Obstetric practices in childbirth care and usual risk birth / Práticas obstétricas na assistência ao parto e nascimento de risco habitual

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the incidence of obstetric practices in labor and childbirth care at usual risk in a tertiary hospital. Methods: cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. Data were collected from 314 Monitoring Sheets of Labor and Childbirth Care of women who had their birth attended at the institution, from July 2017 to July 2018. The study was approved by the research ethics committee, with the embodied opinion number 2.822.707. Results: most women in the study were between 20 and 34 years old, coming from the city of Fortaleza, Ceará; had completed high school; and had unpaid work. The prevalence of good practices was identified: umbilical cord clamping in a timely manner (81.5%), immediate skin-to-skin contact (73.9%), breastfeeding in the childbirth room (74.2%), freedom of position and movement (72.3%), completion of the partograph (66.6%), presence of a companion (66.2%), offer of a liquid diet (65%), and non-pharmacological methods for pain relief (54.8%). As for interventional practices, we identified: venoclysis (42.4%), oxytocin infusion (29%), and amniotomy (11.1%). Conclusions: advances in the adoption of good practices based on scientific evidence are noteworthy; however, the technocratic model of childbirth care for women at normal risk persists.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a incidência das práticas obstétricas na assistência ao parto e nascimento de risco habitual em um hospital terciário. Métodos: estudo transversal, de caráter descritivo e abordagem quantitativa. Os dados foram coletados em 314 Fichas de Monitoramento da Atenção ao Parto e Nascimento de mulheres que tiveram seu parto assistido na instituição, no período de julho de 2017 a julho de 2018. O estudo obteve a aprovação do comitê de ética em pesquisa, com o parecer consubstanciado nº 2.822.707. Resultados: a maioria das mulheres do estudo encontrava-se na faixa etária de 20 a 34 anos, procedentes do município de Fortaleza-CE, possuíam ensino médio completo e atividade laboral não remunerada. Identificou-se a prevalência de boas práticas: clampeamento do cordão em tempo oportuno (81,5%), contato pele a pele imediato (73,9%), amamentação na sala de parto (74,2%), liberdade de posição e movimento (72,3%), preenchimento do partograma (66,6%), presença de acompanhante (66,2%), oferta de dieta líquida (65%) e métodos não farmacológicos para o alívio da dor (54,8%). Quanto às práticas intervencionistas, identificou-se: venóclise (42,4%), infusão de ocitocina (29%) e amniotomia (11,1%). Conclusões: ressalta-se avanços na adoção das boas práticas baseadas em evidências científicas, no entanto, persiste o modelo tecnocrático de assistência ao parto, frente ao atendimento de mulheres de risco habitual.

Profile on childbirth care at a public maternity hospital / Perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade pública

Abstract Objectives: to describe the profile on childbirth care at a reference maternity hospital in the State of Piauí based on the 2018 World Health Organization Recommendations. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional quantitative study, descriptive documentary, population census, containing vaginal deliveries performed in 2017. The data was entered in Microsoft Excel for simple statistical analysis. Results: the percentages registered at the Centro Obstétrico Superior (Superior Obstetric Center) and Centro de Parto Normal (Normal Delivery Center) were, respectively, 85.5% and 98% with the presence of a companion, 34.2% and 94% used the partogram, 63.8% and 98% took non-pharmacological methods for pain relief, 74.8% and 98.7% received fluids during labor. Amniotomy at 15.2% and 17.2%, oxytocin was administered at 26.5% and 14.6% in the 1st and 2nd periods, non-lithotomic position at 39.7% and 93.4%, episiotomy 9.9% and 6.6%. After birth, 85.5% and 96% of newborns had skin-to-skin contact and, in 65.5% and 94% there were maternal breastfeeding promotion. Conclusions: this study comprehended the indicators on childbirth care service, which are, in general, better than the national and the northeast region ones. The importance of registering indicators to evaluate care is emphasized.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever o perfil da assistência ao parto em uma maternidade de referência do estado do Piauí, a partir das Recomendações da Organização Mundial da Saúde de 2018. Métodos: estudo quantitativo transversal retrospectivo, descritivo documental, população censitária, contendo os partos vaginais realizados em 2017. Os dados foram inseridos no Microsoft Excel para análise estatística simples. Resultados: os percentuais registrados no Centro Obstétrico e Centro de Parto Normal foram, respectivamente, 85,5% e 98% da presença de acompanhante, 34,2% e 94% utilizaram partograma, 63,8% e 98% métodos não-farmacológicos para alívio da dor, 74,8% e 98,7% receberam líquidos durante o trabalho de parto. Amniotomia em 15,2% e 17,2%, ocitocina foi administrada em 26,5% e 14,6% no 1° e 2a períodos, posição não-litotômica em 39,7% e 93, 4%, episiotomia 9,9% e 6,6%. Após o nascimento, 85, 5% e 96% dos recém-nascidos em contato pele a pele e, em 65,5% e 94% houve promoção do aleitamento materno. Conclusões: este estudo permitiu conhecer os indicadores de assistência ao parto do serviço, que de maneira geral estão melhores que os indicadores nacionais e da região nordeste. Ressalta-se a importância do registro de indicadores para a avaliação da assistência.

