Mucocoele of the appendix.

Introduction: Mucocoele of the appendix occurs in 0.2-0.7% of people in the world without any well-defined clinical symptoms. It occurs when there is an accumulation of mucous in the lumen of the appendix. Case Presentation: We present three cases: a 48-year-old male admitted to the emergency room with a one-day history of right iliac fossa pain. Abdominal examination was suggestive of acute appendicitis. The initial abdominal computerised tomography scan was reported as being unremarkable. At surgery, a firm tumour of the appendix was found, and a limited right hemicolectomy was done. Histopathology confirmed a mucocoele of the appendix with borderline mucinous histology.The second case is a 63-year-old man who presented with a one-year history of abdominal distension and weight loss. Previous abdominal ultrasound was suggestive of liver cirrhosis with significant ascitic fluid. Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging found an appendix mucocoele with infiltration of the omentum and scalloping of the liver surface suggestive of pseudomyxoma peritonei. A percutaneous biopsy of the omental mass confirmed metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma of the appendix.The third case is a 68-year-old man who, during an annual medical check-up, had an incidental finding of a cystic right iliac fossa mass on ultrasound, confirmed on abdominopelvic computerised tomography scan to be an appendix mucocele. He had laparoscopic appendicectomy. The histopathological diagnosis confirmed a mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix. Conclusion: Preoperative diagnosis of appendiceal mucocoele is difficult and commonly discovered intraoperatively. The prognosis is good for the histologically benign type, but it is poor when malignant or peritoneal lesions are present. Funding: None declared.

Determining the patency of biliary tracts in dogs with gallbladder mucocele using near-infrared cholangiography with indocyanine green.

Cholecystectomy is indicated for gallbladder mucoceles (GBM). Evaluating the patency of the biliary duct and precise biliary tree visualization is crucial for reducing the risk of compromised bile flow after surgery. Therefore, intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is recommended during cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injury. Although indocyanine green (ICG) cholangiography has been extensively reported in human medicine, only one study has been conducted in veterinary medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the use of ICG for IOC to identify fluorescent biliary tract images and determine the patency of the common bile duct during cholecystectomy in dogs. This study comprised 27 dogs, consisting of 17 with gallbladder mucoceles (GBM) and 10 controls, specifically including dogs that had undergone elective cholecystectomy for GBM. ICG injection (0.25 mg/kg) was administered intravenously at least 45 minutes before surgery. During the operation, fluorescent images from cholangiography were displayed on the monitor and obtained in black-and-white mode for the comparison of fluorescence intensity (FI). The FI values of the gallbladders (GBs) and common bile duct (CBD) were measured using FI analyzing software (MGViewer V1.1.1, MetapleBio Inc.). The results demonstrated successful CBD patency identification in all cases. Mobile GBM showed partial gallbladder visibility, whereas immobile GBM showed limited visibility. Additionally, insights into the adequate visualization of the remaining extrahepatic biliary tree anatomy were provided, extending beyond the assessment of CBD patency and gallbladder intensity. Our study demonstrates the potential of fluorescent IOC using intravenous injection of ICG for assessing the patency of the cystic duct and common bile duct during cholecystectomy in patients with GBM, eliminating the need for surgical catheterization and flushing of the biliary ducts. Further research is warranted to investigate and validate the broader applicability of ICG cholangiography in veterinary medicine.

Severe facial pain and removal of maxillary sinus mucous retention cyst.

Maxillary sinus retention cysts (MRCs) are typically asymptomatic and require no treatment. An early 30s man presented with a decade-long history of severe left-sided chronic facial pain (CFP). Multiple prior treatments resulted in an edentulous patient with persistent pain. Imaging revealed a dome-shaped radiopaque change in the left maxillary sinus. History and clinical examination suggested persistent idiopathic facial pain, and doubts about the outcome of a surgical intervention were explained to the patient. Surgical removal of the MRC via lateral antrotomy led to complete symptom resolution of CFP. This case substantiates the importance of considering MRCs as a possible cause of CFP. It also emphasises the need for a systematic multidisciplinary approach in cases of unexplained CFP.

