Psychological distress and resilience in patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

An increased incidence of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) has been reported in many countries. However, the prevalence and impact factors of psychological distress and resilience in patients with GEP-NETs are unclear. We recruited 200 patients with GEP-NETs to assess psychological distress and resilience. Measures comprised the Distress Thermometer, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience scale and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire. Our results found that the prevalence of distress, anxiety, depression and low resilience were 31.5%, 31%, 17.8%, and 25.9%, respectively. Female patients were more likely to be distressed, as were those with NET Grade 1, were partly aware of diagnosis, and had known the diagnosis less than 3 months. Distress positively correlated with acceptance-resignation, and resilience positively correlated with confrontation and avoidance. Resilience negatively correlated with psychological distress. Patients coping disease with acceptance-resignation had higher odds of anxiety, depression, and low resilience. Our findings indicate that psychological distress and low resilience were common in patients with GEP-NETs. This suggests a need to integrate psychosocial domain into GEP-NETs clinical practice.

The Role of Patient Support Groups in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review is to establish the role patient support groups play in NENs. RECENT FINDINGS: Published data on the role and work done by these groups is extremely sparse, so the review references publications in the wider cancer advocacy context. For the purposes of the review, a survey was carried out among the members of a global umbrella organization to ascertain the level of activities undertaken in support of the NEN patient community. The concept of "support groups" has changed significantly, as these groups have evolved from patient peer-to-peer support provision to a strategic focus on improving awareness and education among all stakeholders, generating patient evidence to influence policies for access to optimal diagnostics, treatment, and care, and setting the research agenda. Today, NEN patient organizations have an instrumental role of catalysts of change across the healthcare spectrum-especially relevant in a setting of less common and not well-understood diseases, where clear pathways and guidelines are still a challenge.

Coping with social consequences of disease-related symptoms in patients with a metastatic small intestinal neuroendocrine tumour: A qualitative study.

Patients with small intestine neuroendocrine tumours (SINETs) face various disease-related symptoms that can affect their social functioning and quality of life. The present study aimed to explore the social consequences of disease-related symptoms in patients with a metastatic SINET and to develop a theory on how these patients experience their disease. Patients were eligible when they were diagnosed with a metastatic SINET between 2009 and 2016 and were younger than 60 years of age during diagnosis, and had a good functional performance status. Semi-structured interviews were conducted between January and June 2018. Data were transcribed and analysed independently by two researchers using grounded theory. Data saturation was reached at 10 interviews and, in total, 12 patients participated. A core component that arose from the interviews was resilience in the face of social consequences of having a metastatic SINET. Prominent physical symptoms were fatigue, diarrhoea and flushes. All of these symptoms were associated with limitations to function in work-related and social activities, as well as feelings of embarrassment and shame. Adaptive strategies, such as careful planning, or focusing on the perspective to live well with a neuroendocrine tumour, helped patients to experience the consequences as less burdensome. Other helpful factors that were identified constituted social support, engaging in meaningful activities and financial stability. Patients with a metastatic SINET experienced social consequences of disease-related symptoms in daily life, although they were able to attenuate the burden of these consequences by using adaptive problem-based, emotion-based and meaning-based coping strategies. Clinicians could explore the perceived consequences and educate patients about adaptive strategies.

Cancer Beliefs Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Neuroendocrine Tumor Survivors.

INTRODUCTION: Earlier detection and improved treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have prolonged survivorship in NET patients. We undertook this study to understand the prevalence of NET-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the factors and cancer-related illness beliefs associated with PTSD. METHODS: We recruited patients with a diagnosis of NET from a large NET center in New York City. Cancer-related PTSD was assessed using the Revised Impact of Events scale (IES), with probable PTSD as ≥ 33. We used the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (BIPQ) to assess NET-related beliefs. Data on baseline patient characteristics were collected. Comparisons used chi-squares and Fisher exact tests, as appropriate. RESULTS: Of the 73 participants, 48 (66%) were female and the mean age was 60 years (standard deviation (SD) 11.7, see Table 1). Twelve patients (16%) met criteria for probable NET-related PTSD. Women were more likely to meet criteria for probable PTSD (15% vs. 1%, p = 0.04). Those who met criteria for probable PTSD were more likely to have higher overall scores on the BIPQ (64 vs. 57, p = 0.03), report constantly feeling unwell due to their cancer (4 vs. 1, p = 0.04), as well as report more physical and emotional symptoms from their cancer (5 vs. 1, p = 0.03, and 7 vs. 4, p = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION: NET patients with probable PTSD were more likely to be women with greater physical and emotional burden due to their cancer. Our findings suggest that specific threatening cancer-related beliefs, not disease characteristics, predict a higher risk of PTSD among NET survivors.