Análise da percepção de puérperas sobre a assistência ao parto em uma maternidade do Tocantins / Analysis of the perception of puerperal women about maternity care assistance in a maternity of Tocantins

Objetivo: No decorrer dos séculos, o parto migrou do ambiente domiciliar para o hospitalar, sendo então repleto de procedimentos que, embora tenham o intuito de ajudar, nem sempre são adequados ou baseados em evidências. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo é identificar os procedimentos realizados com parturientes durante o parto em uma maternidade do Tocantins, além de caracterizar o perfil dessas pacientes. Método: Foi aplicado um questionário a 70 puérperas de parto normal, maiores e menores de idade, durante quatro meses. O questionário de referência foi o utilizado do estudo Nascer no Brasil. Resultados: A maioria das pacientes se autodeclarou parda, tinha ao menos o ensino médio completo e era maior de 18 anos. Mais da metade delas tiveram alguma alteração no períneo, 25% sofreram manobra de Kristeller e 88% submeteram-se à litotomia. Além disso, a grande maioria avaliou o serviço da maternidade como bom/ótimo/excelente. Conclusão: A assistência ao parto no Tocantins ainda se divide em práticas adequadas e técnicas ultrapassadas. Trata-se de um estudo original e um dos primeiros nesse sentido realizado no estado mais novo do Brasil.(AU)

Objective: Throughout the centuries, childbirth has migrated from the home environment to the hospital, being then full of procedures that although they are intended to help, are not always adequate or based on evidence. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the procedures performed with parturients during childbirth in a maternity hospital in Tocantins, in addition to characterizing the profile of these patients. Method: A questionnaire was applied to 70 mothers of normal birth, older and younger, for four months. The reference questionnaire was used in the Nascer no Brasil study. Results: Most patients declared themselves to be brown, had at least completed high school, and were over 18 years old. More than half of them had some alteration in the perineum, 25% underwent a Kristeller maneuver and 88% underwent lithotomy. In addition, the vast majority rated the maternity service as good/excellent/excellent. Conclusion: Assistance to childbirth in Tocantins is still divided into outdated technical and appropriate practices. This is an original study and one of the first in this sense carried out in the newest state of Brazil.(AU)

[Job satisfaction and motivation in obstetric professionals of a Chilean hospital]. / Satisfacción laboral y motivación en profesionales obstetras en un hospital en Chile.

The main asset of an organization is its workers. Special attention must be paid to their motivation and satisfaction and also to how they relate to performance. Job satisfaction of health care professionals is directly related to the quality of care provided, hence the importance of its measurement. Dissatisfaction can negatively impact the quality of care. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction and work motivation of the midwifery professionals of the Hospital of Puerto Montt (Chile). We used a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. To measure motivation, we used the Job Diagnostic Survey, and to measure satisfaction, we used the SL-SPC scale. It was possible to determine that the professionals have medium-high levels of motivation in all the dimensions studied. Regarding satisfaction factors, the study showed a medium-low level, in most of the factors measured.

El principal activo de las organizaciones está constituido por sus trabajadores, por lo cual se debe prestar una especial atención a su motivación y satisfacción, y también a la relación con el desempeño. La satisfacción laboral de los profesionales del sistema de salud se relaciona directamente con la calidad de servicio ofrecido, de ahí la importancia de su medición. La insatisfacción puede repercutir negativamente en la calidad de atención. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar el nivel de satisfacción y motivación laboral de los y las profesionales matronas del Hospital de Puerto Montt-Chile, para lo cual se realizó un estudio de carácter cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Para medir la motivación se empleó el Job Diagnostic Survey y para la satisfacción se utilizó la escala de satisfacción laboral SL-SPC. Se logró determinar que los profesionales poseen niveles de motivación media-alta en todas las dimensiones estudiadas. Respecto a los factores de satisfacción, el estudio arrojó un nivel medio-bajo, en la mayoría de los factores medidos.

Satisfacción laboral y motivación en profesionales obstetras en un hospital en Chile / Job satisfaction and motivation in obstetric professionals of a Chilean hospital

El principal activo de las organizaciones está constituido por sus trabajadores, por lo cual se debe prestar una especial atención a su motivación y satisfacción, y también a la relación con el desempeño. La satisfacción laboral de los profesionales del sistema de salud se relaciona directamente con la calidad de servicio ofrecido, de ahí la importancia de su medición. La insatisfacción puede repercutir negativamente en la calidad de atención. La presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar el nivel de satisfacción y motivación laboral de los y las profesionales matronas del Hospital de Puerto Montt-Chile, para lo cual se realizó un estudio de carácter cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Para medir la motivación se empleó el Job Diagnostic Survey y para la satisfacción se utilizó la escala de satisfacción laboral SL-SPC. Se logró determinar que los profesionales poseen niveles de motivación media-alta en todas las dimensiones estudiadas. Respecto a los factores de satisfacción, el estudio arrojó un nivel medio-bajo, en la mayoría de los factores medidos.

The main asset of an organization is its workers. Special attention must be paid to their motivation and satisfaction and also to how they relate to performance. Job satisfaction of health care professionals is directly related to the quality of care provided, hence the importance of its measurement. Dissatisfaction can negatively impact the quality of care. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction and work motivation of the midwifery professionals of the Hospital of Puerto Montt (Chile). We used a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. To measure motivation, we used the Job Diagnostic Survey, and to measure satisfaction, we used the SL-SPC scale. It was possible to determine that the professionals have medium-high levels of motivation in all the dimensions studied. Regarding satisfaction factors, the study showed a medium-low level, in most of the factors measured.

