Factors Related to Extralaryngeal Spread in Juvenile Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To identify factors associated to increased risk of extra-laryngeal spread in pediatric patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted evaluating the clinical charts of patients younger than 16 years with histopathologically confirmed RRP treated between January 2014 and December 2018. Characteristics of patients with and without extra-laryngeal disease dissemination were compared. Odds ratios were calculated and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: Data from 82 patients were analyzed. Mean age at symptom onset was 42 months. Fifteen (18.29%) patients had extra-laryngeal spread (ELS) at time of diagnosis and in four, the disease continued to spread to other sites. Of 67 patients with disease restricted to the larynx, 17 (25.37%) developed ELS during the disease course. Human papilloma virus (HPV) typing was performed in 49 (59.8%) patients; in 28 (57.1%) HPV subtype 6 was identified and in 21 (42.9%) HPV subtype 11. ELS was found in 11 patients with serotype 11 (52.38%) and in seven patients with serotype 6 (25%) (P = .048). Statistically significant differences for ELS were also found for age at diagnosis younger than 5 years (P = .045), presence of tracheostomy (P = .031), and need for adjuvant therapy (P = .010). CONCLUSIONS: Age at diagnosis of RRP younger than 5 years and presence of tracheostomy were factors related to ELS. A statistically significant association between infection with HPV subtype 11 and ELS were also observed. Adjuvant medication might be considered a protective factor against ELS. Laryngoscope, 131:1652-1656, 2021.

Epidemiology and Estimated Cost of Brachial Plexus Surgeries Performed through the Unified Health System in Brazil (2008­2016)

Introduction The brachial plexus is responsible for the innervation of the upper extremity of the body. About 10 to 20% of the peripheral nerve lesions are brachial plexus lesions. Objective To describe the epidemiology of the brachial plexus microsurgery with exploration and neurolysis (BPMEN) and the brachial plexus microsurgery with nerve graft (BPMNG) performed through the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, in the Portuguese acronym) from 2008 to 2016. Methodology A descriptive epidemiological study whose data were obtained from the Department of Informatics of the SUS (Datasus, in the Portuguese acronym). The study consisted of all patients submitted to BPMEN (code: 0403020034) and to BPMNG (code: 0403020042). Result/Discussion A total of 5,295 procedures were performed with an annual incidence of 2.94/1 million inhabitants. The hospital expenses of these 2 codes totaled R$ 4,492,603.88 (US$ 1,417,225.10). The BPMNG code presented an annual average of expenses with professional services of R$ 99,732.20 (US$ 31,461.26), and total expenses of R$ 897,589.83 (US$ 283,151.36). The amount transferred to the physician in this code in 2008 was R$ 294.56 (US$ 92.92), and currently it is R$ 441.84 (US$ 139.38). The BPMEN code presented an annual average of expenses of R$ 68,579.15 (US$ 21,633.80), with total expenses of R$ 617,212.40 (US$ 194,704.22). The amount transferred to the physician in this code in 2008 was R$ 153.44 (US$ 48.40), and currently it is R$ 230.16 (US$72.60). Both codes presented a lag in the transfer values to the physician that ranged from 16.55 to 17.64% when using the Brazilian national price index for the general consumer (IPCA, in the Portuguese acronym) as an inflation parameter during the period studied. The mean number of hospitalization days for these 2 codes was 3.79. Conclusion The absence of deaths and the low rate of hospital stay confirm that the procedure is safe, with a low morbimortality rate. Both codes presented a lag in the transfer values to the physician at the end of the period.

Microsurgery for Unruptured Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations in the National Inpatient Sample is More Common Post-ARUBA.

