Bridging the gap between research evidence and its implementation in public health practice: case studies of embedded research model.

AIM: To investigate the potential of embedded research in bridging the gap between research evidence and its implementation in public health practice. METHODS: Using a case study methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 4 embedded researchers, 9 public health practitioners, and 4 other stakeholders (2 teachers and 2 students) across four case study sites. Sites and individuals were purposively selected. Sites included two local authorities, one secondary school, and one sports organisation. Thematic data analysis was adopted to analyse the qualitative data. RESULTS: Four themes were identified: (1) building and maintaining relationships, (2) working with stakeholders, (3) informing practice, and (4) critical reflection. CONCLUSIONS: Embedded researchers build and maintain relationships with practitioners and other stakeholders to produce research. Evidence from the co-produced research informs future practice and research to improve service and delivery rendered to the public. Thus, embedded researchers use their role to bridge the research evidence - implementation gap in public health practice.

The role of grid management in community risk governance: a case study in Yuelu, China.

Objective: In this study, we aim to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the risk prevention and control mechanism within the grid management model for community risk prevention. We emphasize the importance of thoroughly examining the risk prevention and control mechanism to enhance risk management efforts in urban communities, particularly in response to unforeseen outbreaks such as COVID-19. Methods: Case studies are widely acknowledged as one of the most effective approaches to examine governance in China. In this study, the "Yuelu Model" serves as an illustrative example to demonstrate the application and effectiveness of grid management in community risk governance. To ensure the validity of the case study, it is imperative to adhere to the principle of representativeness. The collection of case data involves a combination of primary and secondary sources, and supplementary information is obtained through follow-up investigations conducted via WeChat, telephone, and other means, thereby enhancing the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the data. Results: Our analysis reveals significant findings regarding the impact of the grid management model, fulfilling a triple role as a "Social Safety Valve" in the management process: (1) Community stress reduction function, (2) Community alarm function, and (3) Community integration function. Furthermore, we explore the adaptability of the grid management mechanism in addressing community risks, highlighting its effectiveness and potential for broader application. Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that: Firstly, it is crucial to establish a shared information repository among different departments on a big data platform. Secondly, a dynamic government public information internal network should be established through collaborative efforts among multiple departments. Thirdly, implementing a regular (or periodic) early warning mechanism is essential. Lastly, the establishment of a high-quality talent team for power grid management is highly recommended. Our research provides valuable insights to enhance community risk governance.

The role of governance in shaping health system reform: a case study of the design and implementation of new health regions in Ireland, 2018-2023.

BACKGROUND: Effective governance arrangements are central to the successful functioning of health systems. While the significance of governance as a concept is acknowledged within health systems research, its interplay with health system reform initiatives remains underexplored in the literature. This study focuses on the development of new regional health structures in Ireland in the period 2018-2023, one part of a broader health system reform programme aimed at greater universalism, in order to scrutinise how aspects of governance impact on the reform process, from policy design through to implementation. METHODS: This qualitative, multi-method study draws on document analysis of official documents relevant to the reform process, as well as twelve semi-structured interviews with key informants from across the health sector. Interviews were analysed according to thematic analysis methodology. Conceiving governance as comprising five domains (Transparency, Accountability, Participation, Integrity, Capacity) the research uses the TAPIC framework for health governance as a conceptual starting point and as initial, deductive analytic categories for data analysis. RESULTS: The analysis reveals important lessons for policymakers across the five TAPIC domains of governance. These include deficiencies in accountability arrangements, poor transparency within the system and vis-à-vis external stakeholders and the public, and periods during which a lack of clarity in terms of roles and responsibilities for various process and key decisions related to the reform were identified. Inadequate resourcing of implementation capacity, competing policy visions and changing decision-making arrangements, among others, were found to have originated in and continuously reproduced a lack of trust between key institutional actors. The findings highlight how these challenges can be addressed through strengthening governance arrangements and processes. Importantly, the research reveals the interwoven nature of the five TAPIC dimensions of governance and the need to engage with the complexity and relationality of health system reform processes. CONCLUSIONS: Large scale health system reform is a complex process and its governance presents distinct challenges and opportunities for stakeholders. To understand and be able to address these, and to move beyond formulaic prescriptions, critical analysis of the historical context surrounding the policy reform and the institutional relationships at its core are needed.