Factors associated with the route of birth delivery in a city in the Northeast region in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Fatores associados à via de parto em um município da região nordeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to investigate factors associated with the route of birth delivery in a hospital extending public and private healthcare services, in the Northeast region in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Methods: a cross-sectional study with 676 postpartum women, conducted from January to May 2017. The data were collected from the hospital records and women were interviewed shortly after childbirth in the maternity. Data analysis was performed by associating the Pearson's chi-square and the Poisson regression tests with robust variance. Results: the prevalence of cesarean sections was 58.7%, that is, 41.7% in public health-care and 83.9% in private healthcare. The main reason for having a cesarean section was having had a previous one (PR=5.69; CI95%=3.64 - 8.90; p<0.001), followed by having source of childbirth financing (PR=1.54; CI95%=1.27 - 1.87; p<0.001), having source of prenatal care financing (PR=1.48; CI95%=1.22 - 1.79; p<0.001), the childbirth and prenatal care professional (PR=1.46; CI95%=1.28 - 1.66; p<0.001) and the prenatal care professional (PR=1.43; CI95%=1.07 - 1.90; p=0.016). Conclusions: the high cesarean section rates identified in this study were mainly associated with previous cesarean section. The findings suggest a change in the current childbirth care model in the city, characterized as highly medicalized, focused on the physician and on hospital care.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar os fatores associados à via de nascimento em um hospital de atendimento misto, público e privado, da região nordeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: estudo transversal com 676 puérperas realizado entre janeiro e maio de 2017. Os dados foram obtidos de registros hospitalares e entrevistas com as mulheres logo após o parto na maternidade. A análise dos dados foi realizada por intermédio do teste de associação do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: a prevalência de cesariana foi de 58,7%, sendo 41,7% no setor público e 83,9%, no privado. Cesárea prévia foi o principal fator associado à realização de cesariana (RP=5,69; IC95%=3,64-8,90; p<0,001), seguido por fonte de financiamento do parto (RP=1,54; IC95%=1,27-1,87; p<0,001), fonte de financiamento do pré-natal (RP=1,48; IC95%=1,22-1,79; p<0,001), profissional do pré-natal e parto (RP=1,46; IC95%=1,28 - 1,66; p<0,001) e profissional do pré-natal (RP=1,43; IC95%=1,07-1,90; p=0,016). Conclusões: as elevadas taxas de cesariana identificadas neste estudo foram associadas principalmente à realização de cesárea prévia. Os achados indicam a necessidade de mudança no modelo de assistência ao parto no município, o qual é altamente medicalizado, centrado no profissional médico e na atenção hospitalar.

Scientific production of midwives in Latin American obstetrics and gynecology journals indexed in Scopus. / Producción científica de matrones en revistas latinoamericanas de obstetricia y ginecología indizadas en Scopus.

OBJETIVE: To describe the characteristics of the scientific production of midwives in Latin American obstetrics and gynecology journals indexed to Scopus during the period 2011 to 2016. METHODS: This paper reports a descriptive bibliometric study, with intentional non-probabilistic sampling. We analyzed articles of research papers published by midwives in medical specialty journals in obstetrics and gynecology of Latin America indexed to Scopus, in the 2011 to 2016 period. RESULTS: We found eight obstetrics and gynecology journals in Latin America indexed in Scopus. There were 1,696 articles published between 2011 and 2016, of which 4.9% were authored or co-authored by midwives. Of these publications, 93.8% were related to topics of the specialty, 62.5% had midwives as corresponding authors, 64.1% of papers were in Spanish, only 3.1% were published in English, and 57.8% of midwives worked in Chile at the time of publication. In 2016, there was one-fifth the number of publications compared to 2012. CONCLUSIONS: We found little scientific production by midwives in Latin American obstetrics and gynecology journals indexed in Scopus. Strategies that encourage and allow research and scientific production by midwives are needed.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características de la producción científica de matrones en revistas latinoamericanas de obstetricia y ginecología, indizadas a Scopus durante el periodo 2011 a 2016. MÉTODOS: Estudio bibliométrico descriptivo, con muestreo intencional no probabilístico. Se analizaron artículos de trabajos de investigación publicados por matrones en revistas de especialidad médica en obstetricia y ginecología de Latinoamérica indizadas a Scopus, en el periodo comprendido entre 2011 y 2016. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron ocho revistas de obstetricia y ginecología en Latinoamérica indizadas en Scopus. Se contabilizaron 1 696 artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2016, de los cuales 4,9% los matrones fueron autores o coautores. De ese subtotal, 93,8% publicó temas propios de la especialidad; 62,5% fueron autores corresponsales; 64,1% de las publicaciones fueron en español; solo 3,1% publicó en inglés y 57,8% de matrones trabajaban en Chile al momento de la publicación. En 2016 se publicaron cinco veces menos que en 2012. CONCLUSIÓN: Se halló escasa producción científica realizada por matrones en revistas latinoamericanas de obstetricia y ginecología indizadas en Scopus. Se sugiere emplear estrategias que incentiven y permitan la investigación y producción científica en los matrones.

The role of the respectful maternity care model in São Paulo, Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: The promotion of a positive birth experience has been a main goal of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recent work on improving maternity care. The purpose of this study was to assess the cesarean rates, the prevalence of birth practices, perinatal outcomes, and maternal satisfaction, in women involved with the respectful maternity care (RMC) support groups in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of women with low-risk pregnancies who were assisted by professionals recommended by the RMC groups. An online questionnaire was administered. Variables to assess birth practices were classified as positive, negative, or unspecified according to the WHO guidelines. The Pearson chi-square tests and odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed to assess differences between the groups. RESULTS: Five-hundred and eighty women completed the questionnaire. The cesarean rate was 14.7%, and the operative vaginal birth rate was 9.5%. The VBAC rate was 87.1%, and there was no significant difference in risk for cesarean between women with or without a prior cesarean. Of all women, 83.1% had a midwife's assistance and 75.5% hired a doula; 81.4% gave birth in a nonlithotomic position. The practices of enema, fasting and episiotomy were all under 2%. All 5-minute Apgar scores were ≥7. Most (83.1%) women reported having a positive birth experience. CONCLUSIONS: Woman's engagement with the birth support groups and a transdisciplinary team focused on RMC are key elements to achieve positive perinatal outcomes and high women's satisfaction.

[Meanings of the childbirth plan for women that participated in the Meanings of Childbirth Exhibit]. / Os significados e sentidos do plano de parto para as mulheres que participaram da Exposição Sentidos do Nascer.

This study aimed to analyze the perspective of women who used the childbirth plan on their childbirth experience, the meanings of the childbirth plan and its components, and the relationship between the childbirth plan and labor and delivery. A qualitative descriptive study was performed. Data were collected with the questionnaire Meanings of Birth - Postpartum Contacts, applied via telephone contact. The study included women from the city and greater metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, that participated in the Meanings of Childbirth Exhibit in May-June 2015 and March 2016, when they were pregnant, with date of previous childbirth having occurred at least a year previously and without having experienced abortion. The questions were analyzed with content analysis. Data analysis revealed the following categories related to the childbirth plan: "presence of an accompanying person", "information on procedures", "use of pain relief methods", "use of anesthesia to continue with normal delivery", "eating during labor", "presence of a doula", "no unnecessary intervention", "normal delivery", "umbilical cord cut after pulsation", "presence of postpartum breastfeeding", and "respect/treatment". There was a direct relationship between performing the childbirth plan and a positive childbirth experience. This highlights the importance of using the childbirth plan as a technique that favors a positive childbirth experience. Women's development of the plan during prenatal care and its use by the attending healthcare team contributes to favorable labor.