Mucocele-like Lesions: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Mucocele-like lesions (MLLs) of the breast are rare lesions described as dilated, mucin-filled cysts associated with rupture and extracellular mucin in the surrounding stroma. These lesions are of clinical concern because they can coexist with a spectrum of atypical and malignant findings, including atypical ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma including mucinous carcinoma. Imaging findings of MLLs are nonspecific and varied, although the most common initial finding is that of incidental coarse heterogeneous calcifications on mammography. Occasionally, an asymmetry or mass may be found with or without calcifications, and such MLLs have a higher rate of upgrade to malignancy at excision. Pathology findings are often descriptive given the small sample received from percutaneous biopsy, and the primary consideration is to report any associated atypia, including atypical ductal hyperplasia. There is consensus in the literature that MLLs with atypia on biopsy should undergo excision because of the average reported 17.5% (20/114) upgrade rate to malignancy. The upgrade rate for MLLs without atypia averages 4.1% (14/341). Therefore, imaging surveillance may be a reasonable alternative to excision for MLLs with no atypia on a case-by-case basis. We review MLL imaging findings, pathology findings, and clinical management and present 3 cases from our institution to add to the literature on these rare lesions.

Nasal obstruction in a 14 year old girl caused by a huge middle turbinate mucocele appearing radiologically as an inverted papilloma.

Introduction: We present a case of a fourteen year old girl who presented with a large intra-nasal mass to the ENT team at a district general hospital in the UK. Presentation of case: The girl presented predominantly with nasal obstruction and some symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Imaging revealed a large lesion abutting the skull base and causing bony remodelling with marked septal deviation. Based both on CT and MRI imaging, the reporting (non-head and neck) radiologist suggested inverted papilloma as a differential diagnosis. Intra-operative exploration in fact revealed a very large left middle turbinate mucocele extending to the left frontal sinus. The mass was excised endoscopically without complications. Discussion: Although concha bullosa of the middle turbinate of the nose are common, development of a mucocele within them is far less common and for such a mucocele to develop to this size in a child is extremely rare. The egg shell lining of the lesion can be a tell-tale sign of their aetiology when taken alongside other radiological factors. This case highlights challenges in radiological diagnosis of intra-nasal masses in children, which can lead to delays and increased anxiety. Conclusion: When assessing nasal masses in children it is important to keep a wide differential due to the challenges of diagnosis. A close conversation should be had with local head and neck radiologists and, of course, where there is a unilateral nasal mass tissue sampling is essential and may be taken as part of a full excision where clinically indicated.

Ultrasonographic aspects of the gallbladder mucocele in 30 dogs: retrospective study / Aspectos ultrassonográficos da mucocele biliar em 30 cães: estudo retrospectivo

Gallbladder mucocele is characterized by hyperplasia of the gallbladder epithelium, increased mucus production, accumulation, and densification of the bile content, which can lead to biliary obstruction, necrosis, and rupture of the gallbladder wall. Its finding may be accidental or related to symptoms. A retrospective study (2016-2019) was carried out based on abdominal ultrasound examinations in dogs, correlating aspects of the gallbladder and biliary system in the mucocele with existing comorbidities. Thirty dogs diagnosed with biliary mucocele were evaluated, of which 46.66% had the disease at an early stage, and 53.33% showed a more advanced stage. Of these, 66.66% were related to endocrinopathies and hyperadrenocorticism. Signs of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction and biliary peritonitis were observed in two animals. Due to their potential risk of complications, follow-up ultrasound assessments are indicated in cases that opt for clinical treatment, not excluding the need for surgical intervention.(AU)

A mucocele biliar caracteriza-se pela hiperplasia do epitélio da vesícula biliar, aumento da produção de muco, acúmulo e densificação do conteúdo biliar, podendo levar à obstrução, necrose e ruptura da parede da vesícula biliar. Seu achado pode ser acidental ou estar relacionado à sintomatologia. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo (2016-2019) a partir de exames ultrassonográficos abdominais em cães, correlacionando os aspectos da vesícula biliar na mucocele, com comorbidades existentes. Foram avaliados 30 cães com diagnóstico de mucocele biliar, dos quais 46,66% apresentaram a doença em estágio inicial e 53,33% demonstraram estágio mais avançado. Destes, 66,66% tinham endocrinopatias, principalmente hiperadrenocorticismo. Sinais de obstrução de vias biliares extra-hepáticas e peritonite biliar foram observados em dois animais. Por seu potencial risco de complicação, avaliações ultrassonográficas de seguimento são indicadas nos casos de tratamento clínico, não se descartando a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica.(AU)

Association between the insertion type of the uncinate process and the development of Frontal Sinus Mucoceles - is there a relationship?

