Influence of bentonite adsorbents associated with hepatic antioxidants on the health and production of dairy cows fed diets containing naturally produced mycotoxins / Influência do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos na saúde e produção de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo micotoxinas naturalmente produzidas

As mycotoxins are consistent contaminants in the dairy cow diet, the use of adsorbents is recommended, although there are no ideal adsorbents. Although there are studies on this subject, few have focused on chronic natural intoxications. Here, we evaluated the effect of bentonite adsorbents associated with liver antioxidants on the health and milk production of dairy cows fed a diet containing naturally-produced fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol. Eighteen dairy cows (bodyweight 550 ±50 kg, 5 ± 2 years old, and 30 ± 1,25 kg/day milk production) in the middle of lactation were divided into groups: treatment (TG, n = 9, 22 g/day of supplement added to diet) and control (CG, n = 9, without supplement). A physical examination was performed, weekly over 56 days and blood was collected for liver and immune assessments. Milk was harvested to evaluate milk production and content (fat protein, somatic cell count, and lactose). The additive promoted beneficial effects on the liver from the 24th day due to a decrease in the enzymatic activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase and lactate dehydrogenase and increased serum protein and albumin levels. There were improvements in health, evidenced as fewer clinical manifestations of the disease, greater leukocyte oxidative metabolism capacity, and a lower neutrophil lymphocytes ratio. The treatment also promoted a 19% increase in milk volume. It was concluded that the additive promoted health benefits and milk production in dairy cows.(AU)

Como as micotoxinas são contaminantes constantes na dieta de vacas leiteiras, o uso de adsorventes é recomendado, embora não existam adsorventes ideiais. Ainda que existam estudos sobre o assunto, poucos são direcionados às intoxicações naturais crônicas. Nosso experimento avaliou o efeito do adsorvente bentonita associado a antioxidantes hepáticos sobre a saúde e produção de leite de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dieta contendo fumonisina, zearalenona e desoxinivalenol produzidos naturalmente. Dezoito vacas lei-teiras (peso corporal 550 ±50 kg, 5±2 anos de idade, e 30 ± 1,25 kg/dia de produção de leite) no meio da lactação, foram divididas em grupos: Tratamento (GT, n=9, 22g/dia do suplemento adicionado à dieta) e controle (GC, n =9, sem suplemento). Em intervalos semanais, durante 56 dias, foi realizado exame físico, coleta de sangue para avaliação hepática e imunológica. O leite foi colhido para avaliar a produção e análises de leite para (proteína, gordura, contagem de células somáticas e lactose). O aditivo promoveu efeitos bené-ficos no fígado à partir do 24º dia devido à diminuição das atividades enzimáticas da gama-glutamiltransferase e lactato desidrogenase e aumento dos níveis séricos de proteína e albumina. Houve melhora na saúde, evidenciada por menor número de manifestações clínicas de doença, maior capacidade de metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos e menor razão neutrófilos/linfócitos. O tratamento também promo-veu aumento de 19% no volume de leite. Concluiu-se que o aditivo promoveu benefícios à saúde e à produção de leite em vacas leiteiras.(AU)

Effect of adsorbents on diets with corn contaminated by mycotoxins on the productive performance and health of broilers

A total of 1,296 broiler chicken were housed, distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 6 repetitions. The treatments consisted of a control diet formulated with corn considered adequate and without the addition of adsorbent, a diet formulated with corn naturally contaminated with mycotoxin (CCM) and four diets formulated with CCM and added with different commercial adsorbents. At the end of the first week and at 21 days of age of the birds, it was observed that the control diet resulted in greater (p < 0.05) live weight and weight gain in relation to the inclusion of CCM. The relative weight of the liver was lower for the control group compared to the groups receiving a diet with CCM and CCM + ads D. The relative weight of the proventriculus and cloacal bursa was lower for the control group compared to those who received a diet with CCM + ads B and CCM + ads C. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of the diets on the analysis of serum biochemistry and the occurrence of fatty and hydropic degeneration in the liver of broilers. The use of adsorbents can mitigate the harmful effects of mycotoxins, however, these products have specific binding capacity to the type of mycotoxin present in food.(AU)

Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxin-Producing Fusaria in Market-Bought Peruvian Cereals: A Food Safety Threat for Andean Populations.