O objetivo foi analisar a percepção das mulheres que realizaram o plano de parto sobre a experiência de parto, os significados do plano de parto, seus elementos constituintes e a relação do plano de parto com o trabalho de parto e parto. Um estudo descritivo qualitativo foi realizado. Os dados foram coletados por meio do questionário Sentidos do Nascer - Contatos Pós-parto, aplicado via contato telefônico. Incluiu mulheres de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e região metropolitana que participaram da Exposição Sentidos do Nascer, no período de maio a junho de 2015 e março de 2016, quando estavam grávidas, com data do parto anterior ocorrida há mais de um ano e não ter tido abortamento. O tratamento analítico empregado foi a análise de conteúdo das questões. A partir da análise dos dados, emergiram as seguintes categorias referentes ao plano de parto: "presença de acompanhante", "informações sobre os procedimentos", "uso de métodos de alívio de dor", "o uso de anestesia para a continuação do parto normal", "alimentação durante o trabalho de parto", "presença da doula", "não haver intervenção desnecessária", "realização do parto normal", "corte do cordão umbilical após cessar pulsação", "presença e amamentação de recém-nascido pós-parto" e "respeito/tratamento". Observou-se relação direta com a realização do plano de parto e a experiência do parto positiva. Destaca-se a importância da utilização do plano de parto como uma tecnologia que favorece a experiência positiva do parto. A construção do plano pelas mulheres durante o pré-natal e a realização dele por parte da equipe de saúde contribuíram para o desenvolvimento favorável do trabalho de parto.

El objetivo fue analizar la percepción de las mujeres que participaron en el plan de parto sobre su experiencia durante el mismo, los significados del plan de parto, sus elementos constituyentes y la relación del plan de parto con el trabajo de parto y el parto en sí. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cualitativo. Los datos se recogieron mediante el cuestionario Sentidos de Nacer - Contactos Posparto, aplicado por contacto telefónico. Incluyó a mujeres de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, y región metropolitana que participaron en la Exposición Sentidos de Nacer, durante el período de mayo a junio de 2015 y marzo de 2016, cuando estaban embarazadas, con un parto anterior con fecha de hacía más de un año y no haber sufrido un aborto. El tratamiento analítico empleado fue el análisis de contenido de las cuestiones. A partir del análisis de los datos, surgieron las siguientes categorías referentes al plan de parto: "presencia de acompañante", "información sobre los procedimientos", "uso de métodos para aliviar el dolor", "uso de anestesia para continuar con el parto normal", "alimentación durante el trabajo de parto", "presencia de una partera", "inexistencia de intervención innecesaria", "realización de parto normal", "corte del cordón umbilical tras cesar la pulsación", "presencia y lactancia de recién nacido posparto" y "respeto/tratamiento". Se observó la relación directa con la realización del plan de parto y la experiencia de parto positiva. Se destaca la importancia de la utilización del plan de parto como una tecnología que favorece la experiencia positiva del parto. La construcción del plan por parte de las mujeres durante el período prenatal y la realización del mismo, por parte del equipo de salud, contribuyen al desarrollo favorable del trabajo de parto.

Risk factors and relationship between screening periodicity and risk of cervical cancer among nurses and midwives. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: If nurses and midwives undergo cervical cancer screening regularly, they can become role models for other women regarding this screening. OBJECTIVES: The aims here were (i) to determine factors associated with undergoing cervical cancer screening; and (ii) to examine the association of cervical cancer screening periodicity with cervical cancer risk levels among nurses and midwives. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a public hospital. METHODS: 466 nurses and midwives participated in this study. The relationships between undergoing Pap smear screening and sociodemographic characteristics, cervical cancer risk factors, perception of cervical cancer risk and calculated cervical cancer risk levels were examined. Cervical cancer risk levels were determined using the "Your Disease Risk" assessment tool (Washington University). RESULTS: 35% of the nurses and midwives had undergone Pap smear testing at least once in their lifetimes. The odds of having undergone Pap smear testing were higher among smokers (odds ratio, OR: 2.08; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.24-3.48) and among those who perceived their risk of cervical cancer to be high (OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 1.36-9.51). The frequency of undergoing Pap smear testing at least once in a lifetime was higher among primiparae (OR: 17.99; 95% CI: 6.36-50.84) and secundiparae (OR: 41.53; 95% CI: 15.01-114.91) than among nulliparae. No relationship was found between Pap smear test periodicity and calculated risk level. CONCLUSION: There is a need to assess motivational barriers that might lead to low levels of Pap smear screening among nurses and midwives who are role models for women regarding cervical cancer prevention.

Paradoxes of the traditional midwives program in the context of Krahô women. / Paradoxos do programa de parteiras tradicionais no contexto das mulheres Krahô.

This paper analyses the impact of the Working with Traditional Midwives Program on the daily routine of a Krahô indigenous women group. This is an ethnographic study that mainly used observation and field diary as supporting tools. Other tools were timely interviews and secondary data. Fieldwork occurred between August 2015 and December 2016 and involved ten women of eight different villages. Results point to a disassociation between the Program's main objective, which is focused on appreciating and reviving midwives' knowledge and the daily village reality. Although the Program has targeted women who already work empirically on the birth setting, there was a generalized acknowledgement in villages that women "became midwives" after taking the course. Consequently, the lack of payment and the frustrated expectation that "government" would hire them, though never assumed, were interpreted as neglect. Results reveal an ethnocentric bias of the Program, focused on disseminating scientific knowledge and delivering materials that deviate from the logic of the group under analysis. Studies that evaluate the impact of the Programs' actions in other contexts, including non-indigenous ones, may contribute to the necessary adjustments and the effective appreciation of these women's work.