Improving LibGuides at a Health Sciences Library: A Case Study.

While LibGuides are widely used in libraries to curate resources for users, there are a number of common problems, including maintenance, design and layout, and curating relevant and concise content. One health sciences library sought to improve our LibGuides, consulting usage statistics, user feedback, and recommendations from the literature to inform decision making. Our team recommended a number of changes to make LibGuides more usable, including creating robust maintenance and content guidelines, scheduling regular updates, and various changes to the format of the guides themselves to make them more user-friendly.

Systems Librarianship Through the Lens of an Open Systems Framework in a Hospital Library Setting: A Case Report.

Systems librarianship, when merged with the position of informationist, evolves into the identity of the systems informationist in the hospital setting. The Health Sciences Library at Geisinger has successfully implemented a systems informationist role within an open systems framework. The duties of the systems informationist are framed here using: input for information-seeking behavior; throughput of clinical support for patient care; output by user experience in research and education; and feedback to elevate operational excellence. This case report contributes a focused approach to systems librarianship, providing examples for other hospital libraries that may be interested in developing their own Systems Services.

Benchmarking the university campus food environment and exploring student perspectives about food insecurity and healthy eating: a case study from Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To benchmark the university food environment and explore students' experiences with food insecurity and healthy eating in order to inform interventions to improve access and affordability of healthy foods for university students. DESIGN: A food environment audit was conducted on the university campus using the Uni-Food tool from April to May 2022 and was comprised of three main components, university systems and governance, campus facilities and environment, and food retail outlets. A qualitative study design was also used to conduct focus groups and semi-structured interviews with students to explore key themes regarding their experiences with food insecurity and healthy eating. SETTING: Macquarie University, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: For the food environment audit 24 retail outlets on campus and for the qualitative component 29 domestic and international students enrolled at Macquarie University. RESULTS: The university only scored 27% in total for all components in the food environment audit. The results showed the need for better governance and leadership of the food environment. The qualitative component suggested that the main barriers to accessing healthy foods were related to availability, pricing, and knowledge of healthy foods. Future intervention ideas included free fruits and vegetables, food relief, discounts, improved self-catering facilities, education, and increased healthy food outlets. CONCLUSIONS: Improving governance measures related to healthy eating on campus are a core priority to strengthen the food environment and students identified pricing and availability as key issues. These findings will inform effective and feasible interventions to improve food security and healthy eating on campus.

How a System Is Closing the Evidence-Based Data Management Gap.

To translate raw data into information that is understandable and actionable, healthcare leaders must leverage decision-making tools that can drive strategic innovation, improve processes, and shape the future of healthcare. Continuous changes in healthcare delivery require constant monitoring of an expanding range of data. Population demographics, psychographics, and availability of care all must be considered, as well as provider practice patterns, patient utilization, clinical and service quality, costs, and many other key variables over time. RWJBarnabas Health is navigating significant changes in its approach to managing data. A unified operating model is driving standardization, continuous quality improvement, and cost reductions across the system. The solution is based on an electronic health record system designed to meet the needs of the entire system, an array of carefully selected external data sources, and a business intelligence tool to enable leaders to quickly draw insights from all the available data.

Meritus Health: Driving Data-Informed Decision-Making at Every Level.

With so much data available, health system leaders are challenged with sifting through it all to find the most useful information for decision-making. Meritus Health implemented effective approaches to understand, use, and communicate large amounts of data to alleviate some of this burden. These processes include system-wide daily huddles, dashboards, and standardized communication write-ups.

The process of co-designing a model of social prescribing: An Australian case study.

