, voluntary and automatic-reflex abduction of the left eye and adduction of this eye with vestibulo-ocular reflex ("one-and-a-half syndrome"). There is voluntary-automatic dissociation of the eyelids motricity and the vertical gaze. Still, there is sensitive-motor hemiplegia at left and asterixis.

Paralisia do olhar conjugado lateral associada a oftalmoplegia internuclear unilateral em hemorragia mesencéfalo-pontina alta: relato de um caso / Combined lateral gaze palsy with unilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in high mesencephalo-pontine hemorrhage: report of a case

Relata-se um caso de hemorragia mesencéfalo-pontina alta direita, com oftalmoplegia extrínseca, permanecendo apenas a convergência bilateral, a abduçäo voluntária e automático-reflexa do olho esquerdo, e a aduçäo deste olho na pesquisa dos reflexos vestíbulo-oculares ("one-and-a-half syndrome") Ainda, havia dissociaçäo voluntária-automático da motricidade das pálpebras e dos movimentos conjugados verticais e, também, hemiplegia sensitivo-motora à esquerda e asterixis