Este artigo analisa o impacto do Programa Trabalhando com Parteiras Tradicionais no cotidiano de um grupo de mulheres indígenas Krahô. Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico que utilizou a observação e o diário de campo como suportes principais, além de entrevistas pontuais e dados secundários. O trabalho de campo ocorreu entre agosto de 2015 e dezembro de 2016 e envolveu dez mulheres de oito aldeias diferentes. Os resultados apontam uma desconexão entre o objetivo principal do Programa, centrado na valorização e no resgate do saber da parteira, e a realidade no cotidiano das aldeias. Muito embora o programa tenha como público-alvo mulheres que já atuam empiricamente no cenário do parto, houve o entendimento de que as mulheres "tornaram-se parteiras" após o curso. Por consequência, a falta de pagamento e a expectativa frustrada de contratação por parte do "governo", embora não previstas, foram interpretadas como descaso. Os resultados indicam um viés etnocentrado do Programa, focado na difusão do saber científico e na entrega de materiais fora da lógica de cuidado do grupo em análise. Estudos que avaliem o impacto das ações do Programa em outros contextos, inclusive não indígenas, podem contribuir para os ajustes necessários e a efetiva valorização do trabalho dessas mulheres.

Paradoxos do programa de parteiras tradicionais no contexto das mulheres Krahô / Paradoxes of the traditional midwives program in the context of Krahô women

Resumo Este artigo analisa o impacto do Programa Trabalhando com Parteiras Tradicionais no cotidiano de um grupo de mulheres indígenas Krahô. Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico que utilizou a observação e o diário de campo como suportes principais, além de entrevistas pontuais e dados secundários. O trabalho de campo ocorreu entre agosto de 2015 e dezembro de 2016 e envolveu dez mulheres de oito aldeias diferentes. Os resultados apontam uma desconexão entre o objetivo principal do Programa, centrado na valorização e no resgate do saber da parteira, e a realidade no cotidiano das aldeias. Muito embora o programa tenha como público-alvo mulheres que já atuam empiricamente no cenário do parto, houve o entendimento de que as mulheres "tornaram-se parteiras" após o curso. Por consequência, a falta de pagamento e a expectativa frustrada de contratação por parte do "governo", embora não previstas, foram interpretadas como descaso. Os resultados indicam um viés etnocentrado do Programa, focado na difusão do saber científico e na entrega de materiais fora da lógica de cuidado do grupo em análise. Estudos que avaliem o impacto das ações do Programa em outros contextos, inclusive não indígenas, podem contribuir para os ajustes necessários e a efetiva valorização do trabalho dessas mulheres.

Abstract This paper analyses the impact of the Working with Traditional Midwives Program on the daily routine of a Krahô indigenous women group. This is an ethnographic study that mainly used observation and field diary as supporting tools. Other tools were timely interviews and secondary data. Fieldwork occurred between August 2015 and December 2016 and involved ten women of eight different villages. Results point to a disassociation between the Program's main objective, which is focused on appreciating and reviving midwives' knowledge and the daily village reality. Although the Program has targeted women who already work empirically on the birth setting, there was a generalized acknowledgement in villages that women "became midwives" after taking the course. Consequently, the lack of payment and the frustrated expectation that "government" would hire them, though never assumed, were interpreted as neglect. Results reveal an ethnocentric bias of the Program, focused on disseminating scientific knowledge and delivering materials that deviate from the logic of the group under analysis. Studies that evaluate the impact of the Programs' actions in other contexts, including non-indigenous ones, may contribute to the necessary adjustments and the effective appreciation of these women's work.

Risk factors and relationship between screening periodicity and risk of cervical cancer among nurses and midwives. A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: If nurses and midwives undergo cervical cancer screening regularly, they can become role models for other women regarding this screening. OBJECTIVES: The aims here were (i) to determine factors associated with undergoing cervical cancer screening; and (ii) to examine the association of cervical cancer screening periodicity with cervical cancer risk levels among nurses and midwives. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study in a public hospital. METHODS: 466 nurses and midwives participated in this study. The relationships between undergoing Pap smear screening and sociodemographic characteristics, cervical cancer risk factors, perception of cervical cancer risk and calculated cervical cancer risk levels were examined. Cervical cancer risk levels were determined using the "Your Disease Risk" assessment tool (Washington University). RESULTS: 35% of the nurses and midwives had undergone Pap smear testing at least once in their lifetimes. The odds of having undergone Pap smear testing were higher among smokers (odds ratio, OR: 2.08; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.24-3.48) and among those who perceived their risk of cervical cancer to be high (OR: 3.60; 95% CI: 1.36-9.51). The frequency of undergoing Pap smear testing at least once in a lifetime was higher among primiparae (OR: 17.99; 95% CI: 6.36-50.84) and secundiparae (OR: 41.53; 95% CI: 15.01-114.91) than among nulliparae. No relationship was found between Pap smear test periodicity and calculated risk level. CONCLUSION: There is a need to assess motivational barriers that might lead to low levels of Pap smear screening among nurses and midwives who are role models for women regarding cervical cancer prevention.