Background: The frontal sinus drainage pathway is formed by either the ethmoid infundibulum or the middle meatus, which depends on the superior insertion of the uncinate process. According to Landsberg & Friedman the are 6 types of superior uncinate process insertion.The aim of this study is to find an association between the uncinate process insertion type and the development of frontal sinus mucoceles.MethodsFifty sinus CT scans were analysed. Exclusion criteria were previous nasal surgeries, malignancy, polyposis and an insufficient image quality. Superior insertions of the uncinate process were analysed according to the Landsberg & Friedman classification. The results were tabulated and analysed using SPSS 25.0.ResultsThe analysis revealed type 1 insertion in 6% of the CT scans, type 2 in 32%, type 3 in 26%, type 4 in 0%, type 5 in 28% and type 6 in 8%. Despite 44% of the CT scans with frontal sinus mucocele showing a type 2 insertion of the uncinate process, both the Chi-Square test and the Cramer's V test showed no statistical significance (p>.05). Logistic regression also showed that uncinate process insertion type does not influence the likelihood of development of frontal sinuses mucoceles.ConclusionsThe insertion of the uncinate process does not influence the development of frontal sinus mucoceles. (AU)

Antecedentes: La vía de drenaje del seno frontal es formada por el infundíbulo etmoidal o por el meato medio, lo que depende de la inserción superior de la apófisis unciforme. Según Landsberg y Friedman hay seis tipos de inserción superior de la apófisis unciforme.El objetivo del estudio es entender si hay alguna correlación entre el tipo de inserción de la apófisis unciforme y el desarrollo de mucoceles del seno frontal.Material y métodosSe analizaron 50 tomografías computarizadas de los senos paranasales. Los criterios de exclusión fueron cirugías nasales previas, malignidad, poliposis y una calidad de imagen insuficiente. Las inserciones superiores de la apófisis unciforme fueron analizadas según la clasificación de Landsberg y Friedman. Los resultados se tabularon y analizaron usando el SPSS 25.0.ResultadosEl análisis reveló la inserción de tipo 1 en 6% de las tomografías computarizadas, tipo 2 en 32%, tipo 3 en 26%, tipo 4 en 0%, tipo 5 en 28% y tipo 6 en 8%. A pesar de que el 44% de las tomografías computarizadas con mucocele del seno frontal muestran una inserción de tipo 2 de la apófisis unciforme, tanto la prueba de X2 como la prueba de V de Cramer, no mostraron significación estadística (p > 0,05). La regresión logística también demostró que el tipo de inserción de la apófisis unciforme no influye en la probabilidad de desarrollo de mucoceles de los senos frontales.ConclusiónLa inserción de la apófisis unciforme no influye el desarrollo de los mucoceles en los senos frontales. (AU)

Fungus ball within a mucocele of the sphenoid sinus: A rare entity / Bola fúngica dentro de un mucocele del seno esfenoidal: una entidad rara

No disponible

Mucocele de cavidades paranasales / Sinus mucocele

Los mucoceles son quistes expansivos e indolentes de las cavidades paranasales. A pesar de ser lesiones benignas, tienen potencial destructivo local por su expansión crónica y cambios óseos. Su ubicación más frecuente es frontoetmoidal. Se postula que su origen es por alteración de la vía de drenaje de los senos. La clínica es dependiente de su ubicación: los mucoceles frontoetmoidales presentan aumento de volumen, cefalea o proptosis. Las imágenes juegan un rol importante en el diagnóstico, siendo la tomografía computarizada y la resonancia magnética los exámenes que detectan patrones sugerentes de mucoceles. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, donde el abordaje endoscópico ha desplazado al abierto por ser mínimamente invasivo, presentar menos comorbilidades y tener menor tasa de recurrencia.

Mucoceles are expansive and indolent cyst of the paranasal cavities. Despite being benign lesions, they have local destructive potential because of its chronic expansion and bony changes. Its most common location is frontoethmoidal. Alterations in the drainage pathway of sinus is thought to be the origin of mucoceles. The clinical features depend on the location. Frontoethmoidal often presents frontal swelling, headache or proptosis. Imaging plays an important part of diagnosis. Tomography and magnetic resonance have patterns that can suggest the presence of a mucocele. Paranasal sinus mucoceles are primarily treated surgically. The endoscopic surgical management has replaced the open resection because of its minimally invasive treatment, less morbidity and low recurrence rates.

