Reply: "Comment on "Consumption of Cooked Black Beans Stimulates a Cluster of Some Clostridia Class Bacteria Decreasing Inflammatory Response and Improving Insulin Sensitivity." Nutrients 2020, 12(4), 1182".

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Iron Overload Is Associated With Oxidative Stress and Nutritional Immunity During Viral Infection in Fish.

Iron is a trace element, essential to support life due to its inherent ability to exchange electrons with a variety of molecules. The use of iron as a cofactor in basic metabolic pathways is essential to both pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. During evolution, the shared requirement of micro- and macro-organisms for this important nutrient has shaped the pathogen-host relationship. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNv) affects salmonids constituting a sanitary problem for this industry as it has an important impact on post-smolt survival. While immune modulation induced by IPNv infection has been widely characterized on Salmo salar, viral impact on iron host metabolism has not yet been elucidated. In the present work, we evaluate short-term effect of IPNv on several infected tissues from Salmo salar. We observed that IPNv displayed high tropism to headkidney, which directly correlates with a rise in oxidative stress and antiviral responses. Transcriptional profiling on headkidney showed a massive modulation of gene expression, from which biological pathways involved with iron metabolism were remarkable. Our findings suggest that IPNv infection increase oxidative stress on headkidney as a consequence of iron overload induced by a massive upregulation of genes involved in iron metabolism.

Imunonutrição em pacientes com sepse?: [revisão] / Immunonutrition in patients with sepsis?: [review]

Objetivos: revisar os conhecimentos atuais sobre o uso de imunonutrientes em pacientes críticos, especialmente naqueles com sepse.Fonte de dados: foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Medline/Pubmed. Os artigos pesquisados compreendem publicações entre 2000 e 2011. Foram incluídos também artigos obtidos em referências bibliográficas dos artigos com maior relevância. Foram selecionados trabalhos referentes a indivíduos humanos adultos.Síntese dos dados: os estudos utilizaram diferentes fórmulas contendo imunonutrientes, nem sempre com os mesmos imunomoduladores. A quantidade administrada também variou de acordo com o tipo de fórmula, a tolerância do paciente e a via de administração. Efeitos favoráveis e desfavoráveis resultaram da administração de dietas enriquecidas com nutrientes imunomoduladores em pacientes com sepse.Conclusões: a literatura é bastante controversa em relação à recomendação do uso de imunonutrientes em pacientes críticos, sobretudo naqueles com sepse. Ainda não há resultados consistentes sobre a eficiência e a segurança da imunonutrição nesses pacientes. São necessários estudos com desenho metodológico e população mais homogêneos, utilizando imunonutrientes isolados e com quantidades definidas.

Aims: To review the current knowledge on the use of immunonutrients in critically ill patients, especially those with sepsis.Source of data: A narrative review of the literature was conducted, using the Medline/Pubmed data bases. The selected articles included publications between 2000 and 2011. Articles cited in reference lists of articles with the highest relevance were also included. Works on adult human individuals were selected.Summary of findings: Studies used different formulas containing immunonutrients, not always with the same immunomodulators. The given amount varied according to the type of formula, the patient?s tolerance and the route of administration. Favorable and unfavorable effects appeared as a result of administration of diets enriched with immunomodulator nutrients in patients with sepsis.Conclusions: Literature is controversial regarding the recommendation to use immunonutrients in critically ill patients, especially those with sepsis. There is currently no evidence to define the efficiency and safety of immunonutrition in these patients. For more consistent results, studies should be conducted with more homogeneous methodological design and population, using isolated immunonutrients in defined dosis.

Nutrition and immunity in cancer.

The purpose of this article is to give a general overview of the effects of nutrition on the development of cancer as well as part of a therapeutic approach. There is much evidence that diet and lifestyle can alter the risk of cancer development as is the case for many other chronic diseases. This may be through a direct action on the immune system, either by enhancing or suppressing it, as well as on the development of the tumour itself, by modulating gene expression or by antioxidant activity. Protective effects can be achieved by adequate intakes of vitamins A and C, beta-carotene, selenium and n-3 fatty acids among others, while negative effects are found mainly with high intakes of n-6 and saturated fatty acids. Weight gain, obesity and lack of regular physical activity have also been associated with an increased risk of cancer. The protective effects are best observed when adequate diet and lifestyle are present together. With respect to the therapeutic role of nutrition in cancer, it has been observed that the use of pre- or post-operative enteral or parenteral nutrition may improve patients' survival rates and quality of life; however, more research is needed in this particular area. Breast, colon, rectum, prostate, stomach and lung are the types of cancer most commonly associated with diet or dietary components.