Consumption of cereals contaminated by mycotoxins poses health risks. For instance, Fumonisins B, mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusariumproliferatum, and the type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol, typically produced by Fusarium graminearum, are highly prevalent on cereal grains that are staples of many cultural diets and known to represent a toxic risk hazard. In Peru, corn and other cereals are frequently consumed on a daily basis under various forms, the majority of food grains being sold through traditional markets for direct consumption. Here, we surveyed mycotoxin contents of market-bought grain samples in order to assess the threat these mycotoxins might represent to Peruvian population, with a focus on corn. We found that nearly one sample of Peruvian corn out of six was contaminated with very high levels of Fumonisins, levels mostly ascribed to the presence of F. verticillioides. Extensive profiling of Peruvian corn kernels for fungal contaminants could provide elements to refine the potential risk associated with Fusarium toxins and help define adapted food safety standards.

Aflatoxin B1 exposure and liver cirrhosis in Guatemala: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: In Guatemala, cirrhosis is among the 10 leading causes of death, and mortality rates have increased lately. The reasons for this heavy burden of disease are not clear as the prevalence of prominent risk factors, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and heavy alcohol consumption, appears to be low. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure, however, appears to be high, and thus could be associated with the high burden of cirrhosis. Whether AFB1 increases the risk of cirrhosis in the absence of viral infection, however, is not clear. DESIGN: Cirrhosis cases (n=100) from two major referral hospitals in Guatemala City were compared with controls (n=200) from a cross-sectional study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs of cirrhosis and quintiles of AFB1 in crude and adjusted models. A sex-stratified analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: The median AFB1 level was significantly higher among the cases (11.4 pg/mg) than controls (5.11 pg/mg). In logistic regression analyses, higher levels of AFB1 was associated with cirrhosis (quintile 5 vs quintile 1, OR: 11.55; 95% CI 4.05 to 32.89). No attenuation was observed with adjustment by sex, ethnicity, hepatitis B virus status, and heavy alcohol consumption. A significantly increasing trend in association was observed in both models (p trend <0.01). Additionally, the cirrhosis-AFB1 association was more prominent among men. CONCLUSIONS: The current study found a significant positive association between AFB1 exposure and cirrhosis. Mitigation of AFB1 exposure and a better understanding of additional risk factors may be important to reduce the burden of cirrhosis in Guatemala.

Effects of fed mycotoxin contaminated diets supplemented with spray-dried porcine plasma on cholinergic response and behavior in piglets.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray-dried porcine plasma (SDPP) supplementation on cholinesterase enzymes and its relationship with animal behavior of weaning piglets exposed to mycotoxin contaminated diets. To achieve these objectives, two experimental design approaches were used. Male piglets (7.15±0.61kg) were allocated in four groups: CTL group received a regular diet; SDPP group received a regular diet and 6% SDPP; MYC group received a diet containing desired contamination of 210 µg/kg aflatoxins and 6.690 µg/kg fumonisins; group MYC+SDPP received 253 µg/kg aflatoxins, 6930 µg/kg fumonisins and 6% SDPP. The animals treated with mycotoxin co-contaminated diets showed an increase in AChE and BChE activities in peripheral system (MYC) when compared to control (CTL). Furthermore, supplementation with SDPP (MYC+SDPP group) prevented the mycotoxin-related reduction of AChE in blood and brain. Behavioral tests showed that sleeping and resting behaviors were more often observed in the MYC group; this group also fed fewer times when compared to the other groups, characterizing the deleterious effect of mycotoxins. Taken together, the data suggest changes in AChE and BChE activities may indicate alterations in cholinergic neurotransmission and consequently in the behavior of piglets.

Factores extrínsecos e intrínsecos asociados a poblaciones fúngicas micotoxigénicas de granos de maíz (Zea mays L) almacenados en silos bolsa en Argentina / Extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with mycotoxigenic fungi populations of maize grains (Zea mays L.) stored in silobags in Argentina