BACKGROUND: The ARUBA trial (A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations) was the first randomized control trial to investigate unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformation (cAVM) treatments and concluded that medical management was superior to interventional therapy for the treatment of unruptured cAVMs. This conclusion generated considerable controversy and was followed by rebuttals and meta-analyses of the ARUBA methodology and results. We sought to determine whether the ARUBA results altered treatment trends of cAVMs within the United States. METHODS: Using the National Inpatient Sample, the largest all-payer inpatient care database within the United States, we isolated patients who were admitted on an elective basis for cAVM treatment and determined the treatment modality undergone by these patients. The cohort was dichotomized separately at 2 ARUBA time points: the European Stroke Conference presentation in May 2013, and The Lancet publication in February 2014. RESULTS: We found that the overall treatment rate of unruptured cAVMs decreased after both time points. However, the rate of surgical excision alone, relative to other modalities, was significantly increased, and endovascular intervention demonstrated a nonsignificant decrease. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the ARUBA trial has influenced unruptured cAVM treatment patterns within the United States. Although the overall treatment rate has decreased, unruptured cAVMs, when treated post-ARUBA, are most commonly approached with surgical excision alone.

Endoscopic versus Microscopic Pituitary Adenoma Surgery: A Single-center Study.

BACKGROUND: Transsphenoidal approach became the gold standard in the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas in the past years, but the comparative efficacy of microscopic and endoscopic transnasal surgery has not been fully studied. AIMS: To compare the microscopic and endoscopic transnasal approaches for the treatment of pituitary adenomas. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A retrospective analysis was performed, comparing adult patients with pituitary adenomas who had undergone transnasal microscopic surgery between January 2006 and December 2014 with the patients operated on with endoscopic surgery between March 2011 and December 2014 at Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Imaging, hormonal, and ophthalmological studies as well as complications were analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Due to the existence of dichotomous variables, Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In all, 259 patients who had undergone microsurgery and 140 patients operated on with endoscopy were included. The pathologies compared were microsurgically resected nonfunctioning adenomas: 38.2% (n = 99) versus endoscopically resected: 42.1% (n = 59), and microsurgically resected functioning adenomas: 61.8% (n = 160) versus endoscopically resected: 57.9% (n = 81). A higher number of patients with invasive macroadenomas were reported in the group operated on with endoscopy (35.5% vs. 56.4%). When the patients with invasive pathology of the cavernous sinus were compared, percentages of total resection and hormonal control were higher for endoscopic surgeries (35% vs. 46.8%; 33.3% vs. 64%); however, this difference was not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were found when postoperative complications were individually analyzed. CONCLUSION: The microsurgical and endoscopic approaches are safe and effective techniques to treat pituitary adenomas. For invasive adenomas, the endoscopic approach may report better results.

Predictors of Outcomes and Complications After Microsurgical and Endovascular Treatment of 1300 Intracranial Aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: We performed a rigorous statistical analysis of the complications and outcomes of patients with ruptured or unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Our emphasis was on the potential predictive factors when both surgical and endovascular management are offered by a team with balanced microsurgical and endovascular expertise. METHODS: From January 2005 to December 2011, 1297 consecutive patients presenting with ruptured (n=829) or unruptured (n=468) aneurysms were prospectively enrolled in our vascular database. The treatment modality was determined by consensus of the endovascular and microsurgical teams. The patients' medical and neurological conditions and aneurysm characteristics were compared against the postintervention complication rates and outcomes using multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The patients mostly underwent clipping for ruptured (63.7%) or unruptured (56.6%) aneurysms. For ruptured aneurysms, higher Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades on admission were key predictors of increased neurological (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively) and medical (P < 0.001 and P=0.041, respectively) complication rates. No significant differences in the outcomes were observed between the coiling or clipping groups during the follow-up period. For the unruptured group, a family history of intracranial aneurysms was the most relevant predictor for reducing neurological complication rates and increasing survival at 6 months. Hypertension was, however, the strongest factor associated with complications negatively affecting the outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: For the ruptured and unruptured groups both, the outcomes were generally good, although neurological and medical complications were reasonably more frequent for the ruptured aneurysms. Coiling provided a sustained benefit in lowering the complication rates only in the short term for the unruptured aneurysms. Smoking was associated, paradoxically, with improved outcomes.