INTRODUCTION: Social needs such as housing, employment, food, income and social isolation are having a significant impact on individuals, families and communities. Individuals are increasingly presenting to health settings with social needs, which are ill-equipped to address nonmedical needs. Social prescribing is a systematic approach connecting the health, social and community sectors to better address social needs and improve health and wellbeing. Social prescribing interventions are being implemented world-wide. With variability in health and social care systems internationally, it is important that social prescribing interventions are co-designed with key stakeholders to ensure they can be implemented and sustained within local systems. METHODS: This Australian case study provides a detailed description of the process undertaken to co-design a social prescribing service model in a regional area. Four co-design workshops were undertaken, two with health and social care professionals and two with community members. The project followed an iterative process of resourcing, planning, recruiting, sensitising, facilitation, reflection and building for change across the workshops. RESULTS: Through this process, key stakeholders were able to successfully co-design a social prescribing model of care for the region. CONCLUSION: By demonstrating the process and materials used in our project, we aim to open the 'black box' of co-design for social prescribing and provide ideas and resources for others to adapt and utilise. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The project was designed and undertaken by a steering committee comprising university-based researchers (authors C. O. and S. B.), local government (author D. A.) and health, social and community services (authors B. G., M. W., J. O. and S. R.). Members of the steering committee participated in project design, participant recruitment, workshop facilitation, data analysis and interpretation.

Harmonizing the Tripartite Mission in Academic Family Medicine: A Longitudinal Case Example.

Academic practices and departments are defined by a tripartite mission of care, education, and research, conceived as being mutually reinforcing. But in practice, academic faculty have often experienced these 3 missions as competing rather than complementary priorities. This siloed approach has interfered with innovation as a learning health system in which the tripartite missions reinforce each other in practical ways. This paper presents a longitudinal case example of harmonizing academic missions in a large family medicine department so that missions and people interact in mutually beneficial ways to create value for patients, learners, and faculty. We describe specific experiences, implementation, and examples of harmonizing missions as a feasible strategy and culture. "Harmonized" means that no one mission subordinates or drives out the others; each mission informs and strengthens the others (quickly in practice) while faculty experience the triparate mission as a coherent whole faculty job. Because an academic department is a complex system of work and relationships, concepts for leading a complex adaptive system were employed: (1) a "good enough" vision, (2) frequent and productive interactions, and (3) a few simple rules. These helped people harmonize their work without telling them exactly what to do, when, and how. Our goal here is to highlight concrete examples of harmonizing missions as a feasible operating method, suggesting ways it builds a foundation for a learning health system and potentially improving faculty well-being.

Challenges and Lessons from Conducting a Community-Engaged Evaluation of a Community Advisory Board-A Case Study from Flint.

Community-engaged research often poses challenges due to exactly those qualities that make it desirable: it provides a new model of research that differs in many ways from top-down, university-led, prospectively designed approaches. While many have discussed the challenges to conducting community-engaged research, few have provided precise and generalizable lessons for how to surmount these challenges. Here we discuss the challenges experienced in a project that was community-engaged at three levels: 1) a research team consisting of an academic and a community partner as well as a community and academic research assistant, 2) the research team engaged with a Community Advisory Board called the CBOP-CERB (Community Based Organization Partners-Community Ethics Research Board) throughout the project, and 3) the research involved recruiting community participants from an area with a historical distrust of researchers and research: Flint Michigan. We also discuss administrative challenges that this multilevel community-engagement posed. Most important, we provide practical lessons in order for future community-engaged research to avoid or mitigate many of these challenges.

How primary care research can be improved in clinical practice? An Italian case study.

BACKGROUND: Primary care is considered essential for the sustainability of the Health System. Practice-Based Research Networks (PBRN) play a strategic role in translation of primary care research into practice. Research Capacity Building in primary care requires a improvement and development strategy and well-developed research infrastructures to support physicians. METHODS: We used the system development methodology referring to the Lean Thinking to create and support a research team in primary and pediatric care. In particular a "cascade" deployment model and the X-Matrix, a framework used in management studies to support strategy definition and management process. RESULTS: A research unit in primary and pediatric care has been created, by sharing vision, mission, core values, long-term strategies. The definition of a annual planning led to monitoring actions to guarantee the expected goals. CONCLUSIONS: Lean methodology is useful to adapt to various managerial and operational contexts, including healthcare. In our case it allowed team members to spread the culture of research, its importance and role to improve the health of patients, thank to the organizational support of a hospital IR, the Research and Innovation Department.

Evaluation of primary-level credit environment, indicator system and empirical analysis: A case study of credit construction in China county and district.