Con el objeto de caracterizar las poblaciones fúngicas, en particular las especies potencialmente micotoxigénicas, que pueden contaminar los granos de maíz almacenados en silos bolsa con un contenido de humedad superior al recomendado como seguro, se evaluaron 270 muestras extraídas al inicio, a los 90 días y al final de un período de almacenamiento de 5 meses. En dichas muestras se cuantificó e identificó la biota fúngica y se determinó la contaminación con fumonisinas y aflatoxinas. Asimismo, se evaluó el efecto de factores extrínsecos (ambiente), intrínsecos (granos) y tecnológicos (ubicación de los granos en el perfil del silo bolsa) sobre las poblaciones totales y micotoxigénicas. El pH de los granos y el nivel de O2 se redujeron significativamente a los 5 meses, mientras que la concentración de CO2 se incrementó en igual período. Los recuentos totales de la micobiota fueron significativamente mayores en los granos ubicados en el estrato superior del silo bolsa. Se identificaron especies micotoxigénicas de Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium y Eurotium. La frecuencia de aislamiento de Fusarium verticillioides se redujo al final del almacenamiento y Aspergillus flavus solo se aisló en el inicio del almacenamiento. Los recuentos de Penicillium spp. y Eurotium spp. se incrementaron al final del almacenamiento. El 100 % de las muestras presentaron contaminación con fumonisinas, con niveles máximos de 5,707 mg/kg, mientras que las aflatoxinas contaminaron el 40 % de las muestras con niveles máximos de 0,0008 mg/kg. Las condiciones ambientales y de sustrato generadas durante el almacenamiento produjeron cambios en la composición de las poblaciones fúngicas y limitaron el desarrollo de hongos micotoxigénicos y la producción de micotoxinas.

In order to determine the behavior of mycotoxin-producing fungal populations linked with silobags stored corn grains with a moisture content greater at the recommended as safe, 270 samples taken in three times (beginning, 90 days, final) over a five month period of storage were evaluated. The fungal biota was quantified and identified and the contamination with fumonisin and aflatoxin was determined. Extrinsic factors (environment), intrinsic factors (grains) and technological factors (location of the grains in the profile of silobag) were taken into account to evaluate the presence and quantity of total and mycotoxigenic fungal populations. The pH of grains and O2 levels were significantly reduced after five months, while CO2 concentration increased in the same period. The total counts of mycobiota were significantly higher in grains located in the top layer of silobag. Mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Eurotium were identified. The frequency of isolation of Fusarium verticillioides decreased at the end of storage and Aspergillus flavus was isolated only at the beginning of storage. The counts of the Penicillium spp. and Eurotium spp. were increased at the end of storage. Fumonisin contamination was found in all the samples (100 %) with maximum levels of 5.707 mg/kg whereas aflatoxin contaminated only 40 % with maximum levels of 0.0008 mg/kg. The environmental and substrate conditions generated during the storage limited the development of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxin production.

Micotoxinas em farinhas infantis: uma revisão / Mycotoxins infant flours: a review

As últimas décadas têm sido marcadas pelas mudanças nos hábitos alimentares da população, contribuindo para o aumento do consumo dos produtos processados. A tecnologia utilizada pela indústria alimentícia com o objetivo de acompanhar essas mudanças e de aumentar o tempo de vida útil dos produtos tem gerado vários questionamentos quanto à segurança do emprego de aditivos alimentares, principalmente os corantes artificiais. Estudos vêm demonstrando a ocorrência de reações adversas a curto e longo prazo, devido ao consumo de alimentos que apresentam corantes artificiais, sendo que a população infantil constitui o grupo mais vulnerável. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento dos corantes artificiais utilizados nos produtos industrializados consumidos pela população infantil. A metodologia baseou-se na análise dos rótulos dos seguintes produtos: gelatina em pó, refrigerantes, refrescos em pó, balas e gomas de mascar. Os resultados demonstraram que os corantes artificiais são amplamente usados nesses produtos, mesmo com os atuais estudos referentes aos efeitos prejudiciais que essas substâncias podem causar à saúde. Dessa forma, é importante ressaltar a necessidade de controlar o consumo de produtos contendo corantes artificiais desde a infância, a fim de prevenir os possíveis danos à saúde ao longo da vida. (AU)

The last decades have been marked for the changes in the alimentary habits of the population. contributing for the increase of the consumption of the processed products. The technology used for the food industry with the objective to follow these changes and to increase the time of useful life of the products has generated some questions about the safety of the use food additives, especially artificial colorants. Studies have demonstrated the occurrence of adverse reactions as short and long term, which had to the food consumption that presents artificial colorants, and the child population is the most vulnerable group. The present work had as objective to carry through a survey of the used artificial colorants in the industrial products consumed by the child population. The methodology was based on the analysis of the labels of the following products: gelatin in dust, cooling, refreshments in dust, bullets and chewing gum. The results showed that the artificial colorants are widely used in these products, even with the current studies on the effects that these harmful substances can cause health. Thus, iris important to emphasize the need to control the consumption of products containing artificial colorants since childhood in order to prevent possible damage to health throughout life. (AU)

Mycotoxicoses in children.