Os significados e sentidos do plano de parto para as mulheres que participaram da Exposição Sentidos do Nascer / Meanings of the childbirth plan for women that participated in the Meanings of Childbirth Exhibit / Los significados y sentidos del plan de parto para las mujeres que participaron en la Exposición Sentidos de Nacer

Resumo: O objetivo foi analisar a percepção das mulheres que realizaram o plano de parto sobre a experiência de parto, os significados do plano de parto, seus elementos constituintes e a relação do plano de parto com o trabalho de parto e parto. Um estudo descritivo qualitativo foi realizado. Os dados foram coletados por meio do questionário Sentidos do Nascer - Contatos Pós-parto, aplicado via contato telefônico. Incluiu mulheres de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e região metropolitana que participaram da Exposição Sentidos do Nascer, no período de maio a junho de 2015 e março de 2016, quando estavam grávidas, com data do parto anterior ocorrida há mais de um ano e não ter tido abortamento. O tratamento analítico empregado foi a análise de conteúdo das questões. A partir da análise dos dados, emergiram as seguintes categorias referentes ao plano de parto: "presença de acompanhante", "informações sobre os procedimentos", "uso de métodos de alívio de dor", "o uso de anestesia para a continuação do parto normal", "alimentação durante o trabalho de parto", "presença da doula", "não haver intervenção desnecessária", "realização do parto normal", "corte do cordão umbilical após cessar pulsação", "presença e amamentação de recém-nascido pós-parto" e "respeito/tratamento". Observou-se relação direta com a realização do plano de parto e a experiência do parto positiva. Destaca-se a importância da utilização do plano de parto como uma tecnologia que favorece a experiência positiva do parto. A construção do plano pelas mulheres durante o pré-natal e a realização dele por parte da equipe de saúde contribuíram para o desenvolvimento favorável do trabalho de parto.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the perspective of women who used the childbirth plan on their childbirth experience, the meanings of the childbirth plan and its components, and the relationship between the childbirth plan and labor and delivery. A qualitative descriptive study was performed. Data were collected with the questionnaire Meanings of Birth - Postpartum Contacts, applied via telephone contact. The study included women from the city and greater metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, that participated in the Meanings of Childbirth Exhibit in May-June 2015 and March 2016, when they were pregnant, with date of previous childbirth having occurred at least a year previously and without having experienced abortion. The questions were analyzed with content analysis. Data analysis revealed the following categories related to the childbirth plan: "presence of an accompanying person", "information on procedures", "use of pain relief methods", "use of anesthesia to continue with normal delivery", "eating during labor", "presence of a doula", "no unnecessary intervention", "normal delivery", "umbilical cord cut after pulsation", "presence of postpartum breastfeeding", and "respect/treatment". There was a direct relationship between performing the childbirth plan and a positive childbirth experience. This highlights the importance of using the childbirth plan as a technique that favors a positive childbirth experience. Women's development of the plan during prenatal care and its use by the attending healthcare team contributes to favorable labor.

Resumen: El objetivo fue analizar la percepción de las mujeres que participaron en el plan de parto sobre su experiencia durante el mismo, los significados del plan de parto, sus elementos constituyentes y la relación del plan de parto con el trabajo de parto y el parto en sí. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cualitativo. Los datos se recogieron mediante el cuestionario Sentidos de Nacer - Contactos Posparto, aplicado por contacto telefónico. Incluyó a mujeres de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, y región metropolitana que participaron en la Exposición Sentidos de Nacer, durante el período de mayo a junio de 2015 y marzo de 2016, cuando estaban embarazadas, con un parto anterior con fecha de hacía más de un año y no haber sufrido un aborto. El tratamiento analítico empleado fue el análisis de contenido de las cuestiones. A partir del análisis de los datos, surgieron las siguientes categorías referentes al plan de parto: "presencia de acompañante", "información sobre los procedimientos", "uso de métodos para aliviar el dolor", "uso de anestesia para continuar con el parto normal", "alimentación durante el trabajo de parto", "presencia de una partera", "inexistencia de intervención innecesaria", "realización de parto normal", "corte del cordón umbilical tras cesar la pulsación", "presencia y lactancia de recién nacido posparto" y "respeto/tratamiento". Se observó la relación directa con la realización del plan de parto y la experiencia de parto positiva. Se destaca la importancia de la utilización del plan de parto como una tecnología que favorece la experiencia positiva del parto. La construcción del plan por parte de las mujeres durante el período prenatal y la realización del mismo, por parte del equipo de salud, contribuyen al desarrollo favorable del trabajo de parto.

Obstetric practices performed by nurse-midwives of a hospital natural birth center / Prácticas obstétricas en centro de parto normal intrahospitalario realizadas por enfermeras obstetras / Práticas obstétricas em centro de parto normal intra-hospitalar realizadas por enfermeiras obstetras

Abstract Objectives: To characterize the practices used by nurse-midwives in a Natural Birth Center (NBC) and to verify the maternal and neonatal outcomes. Method: This was a cross-sectional, documentary, retrospective study with a quantitative approach in which the medical records of 300 parturients who gave birth in a state hospital in the city of São Paulo were analyzed. The categories of the World Health Organization (WHO) composed the criteria adopted for the analysis of the obstetric practices. Fisher's exact test or the likelihood ratio and Student t-test were used. Results: The nurse-midwives mostly used category A practices of the WHO. There were no statistically significant associations between practices and perineal outcomes. There was a statistically significant association between the weight of the newborn and the number of neonatal complications, as well as between the delivery position of the primiparous women and clavicle fractures of the newborns. Conclusion and Implications for the practice: Evidence-based practices were followed by the nurse-midwives in the NBC analyzed. The maternal and neonatal outcomes were adequate. There is a need to improve care in the second stage of the delivery in order to avoid behaviors that reflect in neonatal complications. The study makes it possible to reflect on the importance of the continuous evaluation of the care provided.

Resumen Objetivos: Caracterizar las prácticas utilizadas por las enfermeras obstetras en un Centro de Parto Normal (CPN) y verificar los resultados maternos y neonatales. Método: Estudio transversal, documental, retrospectivo, con abordaje cuantitativo, en el cual fueron analizados prontuarios de 300 parturientas que dieron a luz en hospital público de la ciudad de São Paulo. Los criterios adoptados para el análisis de las prácticas obstétricas fueron las categorías de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Fueron utilizadas las pruebas, exacto de Fisher o razón de verosimilitud (Likelihood Ratio) y t-Student. Resultados: Las enfermeras obstetras utilizaron mayoritariamente las prácticas de la categoría A de la OMS. No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las asociaciones entre las prácticas y los resultados perineales. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el peso del recién nacido y el número de intercurrencias neonatales, así como entre las posiciones de parto de las primíparas con la fractura de clavícula de los recién nacidos. Conclusión e Implicaciones para la práctica: Las prácticas basadas en evidencias son seguidas por las enfermeras obstetras en el CPN analizado. Los resultados maternos y neonatales se mostraron adecuados. Es necesario mejorar la asistencia en el segundo período del parto para evitar conductas que reflejen en las interacciones neonatales. El estudio posibilita la reflexión sobre la importancia de la evaluación continuada de la asistencia prestada.

