The Latin American and Spanish Survey on Nutrition in Pediatric Intensive Care (ELAN-CIP2).

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the practices of nutritional support in Latin American and Spanish PICUs. DESIGN: Survey with a questionnaire sent to Latin American Society of Pediatric Intensive Care members. SETTING: PICUs of participant hospitals. PATIENTS: Critically ill children between 1 month and 18 years old. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Forty-seven surveys from 17 countries were analyzed. Sixty-seven percent of PICUs were from university-affiliated hospitals, with a median of 380 admissions/yr. Sixty-eight percent and 48.9% had a nutritional support team and nutritional support protocol, respectively. Seventy-five percent completed nutritional evaluations, with 34.2% at admission. PICUs with high-volume admissions were likely to have a nutritional support team (p < 0.005), and university-affiliated hospitals showed a trend of having a nutritional support team (p = 0.056). Measured, estimated, and ideal weights were used in 75%, 14.6%, and 10.4%, respectively. Energy requirements were calculated using Holliday & Segar and Schofield equations in 90% of the PICUs; 43% used correction factors. Only three PICUs had indirect calorimetry. At day 3 of initiation of nutritional support, 57.3% of PICUs provided at least 50% of the calculated energy requirement, and 91.5% at day 5. Protein needs were estimated according to American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism/European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines in 55.3% and 40.4%, respectively. Enteral nutrition was the preferred feeding method, initiated in 97.7% at 48 hours. The feeding route was gastric (82.9%), by bolus (42.5%) or continuous (57.4%). Monitoring methods included gastric residual measurement in 55.3%. Enteral nutrition was discontinued in 82.8% when gastric residual was 50% of the volume. Prokinetics were used in 68%. More than half of PICUs used parenteral nutrition, with 95.8% of them within 72 hours. Parenteral nutrition was administered by central vein in 93.6%. Undernourished children received parenteral nutrition sooner, whether or not enteral nutrition intolerance was present. When enteral nutrition was not tolerated beyond 72 hours, parenteral nutrition was started in 57.4%. Parenteral nutrition was initiated when enteral nutrition delivered less than 50% in 97%. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional practices are heterogeneous in Latin American PICUs, but the majority use nutritional support strategies consistent with international guidelines.

Food safety performance and risk of food services from different natures and the role of nutritionist as food safety leader.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the food safety performance of food services and its associated factors. The study involved 84 food businesses in the city of Santos as follows: street food kiosks and beach kiosks (street food), commercial restaurants, hospitals and school meal services (institutional food services). A food safety checklist with 81 items was applied. The overall percentage of adequacy was lower in street food kiosk (49.7%) and beach kiosk (62.0%) than in restaurants (69.7%), hospitals (83.9%) and schools (86%). Institutional and commercial restaurants showed higher scores of food safety performance than street food services, mainly regarding risker practices. The variables positively associated with food safety performance in commercial restaurants were: presence of a nutritionist as leader and adequate structure. These results show that street food services need, in a mediate way, the implementation of new strategies and regulations to improve food safety. A nutritionist acting as food safety leader may improve the food safety performance at commercial restaurants.

Food safety performance and risk of food services from different natures and the role of nutritionist as food safety leader / Desempenho e risco dos serviços de alimentação em segurança dos alimentos e o papel do nutricionista como líder em boas práticas de manipulação

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the food safety performance of food services and its associated factors. The study involved 84 food businesses in the city of Santos as follows: street food kiosks and beach kiosks (street food), commercial restaurants, hospitals and school meal services (institutional food services). A food safety checklist with 81 items was applied. The overall percentage of adequacy was lower in street food kiosk (49.7%) and beach kiosk (62.0%) than in restaurants (69.7%), hospitals (83.9%) and schools (86%). Institutional and commercial restaurants showed higher scores of food safety performance than street food services, mainly regarding risker practices. The variables positively associated with food safety performance in commercial restaurants were: presence of a nutritionist as leader and adequate structure. These results show that street food services need, in a mediate way, the implementation of new strategies and regulations to improve food safety. A nutritionist acting as food safety leader may improve the food safety performance at commercial restaurants.