Physician-perceived utility of the EORTC QLQ-GINET21 questionnaire in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours: a multicentre, cross-sectional survey (QUALINETS).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patient-reported outcome measures can provide clinicians with valuable information to improve doctor-patient communication and inform clinical decision-making. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physician-perceived utility of the QLQ-GINET21 in routine clinical practice in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours (GI-NETs). Secondary aims were to explore the patient, clinician, and/or centre-related variables potentially associated with perceived clinical utility. METHODS: Non-interventional, cross-sectional, multicentre study conducted at 34 hospitals in Spain and Portugal (NCT02853422). Patients diagnosed with GI-NETs completed two health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaires (QLQ-C30, QLQ-GINET21) during a single routine visit. Physicians completed a 14-item ad hoc survey to rate the clinical utility of QLQ-GINET21 on three dimensions: 1)therapeutic and clinical decision-making, 2)doctor-patient communication, 3)questionnaire characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 199 patients at 34 centres were enrolled by 36 participating clinicians. The highest rated dimension on the QLQ-GINET21 was questionnaire characteristics (86.9% of responses indicating "high utility"), followed by doctor-patient communication (74.4%), and therapeutic and clinical decision-making (65.8%). One physician-related variable (GI-NET patient volume > 30 patients/year) was associated with high clinical utility and two variables (older age/less experience treating GI-NETs) with low clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS: Clinician-perceived clinical utility of QLQ-GINET21 is high. Clinicians valued the instruments' capacity to provide a better understanding of patient perspectives and to identify the factors that had the largest influence on patient HRQoL.

Quality of Life in Patients with Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: The Role of Severity, Clinical Heterogeneity, and Resilience.

CONTEXT: Although health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a fundamental outcome in oncological clinical trials, its evaluation in the neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) research field is still limited. OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the role of clinical severity (ie, presence or absence of metastasis and lines of therapies) and heterogeneity (ie, primary site, types of therapy, biology, and surgery) of NEN in relation to HRQoL, as well as resilience as a moderator between clinical severity and HRQoL. DESIGN: Cross-sectional multicentric study. SETTING: Italian university hospitals. PATIENTS: A total of 99 Italian patients (53 men and 46 women) with NEN and ranged in age from 22-79 years old. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Severity and heterogeneity of NENs, HRQoL, and resilience. RESULTS: The presence of metastasis and a greater number of therapies affected the global health and some physical symptoms. Resilience was associated with global health, functional status, and some physical symptoms, and it moderated the impact of metastases on constipation and of the multiple therapies on diarrhea and financial problems. Patients with NEN in districts other than the gastroenteropancreatic system and those in follow-up perceived fewer physical symptoms than their counterparts. Patients with a sporadic NEN perceived their functional status, global health, and disease-related worries as better than those with a hereditary NEN. Patients who underwent surgery were lower in constipation than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the need to assess the relationships between the clinical severity and heterogeneity of NEN with HRQoL and the role of resilience in improving patients' HRQoL.

Patient reported experience of the burden of neuroendocrine tumors and impact of eSHINE Patient Support Program on patient quality of life.