Resumo Objetivos: Caracterizar as práticas utilizadas pelas enfermeiras obstetras em um Centro de Parto Normal (CPN) e verificar os desfechos maternos e neonatais. Método: Estudo transversal, documental, retrospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa. Analisaram-se prontuários de 300 parturientes que deram à luz em hospital estadual da cidade de São Paulo. Os critérios adotados para a análise das práticas obstétricas foram as categorias da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). Utilizaram-se os testes exatos de Fisher ou razão de verossimilhança (Likelihood Ratio) e t-Student. Resultados: As enfermeiras obstetras utilizaram majoritariamente as práticas da categoria A da OMS. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nas associações entre as práticas e os desfechos perineais. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o peso do recém-nascido e o número de intercorrências neonatais e entre as posições de parto das primíparas com a fratura de clavícula dos recém-nascidos. Conclusão e Implicações para a prática: As práticas baseadas em evidências são seguidas pelas enfermeiras obstetras no CPN analisado. Os desfechos maternos e neonatais mostraram-se adequados. Há necessidade de melhorar a assistência no segundo período do parto, evitando condutas que reflitam em intercorrências neonatais. O estudo possibilita a reflexão sobre a importância da avaliação continuada da assistência prestada.

Obstetric practices in planned home births assisted in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe obstetric practices in planned home births, assisted by qualified professionals in Brazil. METHOD: This is a descriptive study, with data collected in an online bank maintained by 49 professionals from December 2014 to November 2015, in which the target population was women and newborns assisted in home births. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A total of 667 women and 665 newborns were included. Most of the women gave birth at home (84.4%), in a nonlithotomic position (99.1%); none underwent episiotomy; 32.3% had intact perineum; and 37.8% had first-degree lacerations, some underwent amniotomy (5.4%), oxytocin administration (0.4%), and Kristeller's maneuver (0.2%); 80.8% of the women with a previous cesarean section had home birth. The rate of transfer of parturients was 15.6%, of puerperal women was 1.9%, and of neonates 1.6%. The rate of cesarean section in the parturients that started labor at home was 9.0%. CONCLUSION: The obstetric practices taken are consistent with the scientific evidence; however, unnecessary interventions are still performed. The rates of cesarean sections and maternal and neonatal transfers are low. Home can be a place of birth option for women seeking a physiological delivery.

Breast Cancer Risk Evaluation by Utilizing Gail Model and Association between Breast Cancer Risk Perception with Early Diagnosis Applications among Midwives and Nurses Working in Primary Health Services.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was performed to detect cancer risk of the midwifes and nurses playing central role in raising awareness in the society using Gail's model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample of the present cross sectional study consists of 750 volunteer midwifes and nurses in 2016. Breast cancer risk was calculated using the Gail Risk Assessment Tool. Perceived and calculated risk levels were compared. Descriptive statistics and Chi-Square analysis, t-test, Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis, the Logistic Regression Analysis were conducted. RESULTS: A mean of 5 years risk (0.8% ± 0.52) and a mean of lifetime risk (11.03% ± 4.46) were computed. It was found that risk of development of breast cancer over the next 5-years period was high for 7.1% of the midwifes and nurses. The difference between the breast cancer risk perception level of women and the breast cancer risk level according to the Gail Model was significant (p<0.01). It was determined that the midwives and nurses, who thought that they had high risks for individual breast cancer, had mammography with a higher frequency (p<0.00) and went to clinics for breast examination on a regular basis (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Considering the fact that participants were healthcare professionals, the use of clinical breast examination and mammography practices as a preventive behavior by nurses and midwives was lower than expected.

Effectiveness of a campaign to implement chlorhexidine use for newborns in rural Haiti.

BACKGROUND: Chlorhexidine topical cord application is recommended to prevent umbilical cord infections in newborns delivered at home in low-resource settings. A community campaign introducing chlorhexidine for the first time in Haiti was developed. Traditional birth attendants (TBAs) were identified as implementers since they typically cut newborns' cords. TBAs were trained to apply chlorhexidine to the cord and demonstrate this procedure to the mother. Concurrently TBAs explained reasons for using chlorhexidine exclusively instead of traditional cord care practices. The campaign's effectiveness was evaluated 7-10 days post-delivery using a survey administered by community health workers (CHWs) to 198 mothers. RESULTS: Nearly all mothers heard about chlorhexidine use and applied it as instructed. Most mothers did not initially report using traditional cord care practices. With further probing, the majority reported covering the cord but few applied an unhygienic substance. No serious cord infections were reported. CONCLUSION: The campaign was highly successful in reaching mothers and achieving chlorhexidine use. In this study, the concomitant use of traditional cloth coverings or bindings of the cord did not appear harmful; however more research is needed in this area. This campaign provides a model for implementing chlorhexidine use, especially where trained TBAs and CHWs are present.

[Assessment of adherence to the Safe Childbirth Checklist in a public maternity hospital in Northeast Brazil]. / Avaliação da adesão à Lista de Verificação de Segurança no Parto em uma maternidade pública no Nordeste do Brasil.