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o desempenho dos serviços de alimentação e seus fatores associados. O estudo envolveu 84 serviços de alimentação na cidade de Santos, sendo estes: ambulantes, quiosques de praia (grupo comida de rua), restaurantes (grupo alimentação comercial), hospitais e escolas (grupo alimentação institucional). Uma lista de verificação com 81 itens foi aplicada. Classificações de risco sanitário foram utilizadas para cada item. O percentual geral de adequação foi menor nos ambulantes (49,7%) e quiosques de praia (62,0%) do que em restaurantes (69,7%), hospitais (83,9%) e escolas (86%). Serviços de alimentação institucionais e comerciais apresentaram escores mais elevados no desempenho em segurança dos alimentos do que os pertencentes ao grupo comida de rua nos quesitos de maior risco sanitário. As variáveis positivamente associadas com o desempenho em restaurantes comerciais foi a presença de nutricionista e estrutura adequada. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de novas estratégias e políticas para os serviços de comida de rua e que o nutricionista atuando como líder de segurança dos alimentos pode melhorar o desempenho de restaurantes comerciais em relação à segurança dos alimentos.

[Food and nutrition education actions and the nutritionist within the scope of the National School Food Program]. / As ações de educação alimentar e nutricional e o nutricionista no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar.

The National School Food Program (NSFP) recommends the promotion of healthy eating habits by offering meals along with food and nutrition education (FNE) actions. The objective of this study was to identify the FNE in the NSFP and its relationship with the nutritionist's profile. It involved an analytical, cross-sectional study conducted in cities in the state of of Goiás, Brazil. Data was collected by telephone, and the association between the outcome variable (achievement of FNE actions) and exposure (school population and nutritionist performance) was done by Pearson's chi-square test of with a 5% significance level. In this study, 214 (87%) municipalities were included, among which, 91.1% promote FNE actions with predominantly biannual frequency (25.3% in schools and 23.2% in day care centers). The nutritionist presence was associated to the FNE (p = 0.001). FNE actions are performed in most municipalities, however with low frequency. The association indicates the relevance of a nutritionist present in conditions that heed the legislation, enabling the performance of their duties, as defined by the Legal Framework of the NSFP and the Federal Council of Nutritionists.

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) preconiza a promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis por meio da oferta de refeições juntamente com ações de educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN). O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as ações de EAN no PNAE e sua relação com o perfil do nutricionista. Estudo transversal analítico, realizado em municípios de Goiás, Brasil. Dados coletados por telefone, sendo a associação entre a variável desfecho (realização de EAN) e as de exposição (população escolar e atuação do nutricionista) feita por teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, nível de significância de 5,0%. Foram incluídos 214 (87%) municípios, dos quais 91,1% promovem EAN, com frequência predominantemente semestral (25,3% nas escolas e 23,2% nas creches). A presença do nutricionista mostrou-se associada à EAN (p = 0,001). Ações de EAN são executadas na maioria dos municípios, entretanto com baixa frequência. A associação encontrada indica a relevância da presença do nutricionista, em condições que atendam à legislação, possibilitando o cumprimento de suas atribuições, conforme definido pelo Marco Legal do PNAE e do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas.

As ações de educação alimentar e nutricional e o nutricionista no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar / Food and nutrition education actions and the nutritionist within the scope of the National School Food Program

Resumo O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) preconiza a promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis por meio da oferta de refeições juntamente com ações de educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN). O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as ações de EAN no PNAE e sua relação com o perfil do nutricionista. Estudo transversal analítico, realizado em municípios de Goiás, Brasil. Dados coletados por telefone, sendo a associação entre a variável desfecho (realização de EAN) e as de exposição (população escolar e atuação do nutricionista) feita por teste qui-quadrado de Pearson, nível de significância de 5,0%. Foram incluídos 214 (87%) municípios, dos quais 91,1% promovem EAN, com frequência predominantemente semestral (25,3% nas escolas e 23,2% nas creches). A presença do nutricionista mostrou-se associada à EAN (p = 0,001). Ações de EAN são executadas na maioria dos municípios, entretanto com baixa frequência. A associação encontrada indica a relevância da presença do nutricionista, em condições que atendam à legislação, possibilitando o cumprimento de suas atribuições, conforme definido pelo Marco Legal do PNAE e do Conselho Federal de Nutricionistas.