AIM: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are an uncommon cancer and difficult to diagnose and treat. Treatment is complicated by debilitating side effects, impacting quality of life. This Australia-wide survey aimed to increase our understanding of the impact and burden of NETs on patient quality of life (QoL) and to assess the benefit of a patient support program (eSHINE). METHOD: Consented patients from the eSHINE mailing list (n = 267) were invited to participate in an electronic self-reported survey comprising 29 questions on clinical characteristics, diagnosis, sociodemographics, impact of living with NETs and benefits of a patient support program. No formal sample size was calculated. All analyses were descriptive. RESULTS: A total of 144 participants (54%) responded. A total of 129 (48%) completed all questions. Approximately half of respondents were female, from metropolitan and rural areas, aged over 65 years and had a primary diagnosis of gastrointestinal NETs. Fifty-eight percent had been diagnosed over 5 years ago. Twenty-seven percent reported seeing four or more healthcare professionals prior to being diagnosed. Living with NETs had a large impact on patients' QoL. 83.5% reported fatigue, 76% felt their emotional health was impacted by NETs and 75% reported reduced ability to participate in leisure activities. Access to a supportive network to manage and treat NETs was extremely important to participants. Eighty-five percent of respondents reported the eSHINE program had a positive impact on their QoL. CONCLUSION: Patients value support from healthcare professionals and patient support programs such as eSHINE in managing NETs. The eSHINE Patient Support Program has a positive impact on patient QoL.

Patient reported symptoms, coping and quality of life during somatostatin analogue treatment for metastatic small- intestinal neuroendocrine tumours.

BACKGROUND: Patients with metastatic small-intestinal neuroendocrine tumours (NET) have been shown to have a reduced quality of life compared to the general population and many have disabling symptoms during somatostatin analogue (SSA) treatment. The aim of this prospective study was to document the patient-reported symptoms, coping and quality of life during SSA treatment and to measure patients' fat-soluble vitamin levels. METHODS: Patients with metastatic small-intestinal NET on treatment with long-acting SSA were included. Data on patient characteristics, blood samples, questionnaires (EORTC-QLQ-C30 and GI.NET-21) and structured patient interviews were collected at inclusion and after 1 year. RESULTS: Eighty-eight patients were included, 77 (88%) attended 1 year follow-up. Approximately 50% of patients reported symptoms, the most common symptoms at baseline and after 1 year follow-up were diarrhoea, flatulence, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and sore injection lumps. Diarrhoea and fatigue were reported as their main complaint, 23% had > 5 daily episodes of diarrhoea and 59% reported fatigue. However, patients reported a high perceived quality of life, high daily activity, coped with their symptoms and managed their daily life well. Deficiency of vitamin D (27%) and A (13%) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with metastatic small-intestinal NET on SSA treatment reported a high frequency of symptoms. Minor improvements were seen after 1-year of follow-up, illustrating that many symptoms might be difficult to improve, or may not be recognised by the health service. Patients, however, generally reported a high quality of life. Care for NET patients on SSA treatment should include a regular systematic symptom registration and vitamin measurements.

The patient-level effect of the cost of Cancer care - financial burden in German Cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Financial toxicity of cancer has so far been discussed primarily in the US health care system and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. In European health care systems, the socio-economic impact of cancer is poorly understood. This study investigates the financial burden and patient-reported outcomes of neuroendocrine (NET) or colorectal (CRC) cancer patients at a German Comprehensive Cancer Center. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional study surveyed 247 advanced stage patients (n = 122 NET/n = 125 CRC) at the National Center for Tumor Diseases, in Germany about cancer-related out-of-pocket costs, income loss, distress, and quality of life. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to demonstrate the effects of economic deterioration on patients' quality of life and distress. RESULTS: 81% (n = 199) of the patients reported out-of-pocket costs, and 37% (n = 92) income loss as a consequence of their disease. While monthly out-of-pocket costs did not exceed 200€ in 77% of affected patients, 24% of those with income losses reported losing more than 1.200€ per month. High financial loss relative to income was significantly associated with patients' reporting a worse quality of life (p < .05) and more distress (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Financial toxicity in third-party payer health care systems like Germany is caused rather by income loss than by co-payments. Distress and reduced quality of life due to financial problems seem to amplify the burden that already results from a cancer diagnosis and treatment. If confirmed at a broader scale, there is a need for targeted support measures at the individual and system level.

Health-related quality of life in neuroendocrine neoplasia: a critical review.

Incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasia (NEN) is increasing, as is use of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measurement in clinical trials. Following development of validated questionnaires, HRQoL is widely used to assess outcomes. This review is intended for healthcare professionals and is based on a selection of data published in the last decade. HRQoL is on par with other clinical endpoints such as performance status. Assessments in clinical trials have been particularly useful for monitoring the symptom burden of NEN, for the effects of treatments on patients' lives, and have provided new data allied to the usual clinical endpoints. QoL expressed as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) have become the most important primary outcome to establish cost-effectiveness in health economic evaluation. From looking at clinical trials over the last 10 years, we see that the quality of HRQoL evidence reported in published studies has improved and, in general, recent studies are likely to be more methodologically robust. Assessment of HRQoL in clinical trials is likely to become a standard part of clinical practice in NEN, as in other cancers. However, clear methods for calculating the clinical meaningfulness of changes in scores are needed. Other limitations of HRQoL measurement include lack of specificity to certain symptom sets and ease of completion and administration. An international group taking a lead on developing HRQoL research specifically in NEN patients is needed to address limitations of the evidence base. In order for greater weight to be placed on HRQoL data, agreement on optimal, validated scoring systems is needed.

Comparison of Fatigue and Quality of Life in Individuals With Pancreatogenic Diabetes After Total or Partial Pancreatectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To compare fatigue and quality of life (QOL) between individuals with pancreatogenic diabetes after total pancreatectomy (TP) and pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). SAMPLE & SETTING: 50 individuals (14 after TP and 36 after PD) were recruited from a pancreatic surgical outpatient department. A final sample of 39 matched individuals (13 after TP and 26 after PD) were included in the final analysis. METHODS & VARIABLES: A comparative cross-sectional approach was used. Variables were fatigue and QOL. The Fatigue Symptom Inventory and European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-Core 30 were used. Data went through propensity score one-to-two matching. Generalized estimating equation was used to compare fatigue and QOL. RESULTS: The groups showed no statistically significant difference in fatigue intensity and overall QOL. The TP group had significantly longer fatigue duration, perceived higher interference of functioning, lower physical function, and a higher level of insomnia. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Future studies with a larger sample and longitudinal design will help identify the trajectory of fatigue and QOL in individuals with pancreatogenic diabetes post-TP and PD.

Quality of life in patients with midgut NET following peptide receptor radionuclide therapy.

OBJECTIVES: There is convincing evidence that peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) using 177Lu-DOTATATE compared to octreotide therapy has a positive effect on overall survival and progression-free survival in midgut neuroendocrine tumors (NET). The current study analyzed health-related quality of life (QoL) in patients undergoing PRRT with a special focus on differences in functional performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In our study, 70 patients (39 men or 31 female) suffering from midgut NET were included, with a mean age of 64.2 years. Functional performance was assessed by the index of the Eastern Cooperative of Oncology Group (ECOG). Thirty-three patients (47%) showed ECOG 0, 31 patients (44%) ECOG 1, and six patients (9%) ECOG 2. Health-related QoL was assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire filled in at baseline and 3 months after each PRRT cycle. RESULTS: The median cumulative administered activity was 27.4 GBq. Global health status significantly improved compared to baseline status after 1st (p = 0.05), 2nd (p = 0.004), and 3rd (p = 0.04) treatment cycle. Analyzing specific aspects of QoL, emotional functioning significantly improved after 1st and 2nd treatment cycle (both p < 0.001) as well as after 3rd cycle (p = 0.001). With regard to cognitive functioning, there was a significant improvement after 1st and 2nd treatment cycle (p = 0.003 and p = 0.05 respectively). With regard to alleviation of somatic symptoms, a significant reduction in pain and diarrhea was observed after the 2nd cycle (p = 0.038) and 3rd cycle (p = 0.036). Furthermore, changes in QoL in relation to functional performance status as assessed by ECOG were analyzed. There were no significant differences with regard to QoL alterations between patients with high (ECOG 0 or 1) and moderate performance status. CONCLUSION: Our study confirmed an equally positive effect of PRRT on quality of life in midgut NET patients with high or moderate functional status in terms of increasing global health, functional status, and alleviating symptoms.