Townships (towns, streets) represent the foundational layer of China's administrative structure, and the quality of their credit environment is crucial for underpinning the development of a primary-level social credit system. This initiative aims to accelerate the establishment of the social credit system and cultivate a trustworthy economic and social environment. Starting from the three major fields of government, business and society, and focusing on integrity culture and credit innovation, the article proposes an innovative evaluation framework for primary-level credit environment and it can become a point of reference as a policy tool in international evaluation programs. Using clustering and the coefficient of variation methods, we quantitatively refine our indicator system, establishing a set of criteria to assess the primary-level credit environment. We incorporate hierarchical analysis, the entropy weight method, and machine learning models to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the credit environments within 24 townships (towns, streets) of Fuyang District in Hangzhou City for the year 2023. The findings underscore the need for a realistic appraisal of the current state and deficiencies of the primary-level credit environment. We advocate for the bolstering of credit development within governmental, business, and societal realms. It's imperative to leverage the normative influence of honesty and integrity culture, enhance the breadth and application of credit innovations, and thereby foster the high-quality growth of the primary-level social credit system.

Public-Private engagement and health systems resilience in times of health worker strikes: a Ghanaian case study.

In low and middle-income countries like Ghana, private providers, particularly the grouping of faith-based non-profit health providers networked by the Christian Health Association of Ghana (CHAG), play a crucial role in maintaining service continuity during health worker strikes. Poor engagement with the private sector during such strikes could compromise care quality and impose financial hardships on populations, especially the impoverished. This study delves into the engagement between CHAG and the Government of Ghana (GoG) during health worker strikes from 2010 to 2016, employing a qualitative descriptive and exploratory case study approach. By analysing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, media archives, grey literature and interview transcripts from a related study using a qualitative thematic analysis approach, this study identifies health worker strikes as a persistent chronic stressor in Ghana. Findings highlight some system-level interactions between CHAG and GoG, fostering adaptive and absorptive resilience strategies, influenced by CHAG's non-striking ethos, unique secondment policy between the two actors and the presence of a National Health Insurance System. However, limited support from the government to CHAG member facilities during strikes and systemic challenges with the National Health Insurance System pose threats to CHAG's ability to provide quality, affordable care. This study underscores private providers' pivotal role in enhancing health system resilience during strikes in Ghana, advocating for proactive governmental partnerships with private providers and joint efforts to address human-resource-related challenges ahead of strikes. It also recommends further research to devise and evaluate effective strategies for nations to respond to strikes, ensuring preparedness and sustained quality healthcare delivery during such crises.

The 4 S's of Disaster Management Framework: A Case Study of the 2022 Pediatric Tripledemic Response in a Community Hospital.

Most children in the United States present to community hospitals for emergency department (ED) care. Those who are acutely ill and require critical care are stabilized and transferred to a tertiary pediatric hospital with intensive care capabilities. During the fall of 2022 "tripledemic," with a marked increase in viral burden, there was a nationwide surge in pediatric ED patient volume. This caused ED crowding and decreased availability of pediatric hospital intensive care beds across the United States. As a result, there was an inability to transfer patients who were critically ill out, and the need for prolonged management increased at the community hospital level. We describe the experience of a Massachusetts community ED during this surge, including the large influx in pediatric patients, the increase in those requiring critical care, and the total number of critical care hours as compared with the same time period (September to December) in 2021. To combat these challenges, the pediatric ED leadership applied a disaster management framework based on the 4 S's of space, staff, stuff, and structure. We worked collaboratively with general emergency medicine leadership, nursing, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, local clinicians, our regional health care coalition, and emergency medical services (EMS) to create and implement the pediatric surge strategy. Here, we present the disaster framework strategy, the interventions employed, and the barriers and facilitators for implementation in our community hospital setting, which could be applied to other community hospital facing similar challenges.

Peer-led safer supply and opioid agonist treatment medication distribution: a case study from rural British Columbia.