Abstract The National School Food Program (NSFP) recommends the promotion of healthy eating habits by offering meals along with food and nutrition education (FNE) actions. The objective of this study was to identify the FNE in the NSFP and its relationship with the nutritionist's profile. It involved an analytical, cross-sectional study conducted in cities in the state of of Goiás, Brazil. Data was collected by telephone, and the association between the outcome variable (achievement of FNE actions) and exposure (school population and nutritionist performance) was done by Pearson's chi-square test of with a 5% significance level. In this study, 214 (87%) municipalities were included, among which, 91.1% promote FNE actions with predominantly biannual frequency (25.3% in schools and 23.2% in day care centers). The nutritionist presence was associated to the FNE (p = 0.001). FNE actions are performed in most municipalities, however with low frequency. The association indicates the relevance of a nutritionist present in conditions that heed the legislation, enabling the performance of their duties, as defined by the Legal Framework of the NSFP and the Federal Council of Nutritionists.

As formas de gestão do programa nacional de alimentação escolar (PNAE) / Forms of management of the national school meals program / Formas de gestión del programa nacional de alimentación escolar (PNAE)

O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) é um programa suplementar a educação que objetiva fornecer alimentação escolar para os alunos de toda a rede de ensino matriculados em escolas públicas e filantrópicas da educação básica, do ensino médio, educação de jovens e adultos e educação integral. Os princípios do programa são a universalidade e a ampliação do atendimento estudantil, a fim de atender a Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN) e o Sistema de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é discutir as formas de gestão do PNAE para garantir o direito dos estudantes à alimentação escolar. O presente estudo faz uma reflexão de como estar sendo gerido os recursos da alimentação escolar, se é do tipo centralizada, descentralizada, semi-descentralizada e terceirizada. Conclui-se que o conhecimento das diferentes formas de administrar os recursos federais destinados à alimentação para comunidade escolar permite realizar uma escolha consciente com relação a aplicação e execução do PNAE.(AU)

The National School Meals Programme (PNAE in Portuguese initials) is a supplementary program to education that aims to provide school meals for pupils across the school system enrolled in public and philanthropic schools of primary education, secondary education, youth education, adult education and comprehensive education. The principles of the program are the universality and the expansion of student services in order to meet the Organic Law on Food and Nutritional Security (LOSAN), as well as the Food Security and Nutrition System. The objective of this study is to discuss forms of PNAE management to ensure that the students' right to school meals. This study is a reflection on how the resources of school meals are being managed, be it with a centralized, decentralized, semi-centralized or outsourced model. We conclude that the knowledge of the different forms of managing federal resources for food for school communities allows for making an informed choice regarding implementation and enforcement of PNAE.(AU)

En Brasil, el Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), es un programa de educación complementaria que tiene como objetivo proporcionar comidas escolares para alumnos de todo el sistema escolar matriculados en las escuelas públicas y filantrópicas de la educación básica, secundaria, de jóvenes y adultos y la educación integral. Los principios del programa son la universalidad y la expansión de los servicios a los estudiantes con el fin de cumplir la Ley Orgánica de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional (LOSAN) y la Seguridad Alimentaria y la alimentación del Sistema. El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir formas de gestión del PNAE para garantizar el derecho de los estudiantes a la alimentación escolar. Este estudio es una reflexión sobre cómo se está manejando los recursos de la alimentación escolar, ya sea del tipo centralizado, descentralizado, semidescentralizado o tercerizado. Llegamos a la conclusión de que el conocimiento de las diferentes formas de gestión de los recursos federales para los alimentos a la comunidad escolar permite tomar una decisión informada con respecto a la aplicación y el cumplimiento del PNAE.(AU)

Oncology house physician model: a response to changes in pediatric resident coverage.

BACKGROUND: Given decreasing resident duty hours, subspecialty hospitalist models have emerged to help compensate for the restructured presence of residents. We sought to examine the impact of our pediatric oncology hospitalist model on the oncology unit staff. PROCEDURE: The survey was developed after a literature review of subspecialty hospitalist models. The final surveys were designed using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics were used to compile baseline demographic characteristics of respondents and overall responses to survey questions. RESULTS: Respondents agreed that house physicians provide better continuity of care (96.8%), are more comfortable with the experience level of the physician (98.4%), and are better able to answer questions (92%). Respondents also agreed that house physicians serve as backup for system-related and patient-related questions and found security knowing an experienced provider was on the floor (87.5%). Responses to open-ended questions indicated that the house physician model has impacted fellow education. CONCLUSIONS: Our oncology house physician model helps account for decreased residency duty hours. This can serve as a model for other institutions requiring subspecialty inpatient coverage, given resident work hour restrictions. Adjustments in the clinical education of hematology/oncology fellows need to be considered in the setting of competent, consistent, and experienced front-line providers.