Web-based personalised information and support for patients with a neuroendocrine tumour: randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with a neuroendocrine tumour (NET) frequently have physical and psychosocial complaints. Aim of this study is to determine whether a web-based, personalised information and support system (WINS) reduces distress and/or improves patients' perception of and satisfaction with information received. METHODS: Patients with NET, stratified for those newly diagnosed (< 6 months, n = 28) and with a longer history of disease (n = 74), were randomised between standard care (n = 49) and intervention, consisting of access to WINS (n = 53). Primary outcome was change of distress and satisfaction with perceived information measured with the distress thermometer and problem list and the QoL questionnaire (QLQ)-INFO25. The intervention group also completed a questionnaire based on the technical acceptance model (TAM). RESULTS: We observed no difference in distress slope and slope of median global score on perceived information and satisfaction between the intervention and control group. Interestingly, 55% of patients wished to receive more information at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: In a population of NET patients, access to WINS did not improve indicators for distress, perception of information and satisfaction with information received, more than standard care only. Despite the need for more information, the WINS does not have added value to the information and care provided by health care professionals. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02472678 ). Registered 6th Jan 2015. Retrospectively registered 1st May 2017.

Oncology Navigation Decreases Time to Treatment in Patients with Pancreatic Malignancy.

BACKGROUND: Care of pancreatic cancer patients has become increasingly complex, which has led to delays in the initiation of therapy. Nurse navigators have been added to care teams, in part, to ameliorate this delay. This study investigated the difference in time from first oncology visit to first treatment date in patients with any pancreatic malignancy before and after the addition of an Oncology Navigator. METHODS: A single-institution database of patients with any pancreatic neoplasm evaluated by a provider in radiation, medical, or surgical oncology between 1 October 2015 and 30 September 2017 was analyzed. After 1 October 2016, an Oncology Navigator met patients at their initial visit and coordinated care throughout treatment. The cohort was divided into two groups: patients evaluated prior to the implementation of an Oncology Navigator and patients evaluated after implementation. Patient demographics and time from first visit to first intervention were compared. RESULTS: Overall, 147 patients with a new diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm were evaluated; 57 patients were seen prior to the start of the Oncology Navigator program and 79 were evaluated after the navigation program was implemented. On univariate analysis, time from first contact by any provider to intervention was 46 days prior to oncology navigation and 26 days after implementation of oncology navigation (p = 0.005). While controlling for other covariates, employment of the Oncology Navigator decreased the time from first contact by any provider to intervention by almost 16 days (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing an oncology navigation program significantly decreased time to treatment in patients with pancreatic malignancy.

Symptoms, Psychosocial Factors, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Integrative Review.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the influence of psychosocial factors and symptoms on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) might help researchers develop interventions to optimize HRQoL in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to characterize available evidence on symptoms, psychosocial factors, and HRQoL in patients with NET. METHODS: For this integrative literature review, the literature search was guided by the methodology proposed by Whittemore and Knafl. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar were searched for articles exploring symptoms, psychosocial factors, and HRQoL in patients living with gastrointestinal NETs. RESULTS: Combining keywords yielded 37 articles after removing 2 duplicates. Twenty-three articles were removed because they did not meet inclusion criteria. Two articles had a qualitative design. The final review included 15 studies. Geographically diverse studies indicate that patients with NET experience fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, and sleep disturbance. Anxiety, higher depression, and stress negatively influenced HRQoL. More social support, self-efficacy, and optimism were associated with better HRQoL. Findings from the qualitative studies emphasize that NET-related symptoms and adverse effects of the treatment influence the patients' HRQoL. CONCLUSION: This review identified fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, and sleep disturbance as the most important symptoms. The most frequently reported psychosocial factors were anxiety and depression, which influenced HRQoL negatively. Social support and self-efficacy had a positive impact on HRQoL. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Researchers and clinicians must understand the importance of psychosocial factors and symptoms associated with HRQoL to develop targeted interventions to optimize HRQoL in patients with NET.

Perceptions of care and patient-reported outcomes in people living with neuroendocrine tumours.