Mucocele apendicular como hallazgo casual en prueba de imagen / Appendicular mucocele as an incidental finding on imaging test

El mucocele apendicular (MA) es una entidad poco frecuente. Su incidencia sitúa entre el 0,2 y 0,4% de todas las apendicectomías y del 8 al 10% de todos los tumores apendiculares. El término mucocele consiste en la dilatación del apéndice causada por la producción moco, secundario a un proceso benigno o maligno (cistoadenoma o cistoadenocarcinoma). Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 63 años de edad asintomática y que en el estudio por sospecha de hidronefrosis izquierda se encontró como hallazgo en la ecografía de abdomen, una imagen sugerente de mucocele apendicular que se constató en la tomo-grafía computarizada (TC). Se realizó una apendicectomía laparoscópica. El estudio histológico mostró un mucocele apendicular con bordes libres y sin signos de malignidad. Un año después de la intervención la paciente está libre de enfermedad y de otro proceso asociado. El propósito del presente estudio es el de realizar una revisión relacionada con la incidencia, manifestaciones clínicas, métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento, evolución, diagnóstico diferencial y anatomopatológico

Appendicular mucocele (AM) is a rare entity. Its frequency is estimated between 0.2 and 0.4% of all appendectomies and 8 to 10% of all appendicular tumors. The term mucocele refers to the dilation of the appendix by mucus, caused by a benign or malignant process (cystadenoma or cystadenocarcinoma).We present the case of an asymptomatic 63-year-old patient who, in the study of suspected left hydronephrosis, found an image suggestive of appendicular mucocele as a finding on abdominal ultrasound, which was confirmed by computed tomography (CT). A laparoscopic appendectomy was performed. The histological study showed an appendicular mucocele without malignancy and free edges. One year after the intervention, the patient is free of disease and of another synchronous or metachronous process. The purpose of the present study is to carry out a review regarding the incidence, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, treatment, evolution and pathological diagnosis

Mucocele: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in 46 Operated Patients

Abstract Introduction Paranasal sinus mucocele is a benign, expansive lesion associated with paranasal sinus obstruction. It affectsmostly adults, and ismost common in the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses. Objective To evaluate outcomes in patients undergoing surgical treatment for paranasal sinus mucocele. Methods Retrospective review of medical records of patients treated for paranasal sinus mucocele at the ENT department of a tertiary care hospital between 2005 and 2016. Results Forty-six patients underwent surgical treatment of paranasal sinusmucocele. Themean age was 50.1 years, and 56.5% were male. The most prevalent symptom was pain, and the frontal sinus was most commonly affected. The vast majority of patients (89.1%) underwent endoscopic sinusmarsupialization; 10.9% required combined open and endoscopic access. Seven recurrences occurred. Conclusion Sinus mucocele is an expansive disease that primarily affects the frontal sinus of adult patients. In most cases, endoscopic surgery is an effective treatment modality. (AU)

Anatomical Variations of the Middle Turbinate Concha Bullosa and its Relationship with Chronic Sinusitis: A Prospective Radiologic Study

Abstract Introduction A pneumatized turbinate, also called concha bullosa, is a normal anatomical variant of the paranasal sinus region. Depending on the site of pneumatization, the concha is classified into extensive, bulbous or lamellar type. The middle turbinate concha bullosa has been implicated as a possible etiological factor in chronic sinusitis. Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical variations of the concha bullosa, based on paranasal sinus imaging, and its possible association with sinusitis. Methods This prospective descriptive study was performed at the Department of ENT and Head Neck Surgery over a period of one year, from 2016 to 2017. We studied the computed tomography scans of the nose and paranasal sinuses- in axial, coronal and sagittal planes-of patients who had symptoms of nasal obstruction, or headache and features of chronic sinusitis. Results Out of the 202 scans studied, the prevalence of concha bullosa was 31.7%. The concha was bilateral in 35 (54.7%) patients and unilateral in 29 (45.3%) patients. Out of 99 conchae, 54 were on the right side and 45 were on left side. Ipsilateral sinusitiswas found in 40.4% of the sides in the scans of subjectswith concha. There was no statistically significant association between any type of middle turbinate concha with sinusitis, but sinusitis was more predominant with the extensive type of concha (p > 0.05). Conclusion Multiple air cells, mucocele, pyocele and inflammatory mucosal thickenings in the concha are relatively rare. Detailed knowledge of anatomic variations of the concha bullosa is imperative for the radiologists and the operating surgeons.