Reconstrucción peniana mediante microcirugía en Costa Rica / (Penile reconstruction with microsurgery)

ResumenEl pene tradicionalmente se ha considerado un símbolo de poder, masculinidad y fertilidad, por lo cual toda patología peniana congénita o adquirida, que eventualmente culmine en la amputación parcial o total del falo, constituye un evento catastrófico para cualquier hombre, presentando efectos devastadores, tanto físicos como psicológicos. Los diferentes niveles de amputación peniana en un individuo pueden definir su capacidad de miccionar y de concretar el coito, lo que perjudica directamente su virilidad y desempeño sexual y, por ende, su bienestar psicológico. Todo esto justifica el esfuerzo reconstructivo que se pueda ofrecer con el fin de mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. El colgajo libre radial de antebrazo se ha considerado por muchos años el estándar de oro en reconstrucción peniana, ya que ha demostrado buenos resultados funcionales y estéticos. Esta técnica microquirúrgica representa un gran avance reconstructivo, lo cual se traduce en un rescate de la autoestima y de la masculinidad del paciente, con mejoría significativa de su calidad de vida. A continuación se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 35 años de edad, quien requirió una amputación casi total de pene, secundaria a una quemadura eléctrica severa, y posteriormente fue sometido a la primera reconstrucción peniana microquirúrgica con colgajo libre radial de antebrazo, en Costa Rica.

AbstractThe penis has traditionally been considered a symbol of power, masculinity and fertility, so any congenital or acquired penile pathology that eventually culminates in partial or total amputation of the phallus constitutes a catastrophic event for any man, presenting both physical and psychological devastating effects. The different levels of penile amputation in an individual can define their ability to micturate and to concretize sexual intercourse, which directly impairs their virility and sexual performance and thus their psychological well-being. All this finally justifies any reconstructive effort that can be offered in order to improve the patient's quality of life. The free radial forearm flap has been considered for many years the gold standard in penile reconstruction as it has demonstrated good functional and aesthetic results. This microsurgical technique represents a great reconstructive advance, which results in a rescue of the patient's self-esteem and masculinity with a significant improvement in his quality of life. The authors present the clinical case of a 35-year-old male patient who required an almost total amputation of the penis, secondary to a severe electrical burn and who subsequently underwent the first microsurgical penile reconstruction with a free radial forearm flap in Costa Rica.

Manejo de la enfermedad aneurismática múltiple. Experiencia en un Hospital de Especialidades.

Objective: To establish the frequency and results in patients carriers with multiple aneurysms (MA) treated by microsurgery and/or neurological endovascular therapy (NET) in the Hospital of Specialties on The National Medical Center La Raza. Method: It is an ambispective, descriptive and longitudinal study that includes patients carriers of MA treated in the National Medical Center La Raza from March the 1st of 2009 to April the 30th of 2014. Results: 62 patients carriers of 151 aneurysms were treated. According to the type of treatment, 30 patients (49%) were included in the surgical group (GQ), 25 (40%) in the endovascular group (GE) and 7 (11%) in the combinated group (GC). The number of aneurysms was distributed this way: 69 (46%) in the GQ, 61 (40%) in the GE and 21 (14%) in the GC. At GQ, it was not possible to exclude all their aneurysms on 21% of the patients, while it was feasible in only 27%. In all GE patients (40%) the exclusion of all aneurysms was achieved. The GC, meaning surgical cases that were not completed by NET, formed 11% of the cases. At GQ there was a rate of 6% of complications, meanwhile at GE it was 0.5%.

Evaluation of the content and accessibility of microsurgery fellowship program websites.