BACKGROUND: Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare, and when metastatic NETs are incurable, the tumours are frequently slowly growing. Patients may be confronted with disease-specific problems and distinct issues when accessing health-care. We aimed to assess perceptions of care coordination, identify unmet needs, and examine if these varied by whether patients received specialist oncology care in a single hospital or shared between that and another hospital. We also quantified anxiety, depression, and NET-related physical symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 111 NET patients managed at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Validated surveys measured care coordination (CCCQ), unmet needs (SCNS-SF34), anxiety and depression (HADS), and quality of life and symptoms (FACT). RESULTS: Participants were between 2 months and 27 years after diagnosis. The worst-ranked items on the CCCQ related to health professionals having a full case history, providing information about financial entitlements and asking about how well patients and their families were coping. People with shared care were significantly less satisfied with some aspects of care. One in three participants reported a moderate-to-high unmet need for help with fatigue and one in four with psychological concerns about their cancer spreading, uncertainty about their future, and about the worries of those close to them. Overall, 30% of participants had anxiety and 20% had depression and they had significantly lower physical and emotional well-being compared to the general population. CONCLUSIONS: NETs are experienced as a chronic illness. In addition to ongoing psychological and physical symptom management, improvements to case history documentation and discussions about coping and finance are recommended.

Following patient pathways to psycho-oncological treatment: Identification of treatment needs by clinical staff and electronic screening.

OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective investigation of patient pathways to psycho-oncological treatment (POT), we compared the number of POT referrals before and after implementation of electronic screening for POT needs and investigated psychosocial predictors for POT wish at a nuclear medicine department. METHODS: We extracted medical chart information about number of referrals and extent of follow-up contacts. During standard referral (November 2014 to October 2015), POT needs were identified by clinical staff only. In the screening-assisted referral period (November 2015 to October 2016), identification was supported by electronic screening for POT needs. Psychosocial predictors for POT wish were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: We analysed data from 487 patients during standard referral (mean age 56.4 years; 60.2% female, 88.7% thyroid carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumours) of which 28 patients (5.7%) were referred for POT. Of 502 patients in the screening-assisted referral period (mean age 57.0 years; 55.8% female, 86.6% thyroid carcinoma or neuroendocrine tumours), 69 (13.7%) were referred for POT. Of these, 36 were identified by psycho-oncological (PO) screening and 33 by clinical staff. After PO-screening implementation, referrals increased by a factor of 2.4. The strongest predictor of POT wish was depressive mood (P < .001). During both referral periods, about 15% of patients visited the PO outpatient unit additionally to inpatient PO consultations. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide evidence from a real-life setting that PO screening can foster POT referrals, reduce barriers to express the POT wish, and hence help to meet psychosocial needs of this specific patient group. Differences between patients' needs, wish, and POT uptake should be further investigated.

Health-related quality of life, anxiety, depression and impulsivity in patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.

AIM: To compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL), anxiety, depression, and impulsivity scores in patients with and without carcinoid syndrome (CS), and correlated them with serum 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels. METHODS: Patients with advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEPNET), with and without CS completed HRQoL QLQ-C30 and QLQ-GI.NET21, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS) questionnaires. Two-sample Wilcoxon test was applied to assess differences in serum 5-HIAA levels, two-sample Mann-Whitney U test for HRQoL and BIS, and proportion test for HADS, between those with and without CS. RESULTS: Fifty patients were included; 25 each with and without CS. Median 5-HIAA in patients with and without CS was 367nmol/L and 86nmol/L, respectively (P = 0.003). Scores related to endocrine symptoms were significantly higher amongst patients with CS (P = 0.04) and scores for disease-related worries approached significance in the group without CS, but no other statistically-significant differences were reported between patients with and without CS in responses on QLQ-C30 or QLQ-GI.NET21. Fifteen patients (26%) scored ≥ 8/21 on anxiety scale, and 6 (12%) scored ≥ 8/21 on depression scale. There was no difference in median 5-HIAA between those scoring < or ≥ 8/21 on anxiety scale (P = 0.53). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in first or second-order factors (BIS) or total sum (P = 0.23). CONCLUSION: Excepting endocrine symptoms, there were no significant differences in HRQoL, anxiety, depression or impulsivity between patients with advanced GEPNET, with or without CS. Over one quarter of patients had high anxiety scores, unrelated to peripheral serotonin metabolism.