Mycotoxicoses are acute and chronic poisonings caused by mould toxins called mycotoxins. Although acute mycotoxicoses, caused by high mycotoxin levels in food are rare nowadays, they need to be described in order to inform physicians and other health care workers about their symptoms. Children are more sensitive to mycotoxins because of their lower body mass, higher metabolic rate, and underdeveloped organ functions and detoxication mechanisms. Some mycotoxicoses appear only in children, and some are more pronounced in children than in adults. Acute mycotoxicoses in children are reported poorly, mostly because they occur in the tropical regions with poor healthcare coverage. In developed countries healthcare authorities are more concerned about child exposure to low levels of mycotoxins with immunotoxic, genotoxic or carcinogenic properties.

Analysis of the presence of mycotoxins in swine feed and its possible effects on semen quality in a rural property of Santa Catarina / Análise da presença de micotoxinas em rações para suínos e seus possíveis efeitos na qualidade do sêmen em uma propriedade rural de Santa Catarina

The presence of mycotoxins in swine feed can trigger off serious problems. Besides influencing the quality and quantity of semen produced, it can also cause weight loss, as well as alterations of the immune and reproductive systems. This study reports on an assessment of male swine reproductive parameters over the years 2010 to 2011, at a small rural property in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, seeking to correlate them with possible contamination of the swines diet by different mycotoxins. Out of a total of 12 samples of feed collected between August 2010 and February 2011, 58.3% were found to be contaminated with fumonisins (FBs). Only one sample of feed was contaminated by zearalenone (ZON) (64.10 g kg-1). No contamination by aflatoxins (AFLs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and sterigmatocystin (EST) was detected. 75 swine semen samples were collected and analysed in relation to reproductive parameters (sperm motility, volume and density). The findings were correlated to the levels of mycotoxins in feed given to the sample donors. In spite of the levels of mycotoxin contamination found in the feed (FBs and ZON), no significant variations in sperm motility, volume or density were observed in this study.(AU)

A presença de micotoxinas em alimentos para suínos pode desencadear sérios problemas. Além de influenciar na qualidade e quantidade do sêmen produzido, pode também causar a perda de peso, assim como alterações no sistema imunológico e reprodutivo. Este estudo relata uma avaliação dos parâmetros reprodutivos de machos suínos ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2011, em uma pequena propriedade rural localizada em Santa Catarina, Brasil, buscando correlacionar estes dados com a possível contaminação das dietas de suínos por diferentes micotoxinas. Do total de 12 amostras coletadas entre agosto de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011, 58,3% estavam contaminadas por fumonisinas (FBs). Apenas uma amostra de ração estava contaminada por zearalenona (ZON) (64,10 g kg-1). Nenhuma contaminação foi detectada para aflatoxina (AFLs), ocratoxina (OTA) e esterigmatocistina (EST). Foram coletadas 75 amostras de sêmen suíno e analisadas em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos (motilidade, volume e densidade espermática). Os resultados foram correlacionados com os níveis de micotoxinas da ração fornecida aos reprodutores. Apesar dos níveis de contaminação encontrados nas rações (FBs e ZON), não foi observado neste estudo variações significativa na motilidade, volume ou densidade espermática.(AU)

Analysis of the presence of mycotoxins in swine feed and its possible effects on semen quality in a rural property of Santa Catarina / Análise da presença de micotoxinas em rações para suínos e seus possíveis efeitos na qualidade do sêmen em uma propriedade rural de Santa Catarina

The presence of mycotoxins in swine feed can trigger off serious problems. Besides influencing the quality and quantity of semen produced, it can also cause weight loss, as well as alterations of the immune and reproductive systems. This study reports on an assessment of male swine reproductive parameters over the years 2010 to 2011, at a small rural property in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, seeking to correlate them with possible contamination of the swines diet by different mycotoxins. Out of a total of 12 samples of feed collected between August 2010 and February 2011, 58.3% were found to be contaminated with fumonisins (FBs). Only one sample of feed was contaminated by zearalenone (ZON) (64.10 g kg-1). No contamination by aflatoxins (AFLs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and sterigmatocystin (EST) was detected. 75 swine semen samples were collected and analysed in relation to reproductive parameters (sperm motility, volume and density). The findings were correlated to the levels of mycotoxins in feed given to the sample donors. In spite of the levels of mycotoxin contamination found in the feed (FBs and ZON), no significant variations in sperm motility, volume or density were observed in this study.