Microsurgery fellowship applicants utilize Internet-based resources such as the San Francisco Match (SF Match) to manage their applications. In deciding where to apply, applicants rely on advice from mentors and online resources including microsurgery fellowship websites (MFWs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the content and accessibility of MFWs. While microsurgery is practiced by many surgical specialties, this study focused on MFWs for programs available in the 2014 Microsurgery Fellowship Match. Program lists from the American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery (ASRM) and the San Francisco Match (SF Match) were analyzed for the accessibility of MFW links. MFWs were evaluated for education and recruitment content, and MFW comprehensiveness was compared on the basis of program characteristics using chi square tests. Of the 25 fellowships available, only 18 had websites (72%). SF Match and ASRM listed similar programs (96% overlap) and provided website links (89%, 76%), but only a minority connected directly to the MFW (38%, 23%). A minority of programs were responsive via email inquiry (36%). MFWs maintained minimal education and recruitment content. MFW comprehensiveness was not associated with program characteristics. MFWs are often not readily accessible and contain limited information for fellowship applicants. Given the relative low-cost of website development, MFWs may be improved to facilitate fellow recruitment.

Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for residual rectal cancer (ypT0-2) following neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy: another word of caution.

BACKGROUND: Significant tumor downstaging among patients with rectal cancer following neoadjuvant chemoradiation has raised the issue of offering patients with small residual cancers restricted to the bowel wall an alternative treatment strategy to total mesorectal excision. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery may allow proper primary tumor resection with promising oncological outcomes, less postoperative morbidity, and minimal long-term sexual, urinary, and fecal continence disorders in comparison with radical resection. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the oncological outcomes of patients with residual rectal cancers restricted to the rectal wall (ypT0-2) following neoadjuvant chemoradiation and transanal endoscopic microsurgery. DESIGN: This study considered a prospective cohort of patients with residual rectal cancers following neoadjuvant chemoradiation treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery and no additional systemic therapy. SETTINGS: This study was a single-institution experience. PATIENTS: Patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum located no more than 7 cm from the anal verge and endorectal ultrasound- or magnetic resonance-staged cT2-4N0-2M0 treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiation (50.4-54 Gy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy) were eligible for the study. Patients with small residual tumors (≤3 cm) radiologically staged ycT0-2N0 were treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery. INTERVENTIONS: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was local recurrence. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients treated by transanal endoscopic microsurgery, 3 had ypT0, 6 had ypT1, and 18 had ypT2 cancers. All patients underwent R0 transanal endoscopic microsurgery excision. Local recurrence was observed in 4 (15%) patients after a median follow-up of 15 months. Only lymphovascular invasion was an independent predictive factor for local failure (p = 0.04). Tumor size, ypT status, T-status downstaging, lateral/radial margins, and tumor regression grade were not predictors of local failure. LIMITATIONS: This study was limited by the small sample size and limited follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A local failure rate of 15% after transanal endoscopic microsurgery for patients with residual rectal cancers restricted to the bowel wall (ypT0-2) may limit the indication of this procedure to highly selected patients as an alternative to standard radical total mesorectal excision.

Estudo comparativo experimental na formação de neuromas: anastomose epineural em “looping” com fio de sutura e cola de fibrina / Experimental comparative study in neuromas formation: epineural anastomosis in “looping” with suture lineand fibrin glue

Neuromas podem ocorrer em todas as especialidades cirúrgicas, limitando os pacientes em suas atividades diárias. Até a presente data, não há técnica que seja uniforme e bem sucedida na prevenção e tratamento dos neuromas. Neste estudo, realizou-se anastomose epineural em “looping” utilizando fio de sutura (GSA) e cola de fibrina (GFB) em nervo ciático posterior de ratos. A anastomose epineural foi realizada no lado esquerdo, enquanto que o lado direito serviu como controle, realizando-se apenas a secção do nervo contralateral (GCA e GCB). A mensuração do neuroma foi realizada através de cortes histopatológicos. Demonstrou-se que o grupo GFB apresentou menor formação de neuromas em relação ao GCB e GSA (p<0,05). Não obstante ser impossível extrapolar estes resultados para humanos, acreditamos que ambas as técnicas de anastomose epineural são viáveis para futuros estudos clínicos.