Health-related quality of life for everolimus versus placebo in patients with advanced, non-functional, well-differentiated gastrointestinal or lung neuroendocrine tumours (RADIANT-4): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: In the phase 3 RADIANT-4 trial, everolimus increased progression-free survival compared with placebo in patients with advanced, progressive, non-functional, well-differentiated gastrointestinal or lung neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). We now report the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) secondary endpoint. METHODS: RADIANT-4 is a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial done in 97 centres in 25 countries worldwide. Adults (aged ≥18 years) were eligible for the study if they had pathologically confirmed, advanced (unresectable or metastatic), non-functional, well-differentiated (grade 1 or 2) NETs of lung or gastrointestinal origin. Patients were randomly allocated (2:1) using block randomisation (block size of three) by an interactive voice response system to receive oral everolimus (10 mg per day) or placebo, both with best supportive care, with stratification by tumour origin, WHO performance status, and previous somatostatin analogue treatment. HRQOL was assessed with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) questionnaire at baseline (visit 2, day 1), every 8 weeks (±â€ˆ1 week) during the study for the first 12 months after randomisation, and every 12 weeks thereafter until study drug discontinuation. The primary endpoint, reported previously, was progression-free survival assessed by central review; HRQOL was a prespecified secondary endpoint. The prespecified secondary outcome measure was time to definitive deterioration (≥7 points) in FACT-G total score. Analyses were done on the full analysis set, consisting of all randomised patients, by intention to treat. Only data obtained while receiving the randomly allocated treatment were included in this analysis. Enrolment for RADIANT-4 was completed on Aug 23, 2013, but the trial is ongoing pending final analysis of the key secondary endpoint of overall survival. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01524783. FINDINGS: Between April 3, 2012, and Aug 23, 2013, 302 patients were enrolled; 205 were randomly allocated everolimus and 97 were assigned placebo. At baseline, 193 (94%) of 205 patients assigned everolimus and 95 (98%) of 97 allocated placebo had completed either fully or partly the FACT-G questionnaire; at week 48, 70 (83%) of 84 patients assigned everolimus and 22 (85%) of 26 allocated placebo completed FACT-G. Median time to definitive deterioration in FACT-G total score was 11·27 months (95% CI 9·27-19·35) with everolimus and 9·23 months (5·52-not estimable) with placebo (adjusted hazard ratio 0·81, 95% CI 0·55-1·21; log-rank p=0·31). INTERPRETATION: HRQOL was maintained for patients with advanced, non-functional, gastrointestinal or lung NETs, with no relevant differences noted between the everolimus and placebo groups. In view of the previous RADIANT-4 findings of longer progression-free survival with everolimus, our findings suggest that everolimus delays disease progression while preserving overall HRQOL, even with the usual toxic effects related to active targeted drug treatment for cancer. FUNDING: Novartis Pharmaceuticals.

Patient-reported health state utilities in metastatic gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours - an analysis based on the CLARINET study.

BACKGROUND: Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) are rare cancers most often found in the gastrointestinal system or the pancreas. However, patient-reported health state utilities based on clinical trials have not been previously reported in this disease area. METHODS: The CLARINET study collected EORTC QLQ-C30 data from patients in both stable and progressive disease states, although data for the latter were only available during the early stage of progression due to trial design. Using published algorithms, data were mapped to EQ-5D utility values. Random-effects generalised least squares models were used to investigate the impacts of progression status, tumour site and other patient characteristics on mapped utility values. RESULTS: In total, 1053 observations from 204 patients were mapped to EQ-5D utilities using the McKenzie mapping algorithm. The final random-effects model included age, gender, baseline utility and progression status as covariates; it was not feasible to investigate time-to-death utility due to a limit number of deaths in the CLARINET study. Tumour location (midgut vs pancreas) does not seem to affect utility. However, the difference in utilities based on progression status is statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the base case analysis, and the estimated utilities for stable and progressive disease are 0.776 and 0.726, respectively. Furthermore, scenario analyses showed that utility for progressive disease is numerically lower than for stable disease, but this may not be statistically significant in scenarios where alternative Longworth mapping algorithm was used. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GEP-NETs experience worse utility values in the progressive disease state compared to the stable disease state, based on patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQL) data from the CLARINET study. The decline of utility in the progressive disease state may be underestimated because progressive HRQL data were only collected shortly after the progression event in the trial. The estimated trial-based utilities can be used in future economic evaluations for GEP-NET treatments and to provide more insights to physicians on patient-reported quality of life outcomes in GEP-NETs. TRIAL REGISTRATION: CLARINET EU Clinical Trials Register Number, 2005-004904-35 .