A presença de micotoxinas em alimentos para suínos pode desencadear sérios problemas. Além de influenciar na qualidade e quantidade do sêmen produzido, pode também causar a perda de peso, assim como alterações no sistema imunológico e reprodutivo. Este estudo relata uma avaliação dos parâmetros reprodutivos de machos suínos ao longo dos anos de 2010 a 2011, em uma pequena propriedade rural localizada em Santa Catarina, Brasil, buscando correlacionar estes dados com a possível contaminação das dietas de suínos por diferentes micotoxinas. Do total de 12 amostras coletadas entre agosto de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011, 58,3% estavam contaminadas por fumonisinas (FBs). Apenas uma amostra de ração estava contaminada por zearalenona (ZON) (64,10 g kg-1). Nenhuma contaminação foi detectada para aflatoxina (AFLs), ocratoxina (OTA) e esterigmatocistina (EST). Foram coletadas 75 amostras de sêmen suíno e analisadas em relação aos parâmetros reprodutivos (motilidade, volume e densidade espermática). Os resultados foram correlacionados com os níveis de micotoxinas da ração fornecida aos reprodutores. Apesar dos níveis de contaminação encontrados nas rações (FBs e ZON), não foi observado neste estudo variações significativa na motilidade, volume ou densidade espermática.

Monitoramento de fungos toxigênicos e aflatoxinas em rações utilizadas em piscicultura / Monitoring of toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in rations used in aquaculture

Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas em rações para peixes. Foram analisadas 36 amostras de ração para peixes, sendo essas com duas composições proteicas (juvenil/engorda) e em duas formas de uso (lacrado/aberto). Foi realizada a contagem, isolamento e a identificação das espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium, a capacidade toxígena das cepas da seção Flavi, e ainda fez-se a pesquisa de aflatoxinas na ração. As médias das contagens fúngicas variaram de 2,96 a 4,00 UFC/g em log10, e não houve diferença significativas entre os tratamentos. As espécies mais isoladas foram: Aspergillus flavus, Eurotion spp. e Penicillium implicatum. Concluiu-se que as rações analisadas apresentaram elevadas contagens fúngicas, as cepas de Aspergillus flavus isoladas não eram produtoras de aflatoxinas e não foram detectadas aflatoxinas nas amostras de ração analisadas.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins in fish feeds. We analyzed 36 samples of feed for fish, with two protein compositions (juvenile/fattening) and two forms of use (sealed/open). Aspergillus and Penicillium species were counted, isolated and identified, the toxic capacity of Flavi strains was measured and aflatoxins in the feed were researched. The mean fungal counts ranged from 2.96 to 4.00 log10 CFU/g and there was no significant difference between treatments. The most isolated species were Aspergillus flavus, Eurotion spp. and Penicillium implicatum. We concluded that the feeds studied had high fungal counts; the isolated Aspergillus flavus strains were not producers of aflatoxin; and aflatoxin was not detected in the feed samples analyzed.(AU)

Monitoramento de fungos toxigênicos e aflatoxinas em rações utilizadas em piscicultura / Monitoring of toxigenic fungi and aflatoxins in rations used in aquaculture

Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência de fungos e aflatoxinas em rações para peixes. Foram analisadas 36 amostras de ração para peixes, sendo essas com duas composições proteicas (juvenil/engorda) e em duas formas de uso (lacrado/aberto). Foi realizada a contagem, isolamento e a identificação das espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium, a capacidade toxígena das cepas da seção Flavi, e ainda fez-se a pesquisa de aflatoxinas na ração. As médias das contagens fúngicas variaram de 2,96 a 4,00 UFC/g em log10, e não houve diferença significativas entre os tratamentos. As espécies mais isoladas foram: Aspergillus flavus, Eurotion spp. e Penicillium implicatum. Concluiu-se que as rações analisadas apresentaram elevadas contagens fúngicas, as cepas de Aspergillus flavus isoladas não eram produtoras de aflatoxinas e não foram detectadas aflatoxinas nas amostras de ração analisadas.