Neuromas may occur virtually in all surgical specialties causing an important activity limitation in patients lives. Until now there is no technique that has proven success in neuromas prevention and treatment. In the present study looping epineural anastomosis was performed with suture line (GSA) and fibrin glue (GFB) in posterior sciatic nerve. While epineural anastomosis was done on the left side, the right side was used as control, by just transecting the nerve (GCA and GCB). The neuroma measurement was achieved by histopathology. It was showed that GFB group presented less neuromas formation compared to GCB and GSA (p<0,05). Although these results cannot be projected to humans, we believe that both epineural anastomosis techniques should be further studied in clinical trials.

[Single digit replantations in ambulatory surgery. 85 cases]. / Les réimplantations unidigitales en ambulatoire. A propos de 85 cas cliniques.

The author performed 85 ambulatory digital replantations between 1994 and 1999. Ages varied from 15 to 33 (average 24), with a prevalence of the male sex. The main mechanism of injury was guillotine (60%), followed by avulsion (40%). Surgical procedure lasted approximately four hours. Patients remained in the hospital for eight hours maximum, period in which they were closely observed. Patients received printed instructions about the risks of arterial and venous thrombosis and how they could observe it themselves. A protocol was established to evaluate the results. Patients were instructed to call the surgeon as soon as any change--mainly in color--was noticed. Based on a phone call, twenty patients were evaluated in the immediate postoperative period (24 initial hours) to rule out circulatory problems. In fifteen patients, thrombosis was noted in the replanted segment. Twelve of these patients (14.11%) lost the replanted digit completely. The loss of the replanted segment was not observed in the group of patients that did not call the surgeon.

Atrofia hemifacial progresiva: presentación de un caso utilizando la transferencia microvascular de Epiplón / Progressive hemifacial atrophy: presentation of a case by the microvascular transference of Epiplon

La atrofia hemifacial progresiva, mejor conocida como enfermedad de Romberg ha sido tratada por varios métodos reconstructivos convencionales que utilizan dermis, grasa, cartílago o músculo. Algunos autores han reportado el uso de transferencias libres microvasculares. Harii y Wallace describen la transferencia de un colgajo libre de epiplón. En este artículo, describimos un caso donde se utilizó la tranferencia microvascular de epiplón para aumento de tejido blando facial. Este colgajo demostró tener vasos de adecuado calibre y longitud para la microanastomosis. La permanencia de septos, que mantienen bolsas aisladas en el lado reconstruido, minimiza la migración gravatacional de epiplón. El abordaje con dos equipos trabajando en cara y abdomen simultáneamente, redujo el tiempo opratorio. Este es el primer caso reportado en una correción de atrofia hemifacial utilizando técnicas de microcirugía. Como en todo el mundo, en nuestro centro también las indicaciones para el uso de técnicas microquirúrgicas aumentan y ahora son más sofisticadas.

Rendimiento de la microcirugía en hidrosalpinx: análisis de tablas de vida / Yield of hidrosalpinx microsurgery: analysis of life tables

Se analizan los resultados de la cirugía en hidrosalpinx mediante análisis de tablas de vida de 105 pacientes del Policlínico de Infertilidad del Hospital Clínicp San Borja Arriarán, operadas por vía laparotómica entre 1980-1990, con seguimiento hasta los 48 meses. (Sólo se consideran las pacientes que presentan como único factor de esterilidad un daño tubario dilatado y sometidas a microcirugía por primera vez). Se analizan y comparan los rendimientos según grupo etáreo, tipo y lateralidad del daño tubario, duración de la esterilidad y tipo de cirugía. Se obtuvo una tasa acumulativa de embarazo de 62 por ciento a los 48 meses de seguimiento y la probabilidad de embarazo por ciclo (fecundabilidad) fue de 1,5 por ciento. Estos resultados son comparables a los publicados en otras series nacionales y extranjeras

Localización estereotáctica en microcirugía / Stereotactic localization in microsurgery