BACKGROUND: British Columbia (BC) has been facing a public health emergency of overdose since 2016, with rural regions of the province facing the highest rates of death. Peers (in this case, people with lived experience of substance use) are known to be effective patient navigators in health systems and can play a role in connecting patients to care and reducing overdose risk. CASE PRESENTATION: We outline a peer-led program focused on opioid agonist treatment and prescribed safe supply medication delivery that began in March 2020 at a clinic in rural BC. The peer takes an Indigenous harm reduction approach and is focused on meeting the needs of the whole person. The peer has regular contact with approximately 50 clients and navigates medication delivery and appointments for approximately 10-15 people each day. Clients have been retained on the medication, and experienced improvement in other outcomes, including securing housing, employment and managing acute and chronic health conditions. The peer has established contact with clients since March 2020 to support engagement with health care and continuity of medication access. This program highlights the importance and value of peer-led work and need for further investments in peer-led programs to respond to the unregulated drug poisoning crisis. CONCLUSIONS: This peer-led intervention is a promising approach to engaging people who remain disconnected from health services in care in a rural community. This model could be adapted to other settings to support patient contact with the health system and medication access and continuity, with the ultimate goal of reducing overdose risk.

Hospital Governance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multiple-Country Case Study.

In response to the disruptions caused by COVID-19, hospitals around the world proactively or reactively developed and/or re-organized their governance structures to manage the COVID-19 response. Hospitals' governance played a crucial role in their ability to reorganize and respond to the pressing needs of their staff. We discuss and compare six hospital cases from four countries on different continents: Brazil, Canada, France, and Japan. Our study examined how governance strategies (e.g., special task forces, communications management tools, etc.) were perceived by hospital staff. Key findings from a total of 177 qualitative interviews with diverse hospital stakeholders were analyzed using three categories drawn from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework on health systems resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) delivering a clear and timely COVID-19 response strategy; 2) coordinating effectively within (horizontally) and across (vertically) levels of decision-making; and 3) communicating clearly and transparently with the hospital's diverse stakeholders. Our study gleaned rich accounts for these three categories, highlighting significant variations across settings. These variations were primarily determined by the hospitals' environment prior to the COVID-19 crisis, namely whether there already existed a culture of managerial openness (including spaces for social interactions among hospital staff) and whether preparedness planning and training had been routinely integrated into their activities.

LESSONS LEARNED FROM the FIRST STEPS of IMPLEMENTING VALUE-BASED ORAL HEALTH CARE: A CASE STUDY FROM the MEDICAL UNIVERSITY of VIENNA.

BACKGROUND: Value-based oral healthcare (VBOHC) has two fundamental components, the assessment of patients' dental outcomes and the measurement of the costs to achieve those outcomes. The aim of this article is to describe challenges and opportunities of implementing dental patient-reported outcomes (dPROs) in clinical care at the University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, in Austria, to determine lessons learned and describe next steps forward to VBOHC implementation. METHODS: A case study determining lessons learned based on an implementation process to incorporate a dental patient-reported outcome measure (dPROM) in routine clinical care was conducted. The German version of the five items Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-5), a dPROM was selected and integrated into the general anamnesis including dental and medical history for patients aged ≥16 years. The anamnesis is paper based and is to be completed by each new patient during the registration process. Thereafter, it is uploaded to the patients' dental record via scan by the main central admission. However, it is then the treating dentist's task to transfer the data into the digital system. Data accuracy between digital and paper forms was investigated, and lessons learned regarding the first steps of implementing VBOHC were summarized based on the implementation process findings. RESULTS: To date, 8,147 patients were approached to fill in OHIP-5. However, only 266 patients´ OHIP- 5 files were transferred into the digital system by the dentist. To explore the accuracy between the manual transfer of data from paper forms to digital format, the data of 89 randomly selected patients was compared. Of this sample, 74 (83.1%) patient's data sets were found to be identical. Lessons learned included the importance of institutional dedication, stakeholders' engagement, dPROMs integration in follow up visits, the significance of digital solutions, and the continuous monitoring and evaluation. CONCLUSION: Integrating dPROMs in clinical settings is achievable and is the first important step to move forward with VBOHC implementation.

The gap between development and manufacturing in gene therapy: Strategic options for overcoming traps.

Gene therapy has been one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in recent years. This study analyzed a research and development (R&D) system for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies, and confirmed that there was a gap between the development and manufacturing capabilities. Although a start-up company that has no academic or manufacturing facilities can begin the clinical development process, it cannot successfully continue development activities without forming alliances and capital investment or, at a certain stage, without appropriate manufacturing and marketing strategies. We reviewed a series of case studies to categorize the acquisition patterns of pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in AAV gene therapy. These results provide insights into the R&D structures for AAV gene therapies from a technological management perspective.