The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of fungi and aflatoxins in fish feeds. We analyzed 36 samples of feed for fish, with two protein compositions (juvenile/fattening) and two forms of use (sealed/open). Aspergillus and Penicillium species were counted, isolated and identified, the toxic capacity of Flavi strains was measured and aflatoxins in the feed were researched. The mean fungal counts ranged from 2.96 to 4.00 log10 CFU/g and there was no significant difference between treatments. The most isolated species were Aspergillus flavus, Eurotion spp. and Penicillium implicatum. We concluded that the feeds studied had high fungal counts; the isolated Aspergillus flavus strains were not producers of aflatoxin; and aflatoxin was not detected in the feed samples analyzed.

Meta-analysis of the relationship of mycotoxins with biochemical and hematological parameters in broilers.

A meta-analysis was carried out to study the association of mycotoxins with hematological and biochemical profiles in broilers. Ninety-eight articles published between 1980 and 2009 were used in the database, totaling 37,371 broilers. The information was selected from the Materials and Methods and Results sections in the selected articles and then tabulated in a database. Meta-analysis followed 3 sequential analyses: graphic, correlation, and variance-covariance. Mycotoxins reduced (P < 0.05) the hematocrit (-5%), hemoglobin (-15%), leukocytes (-25%), heterophils (-2%), lymphocytes (-2%), uric acid (-31%), creatine kinase (-27%), creatinine (-23%), triglycerides (-39%), albumin (-17%), globulin (-1%), total cholesterol (-14%), calcium (-5%), and inorganic phosphorus (-12%). Mycotoxins also altered (P < 0.05) the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. A quadratic effect was observed on the relationship between the concentration of aflatoxin in diets and the serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase. The total protein concentration in blood was 18% lower (P < 0.05) in broilers challenged by aflatoxins compared with that of the unchallenged ones. The inclusion of antimycotoxin additives in diets with aflatoxins altered (P < 0.05) some variables (uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase) in relation to the group that received diets with the mycotoxin and without the additive. The meta-analysis performed in this study allowed us to address and quantify systematically the relationship of mycotoxins with alterations in hematologic and biochemical profiles in broilers.

Technetium-99m-labeled deoxynivalenol from Fusarium mycotoxin alters organ toxicity in BALB/c mice by oral and intravenous route

The toxicity of deoxynivalenol, both intravenously and orally, was investigated in male and female BALB/c mice. Technetium-99m (99m Tc)-labeled deoxynivalenol was administered to mice by tail vein injection and orally dosed. Distribution of labeled deoxynivalenol at 26 hours was monitored by gamma-scintigraphy. In the evaluated organs, the accumulation of radioactive deoxynivalenol was correlated with the amount of radioactivity. In addition, the toxicity of deoxynivalenol was measured by biochemical assays followed by histopathological findings. Kidney and hepatic marker enzymes were significantly increased in intravenously administered deoxynivalenol as compared to orally treated mice. Intravenously treated mice showed severe damage in liver and kidney when compared to those orally exposed. Biodistribution of 99mTc-labeled deoxynivalenol differed between oral and intravenous treatment. In intravenously exposed mice, deoxynivalenol was distributed primarily in the liver and kidney whereas in oral exposure, it was found in the stomach and intestines after 26 hours. Deoxynivalenol toxicity, associated with its biodistribution and organ toxicity, was greatest where it had accumulated. The results show that the toxicity of deoxynivalenol is associated with organ accumulation.(AU)

Parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas a dietas contendo aflatoxina e zearalenona com adição de glucomanano modificado / Metabolic parameters of ewes receiving diets containing aflatoxin and zearalenone with addition of modified glucomannan

As micotoxicoses são grandes causadoras de perdas produtivas em ruminantes, sendo aflatoxina (AFLA) e zearalenona (ZEA) as principais micotoxinas encontradas em alimentos conservados. Estas micotoxinas apresentam efeito sobre o metabolismo animal, através da ação anabólica de metabólitos da ZEA, bem como pelas lesões hepáticas causadas pela AFLA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do adsorvente glucomanano modificado sobre parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas à dietas contendo AFLA e ZEA. Foram utilizadas 34 fêmeas divididas em 6 grupos (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROLE+ADS; CONTROLE), recebendo 1,0 mg/kg de ZEA, 1,5 mg/kg de AFLA e/ou 2kg/ton de adsorvente. A ZEA diminuiu os níveis séricos de glicose, em relação ao CONTROLE (p<0,05), porém, o adsorvente não influenciou os níveis de glicose, não havendo diferença entre os grupos ZEA e ZEA+ADS. A ZEA aumentou os níveis de AST e GGT em relação ao grupo CONTROLE (p<0,05), sendo que os níveis de AST foram superiores no grupo ZEA (p<0,05), quando comparado ao grupo ZEA+ADS. Ainda, a aflatoxina causou uma redução nos níveis de albumina, em relação aos valores fisiológicos de ovinos. Assim, a partir destes resultados pode-se concluir que a ZEA causou alterações metabólicas em ovinos, bem como o glucomanano modificado foi eficiente em reduzir a possível agressão hepática causada por esta micotoxina, demonstrada pela diminuição nos níveis de AST.