En nuestro estudio presentamos una serie de 35 pacientes con diferentes tipos de lesiones en el sistema nervioso central. Todos nuestros pacientes fueron sometidos a estudios neurorradiológicos como tomografía axial computarizada (TAC), resonancia magnética (MRI) y angiografía bajo técnicas estereotácticas, antes de ser sometidos a nuestra técnica combinada de cirugía esterotáctica y microneurocirugía. La selección de pacientes para este tipo de técnica combinada, estuvo basada en la localización de la lesión, teniendo como propósito la disminución del daño neurológico post-operatorio, debido a una exacta localización y aproximación de la lesión por parte del cirujano. Solo uno de nuestros pacientes presentó daño neurológico post-operatorio

Experiencia de siete años de microcirugía / Microsurgery seven years experience

En el Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia "Luis Castelazo Ayala", IMSS, en la Clínica de Esterilidad del 1- de Enero de 1985 al 31 de Diciembre de 1991 se practicaron 700 laparoscopias, encontrando 600 casos (85.7 por ciento) con factor tuboperioneal alterado; se realizaron 199 microcirugías (33.1 por ciento) consistentes en: plastía término terminal 70 casos (36 por ciento),(tres pacientes con antecedente de plastía en medio particular), adherenciolisis 62 (31 por ciento), salpingostomía 48 (24 por ciento), neoimplantación 10 (15 por ciento) y cirugía mixta nueve (4 por ciento). 78 pacientes abandonaron el estudio posterior a la cirugía. En 121 pacientes se tuvo control potquirúrgico, correspondiendo 34 (28.1 por ciento) A esterilidad primaria Y 87 (71.9 por ciento) a esterilidad secundaria. Se logró embarazo en 74 (61.2 por ciento), llegando a término 62 (83.8 por ciento), se presentaron siete abortos del primer trimestre (9.5 por ciento) y hubo una incidencia de cinco embarazos ectópicos (6.7 por ciento). El intervalo entre la cirugía y el logro del embarazo fue de 1 a 48 meses con promedio de 12.8 meses. Se hacen énfacis en analizar las 47 pacientes que no lograron embarazo mediante observación de tiempo posterior a la microcirugía, histerosalpingografía, nueva laparoscopia y revaloración de los factores de esterilidad cuyos resultados fueron: 19 casos (40.5 por ciento) tienen un tiempo postquirúrgico de 5 a 60 meses con promedio de 19.5 meses, 18 (38.3 por ciento) presentaron nueva obstrucción tubaria, tres (6.4 por ciento) se encuentran en tratamiento por endometriosis, tres (6.4 por ciento) bajo tratamiento por tuberculosis genital, dos (4.2 por ciento) con recaída del factor endocrinoovárico y dos (4.2 por ciento) con recaída del facor masculino. Hubo una defunción (0.5 por ciento) por complicación anestésica. Se enfatiza la importancia en el criterio de selección y una ealuación más estricta, insistiendo en el tratamiento pre, trans y postoperatorio, ligamentopexia de redondos, así como conscietizar a las pacientes en un seguimiento más estricto.

Síndrome de médula atrapada en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Caracas: revisión de la literatura / Tethered cord syndrome (MAP) in the \"Hospital San Juan de Dios\"

Se revisaron retrospectivamente 11 historias del Hospital San Juan de Dios de Caracas en un período de 10 años de todos aquellos pacientes operados de Síndrome de Médula Atrapada el cual se caracteriza por la aparición de síntomas progresivos de deterioro neurológico en la edad de crecimiento rápido y adolescencia temprana. A todos se les practicó la liberación de la médula con el uso de técnicas microquirúrgicas. Finalmente se realizó una revisión de la literatura haciendo énfasis en la detección clínica precoz, el diagnóstico mielográfico y por RMN

Anastomosis microvascular arterial en "Y": un estudio experimental / Anastomosis microvascular arterial in \"Y\": experimental study

Usualmente en el transplante de colgados microvasculares, las arterias del lecho receptor. Se presenta una tecnica experimental de anastomosis microvascular, en arterias con diámetros diferentes, la cual mediante su ejecución, evaluación y comparación de resultados con otras técnicas convencionales permite resolver el problema de la diferencia de calibre entre arterias donantes y arteria receptora. Además, la técnica sirve de modelo experimental en el entrenamiento básico en Microcirugía