Mucocele maxilar secundario a cirugía ortognática: reporte de un caso / Maxillary mucocele after an orthognathic surgery: case report

El mucocele es un tumor pseudoquístico poco frecuente en el seno maxilar y una rara complicación de la cirugía ortognática. El caso reportado describe la presentación de un mucocele que afecta parcialmente el seno maxilar y se presenta clínicamente como un tumor nasal. Se trata de una mujer de 44 años que, luego de 12 años de realizarse cirugías ortognáticas, presenta dolor facial y obstrucción de la fosa nasal derecha. La tomografía axial computarizada de senos paranasales revela una masa de contenido líquido que ocupa la mitad inferior del seno maxilar derecho, extendiéndose a la fosa nasal ipsilateral. La paciente es intervenida por vía endoscópica realizándose una marsupialización intranasal y meatotomía media, evolucionando satisfactoriamente en un seguimiento de dos años.

Mucoceles are not often found in the maxillary sinus, and is a rare surgery complication, in this case, orthognathic. This review describes a mucocele that partially occupies the right maxillary sinus, causing a chronic nasal obstruction. This is the case of a 44 year-old female patient, which after 12 years of several orthognathic surgeries, presents facial pain and right nasal obstruction. The paranasal sinus computed tomography reveals a mass with liquid content that occupies the lower part of the right maxillary sinus and compromises the right nasal cavity. The patient was treated with an intranasal marsupialization and a middle meatotomy with endoscopic nasal approach. Evolution was satisfactory two years after the intervention.

Mucocele of the appendix: appendectomy or colectomy?

Mucocele of the appendix is a rare disease. It can be triggered by benign or malignant diseases, which cause the obstruction of the appendix and the consequent accumulation of mucus secretion. The preoperative diagnosis is difficult due to non-specific clinical manifestations of the disease. Imaging tests can suggest the diagnosis. The treatment is always surgical and depends on the integrity and size of the appendix base and on the histological type of the original lesion. The prognosis is good in cases of integrity of the appendix. The perforation of the appendix and subsequent extravasation of its contents into the abdominal cavity may lead to pseudomyxoma peritonei, which has very poor prognosis if not treated properly. (AU)

A mucocele do apêndice cecal é uma doença rara. Pode ser causada por doenças benignas ou malignas que provocam a obstrução da luz do apêndice e, consequente, acúmulo de secreção mucoide. O diagnóstico pré-operatório é difícil devido ao quadro clínico inespecífico da doença. Exames de imagem sugerem o diagnóstico. O tratamento é sempre cirúrgico e é determinado pela integridade do órgão, dimensões da base e tipo histológico da lesão. O prognóstico é bom nos casos com integridade do apêndice cecal. A perfuração do apêndice e o consequente extravasamento do seu conteúdo para a cavidade abdominal pode ocasionar o pseudomixoma peritoneal, cujo prognóstico é bastante desfavorável se não tratado adequadamente. (AU)

Lesiones mucocele-like de la mama: experiencia local y revisión de la literatura / Mucocele-like lesions of the breast: local experience and review of the literature

Mucocele-like lesions of the breast are uncommon. They where first described by Rosen in 1986. Pathologically, they are defined as mucin filled cysts and extravasated mucin in the adjacent stroma, without inflammatory reaction. We present eight cases of mucocele-like lesions in six patients, emphasizing the clinical and radiological findings and features of the respective percutaneous and excisional biopsies. Considering their frequent association with high risk type lesions (4/8 = 50%) and also with ductal carcinomas in situ or mucinous carcinomas (1/7 = 14%), surgical excision is recommended to exclude malignancy.

La lesión mucocele-like (LML) es infrecuente, fue descrita por primera vez por Rosen en 1986; se define anatomopatológicamente como área de quistes conteniendo mucina, con presencia de mucina extravasada en el estroma adyacente debido a la rotura de quistes, sin reacción inflamatoria asociada. Se presentan ocho casos de LML diagnosticados en seis pacientes, haciendo énfasis en las características clínicas, imaginológicas y hallazgos de las respectivas biopsias percutáneas y excisionales. Considerando su frecuente asociación con lesiones de alto riesgo, (4/8=50%) y también con cáncer in situ o cáncer infiltrante mucinoso (1/7=14%), la recomendación actual es la biopsia quirúrgica para excluir malignidad.

Incidencia poblacional del pseudoquiste antral en base a radiografías panorámicas / Population incidence of antral pseudocyst based upon panoramic radiographs

El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la asiduidad de los signos radiográficos en el uso de la panorámica de las opacificaciones del seno maxilar, compatibles con pseudoquistes antrales, en una población hospitalaria durante el período 1999-2000. Se consideraron las edades, el sexo, correlación radiográfica y nivesl socioeconómico (AU)