Decreasing childbirth-related mortality is a current global health priority. The World Health Organization developed the Safe Childbirth Checklist to reduce adverse events in maternal and perinatal care, using simple and effective practices. The current study aims to evaluate adherence to the checklist by professionals in a maternity hospital in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The study used an observational, cross-sectional approach to evaluate all births in three months, with data collected from patient charts. Adherence was described on the basis of presence and quality of the checklist's completion, and bivariate analysis was performed using the association with childbirth-related factors. Of 978 patient charts that were reviewed, 71% had the list, an average of 24% of the items were completed, but only 0.1% of the patient charts were totally completed; better completion was seen in vaginal deliveries and at the time of patient admission. Checklist adherence showed limitations that are inherent to the adoption of a new safety routine and requires continuous training of the health professionals to achieve better results.

A diminuição da mortalidade relacionada ao nascimento é hoje uma prioridade de saúde global. A Lista de Verificação de Segurança no Parto foi desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para reduzir eventos adversos evitáveis na assistência materna e perinatal, utilizando práticas simples e efetivas. Este estudo objetiva avaliar a adesão dos profissionais a esse instrumento em uma maternidade em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. É uma abordagem observacional e transversal que avalia todos os partos realizados durante três meses, com dados coletados dos prontuários. A adesão foi descrita baseada na presença e na qualidade do preenchimento da lista de verificação, e foi feita uma análise bivariada com a associação de fatores relacionados ao parto. De 978 prontuários revisados, 71% possuíam a lista, preencheram-se em média 24% dos itens, mas apenas 0,1% dos prontuários foi totalmente preenchido, ocorrendo melhor preenchimento nos partos vaginais e no momento da admissão da paciente. Constatou-se que a adesão à lista apresentou limitações inerentes à adoção de uma nova rotina de segurança e requer contínuo treinamento dos profissionais para melhores resultados.

La disminución de la mortalidad relacionada con el nacimiento es hoy una prioridad de salud global. La Lista de Verificación de Seguridad en el Parto fue desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir eventos adversos evitables en la asistencia materna y perinatal, utilizando prácticas simples y efectivas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la adhesión de los profesionales a este instrumento en una maternidad en Natal, Río Grande do Norte, Brasil. Es un enfoque observacional y transversal que evalúa todos los partos realizados durante tres meses, con datos recogidos de los historiales clínicos. La adhesión se describió, basada en la presencia y en la calidad de la cumplimentación de la lista de verificación, y se realizó un análisis bivariado con una asociación de factores relacionados con el parto. De los 978 historiales revisados, un 71% poseían la lista, se cumplimentaron de media un 24% de los ítems, pero solamente un 0,1% de los historiales fue totalmente cumplimentado, produciéndose una mejor cumplimentación en los partos vaginales y en el momento de la admisión de la paciente. Se constató que la adhesión a la lista presentó limitaciones inherentes a la adopción de una nueva rutina de seguridad y requiere un continuo entrenamiento de los profesionales para mejores resultados.

Avaliação da adesão à Lista de Verificação de Segurança no Parto em uma maternidade pública no Nordeste do Brasil / Assessment of adherence to the Safe Childbirth Checklist in a public maternity hospital in Northeast Brazil / Evaluación de la adhesión a la Lista de Verificación de Seguridad en el Parto dentro de una maternidad pública en el nordeste de Brasil

Resumo: A diminuição da mortalidade relacionada ao nascimento é hoje uma prioridade de saúde global. A Lista de Verificação de Segurança no Parto foi desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para reduzir eventos adversos evitáveis na assistência materna e perinatal, utilizando práticas simples e efetivas. Este estudo objetiva avaliar a adesão dos profissionais a esse instrumento em uma maternidade em Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. É uma abordagem observacional e transversal que avalia todos os partos realizados durante três meses, com dados coletados dos prontuários. A adesão foi descrita baseada na presença e na qualidade do preenchimento da lista de verificação, e foi feita uma análise bivariada com a associação de fatores relacionados ao parto. De 978 prontuários revisados, 71% possuíam a lista, preencheram-se em média 24% dos itens, mas apenas 0,1% dos prontuários foi totalmente preenchido, ocorrendo melhor preenchimento nos partos vaginais e no momento da admissão da paciente. Constatou-se que a adesão à lista apresentou limitações inerentes à adoção de uma nova rotina de segurança e requer contínuo treinamento dos profissionais para melhores resultados.

Abstract: Decreasing childbirth-related mortality is a current global health priority. The World Health Organization developed the Safe Childbirth Checklist to reduce adverse events in maternal and perinatal care, using simple and effective practices. The current study aims to evaluate adherence to the checklist by professionals in a maternity hospital in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. The study used an observational, cross-sectional approach to evaluate all births in three months, with data collected from patient charts. Adherence was described on the basis of presence and quality of the checklist's completion, and bivariate analysis was performed using the association with childbirth-related factors. Of 978 patient charts that were reviewed, 71% had the list, an average of 24% of the items were completed, but only 0.1% of the patient charts were totally completed; better completion was seen in vaginal deliveries and at the time of patient admission. Checklist adherence showed limitations that are inherent to the adoption of a new safety routine and requires continuous training of the health professionals to achieve better results.

Resumen: La disminución de la mortalidad relacionada con el nacimiento es hoy una prioridad de salud global. La Lista de Verificación de Seguridad en el Parto fue desarrollada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para reducir eventos adversos evitables en la asistencia materna y perinatal, utilizando prácticas simples y efectivas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la adhesión de los profesionales a este instrumento en una maternidad en Natal, Río Grande do Norte, Brasil. Es un enfoque observacional y transversal que evalúa todos los partos realizados durante tres meses, con datos recogidos de los historiales clínicos. La adhesión se describió, basada en la presencia y en la calidad de la cumplimentación de la lista de verificación, y se realizó un análisis bivariado con una asociación de factores relacionados con el parto. De los 978 historiales revisados, un 71% poseían la lista, se cumplimentaron de media un 24% de los ítems, pero solamente un 0,1% de los historiales fue totalmente cumplimentado, produciéndose una mejor cumplimentación en los partos vaginales y en el momento de la admisión de la paciente. Se constató que la adhesión a la lista presentó limitaciones inherentes a la adopción de una nueva rutina de seguridad y requiere un continuo entrenamiento de los profesionales para mejores resultados.