The micotoxicoses are causing great losses of production in ruminants, being aflatoxin (AFLA) and zearalenone (ZEA) the major mycotoxins found in foods preserved. These mycotoxins have effect on the metabolism animal through the anabolic action of metabolites of the ZEA, and the liver injury caused by AFLA. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the sorbent modified glucomannan on metabolic parameters of sheep submitted to diets containing AFLA and ZEA. Were used 34 females divided into 6 groups (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROL+ADS; CONTROL), receiving 1.0 mg/kg of ZEA, 1.5 mg/kg of AFLA and/or 2kg/ton of sorbent. The ZEA decreased serum levels of glucose, for the CONTROL (p <0.05), however, the sorbent not influence the levels of glucose, with no difference between groups ZEA and ZEA+ADS. The ZEA increased levels of AST and GGT compared to group CONTROL (p <0.05), whereas the levels of AST were higher in the group ZEA (p <0.05) when compared to the group ZEA+ADS. Still, the aflatoxin caused a reduction in the levels of albumin, for physiological values of sheep. Thus, from these results it was concluded that ZEA caused metabolic alterations in sheep, and the modified glucomannan was effective in reducing the possible liver aggression caused by this mycotoxin, shown by the decrease in the levels of AST.

Parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas a dietas contendo aflatoxina e zearalenona com adição de glucomanano modificado / Metabolic parameters of ewes receiving diets containing aflatoxin and zearalenone with addition of modified glucomannan

As micotoxicoses são grandes causadoras de perdas produtivas em ruminantes, sendo aflatoxina (AFLA) e zearalenona (ZEA) as principais micotoxinas encontradas em alimentos conservados. Estas micotoxinas apresentam efeito sobre o metabolismo animal, através da ação anabólica de metabólitos da ZEA, bem como pelas lesões hepáticas causadas pela AFLA. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do adsorvente glucomanano modificado sobre parâmetros metabólicos de ovelhas submetidas à dietas contendo AFLA e ZEA. Foram utilizadas 34 fêmeas divididas em 6 grupos (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROLE+ADS; CONTROLE), recebendo 1,0 mg/kg de ZEA, 1,5 mg/kg de AFLA e/ou 2kg/ton de adsorvente. A ZEA diminuiu os níveis séricos de glicose, em relação ao CONTROLE (p<0,05), porém, o adsorvente não influenciou os níveis de glicose, não havendo diferença entre os grupos ZEA e ZEA+ADS. A ZEA aumentou os níveis de AST e GGT em relação ao grupo CONTROLE (p<0,05), sendo que os níveis de AST foram superiores no grupo ZEA (p<0,05), quando comparado ao grupo ZEA+ADS. Ainda, a aflatoxina causou uma redução nos níveis de albumina, em relação aos valores fisiológicos de ovinos. Assim, a partir destes resultados pode-se concluir que a ZEA causou alterações metabólicas em ovinos, bem como o glucomanano modificado foi eficiente em reduzir a possível agressão hepática causada por esta micotoxina, demonstrada pela diminuição nos níveis de AST.(AU)

The micotoxicoses are causing great losses of production in ruminants, being aflatoxin (AFLA) and zearalenone (ZEA) the major mycotoxins found in foods preserved. These mycotoxins have effect on the metabolism animal through the anabolic action of metabolites of the ZEA, and the liver injury caused by AFLA. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of the sorbent modified glucomannan on metabolic parameters of sheep submitted to diets containing AFLA and ZEA. Were used 34 females divided into 6 groups (ZEA; ZEA+ADS; AFLA; AFLA+ADS; CONTROL+ADS; CONTROL), receiving 1.0 mg/kg of ZEA, 1.5 mg/kg of AFLA and/or 2kg/ton of sorbent. The ZEA decreased serum levels of glucose, for the CONTROL (p <0.05), however, the sorbent not influence the levels of glucose, with no difference between groups ZEA and ZEA+ADS. The ZEA increased levels of AST and GGT compared to group CONTROL (p <0.05), whereas the levels of AST were higher in the group ZEA (p <0.05) when compared to the group ZEA+ADS. Still, the aflatoxin caused a reduction in the levels of albumin, for physiological values of sheep. Thus, from these results it was concluded that ZEA caused metabolic alterations in sheep, and the modified glucomannan was effective in reducing the possible liver aggression caused by this mycotoxin, shown by the decrease in the levels of AST.(AU)

Histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica de camundongos C57BL/6 infectados por Toxoplasma gondii cepa ME-49 e alimentados com micotoxinas / Histopatology and immunohistochemistry of C57BL/6 mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii ME-49 strain and fed with mycotoxins

A avaliação do curso da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em camundongos alimentados com micotoxinas, utilizando a histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica, demonstrou a ocorrência de lesões mais acentuadas nos animais infectados e expostos às toxinas. Diferentes quadros de inflamação e necrose encefálica e hepática mostraram que a associação entre parasitismo e a ingestão das micotoxinas causou agravamento nas lesões. A fumonisina B1(FB1, isolada ou associada a outras micotoxinas) foi responsável por alterações celulares como gigantismo nuclear, hipertrofia celular e células atípicas em tecido hepático. A FB1 foi também relacionada com quadros de desmielinização em tecido cerebral. A presença de cistos ou formas livres da cepa ME-49 de T. gondii foi constatada tanto em animais controle quanto nos alimentados com micotoxinas, mostrando que a cepa do parasita, nesta linhagem C57BL/6 de camundongos, apresenta formas características de fase aguda e crônica da infecção.

The course of toxoplasmosis in mice fed with mycotoxins was evaluated by histopatology and immunohistochemistry. The most severe lesions was seen in animals infected by T. gondii and fed on mycotoxins, when they were compered with control animals. Encephalitis, hepatitis, necrosis foci in the brain and liver showed that the association parasite infection and micotoxicosis aggravated the lesions. The fumonisin B1(isolated or in adiccion to others mycotoxins) was responsable for cellular alteration like nuclear enlargement, cellular hypertrophy, and atypical cells in hepatic tissue. This mycotoxin was also related to brain desmyelinization. The presence of cysts or free parasites was observed in control and intoxicated animals. This result showed that ME49 strain of T. gondii, in C57BL/6 mice, can display typical forms of acute and chronic infection.

Histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica de camundongos C57BL/6 infectados por Toxoplasma gondii cepa ME-49 e alimentados com micotoxinas / Histopatology and immunohistochemistry of C57BL/6 mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii ME-49 strain and fed with mycotoxins

A avaliação do curso da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em camundongos alimentados com micotoxinas, utilizando a histopatologia e imuno-histoquímica, demonstrou a ocorrência de lesões mais acentuadas nos animais infectados e expostos às toxinas. Diferentes quadros de inflamação e necrose encefálica e hepática mostraram que a associação entre parasitismo e a ingestão das micotoxinas causou agravamento nas lesões. A fumonisina B1(FB1, isolada ou associada a outras micotoxinas) foi responsável por alterações celulares como gigantismo nuclear, hipertrofia celular e células atípicas em tecido hepático. A FB1 foi também relacionada com quadros de desmielinização em tecido cerebral. A presença de cistos ou formas livres da cepa ME-49 de T. gondii foi constatada tanto em animais controle quanto nos alimentados com micotoxinas, mostrando que a cepa do parasita, nesta linhagem C57BL/6 de camundongos, apresenta formas características de fase aguda e crônica da infecção.(AU)

The course of toxoplasmosis in mice fed with mycotoxins was evaluated by histopatology and immunohistochemistry. The most severe lesions was seen in animals infected by T. gondii and fed on mycotoxins, when they were compered with control animals. Encephalitis, hepatitis, necrosis foci in the brain and liver showed that the association parasite infection and micotoxicosis aggravated the lesions. The fumonisin B1(isolated or in adiccion to others mycotoxins) was responsable for cellular alteration like nuclear enlargement, cellular hypertrophy, and atypical cells in hepatic tissue. This mycotoxin was also related to brain desmyelinization. The presence of cysts or free parasites was observed in control and intoxicated animals. This result showed that ME49 strain of T. gondii, in C57BL/6 mice, can display typical forms of acute and chronic infection.(AU)