ABSTRACT
Parasomnias are involuntary behaviors or subjective experiences during sleep. Our objective was to review existing information on the presence of parasomnias in patients with addictions or during treatment for addictions. Information about parasomnias related to rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM sleep in patients with addictions, while using substances or in abstinence, was reviewed. A systematic search of published articles reporting parasomnias as a consequence of drug use or abuse was conducted in the PubMed and SciELO databases. The search for the studies was performed in three phases: (1) by title, (2) by abstract, and (3) by complete text. The search was performed independently by two researchers, who then compared their results from each screening phase. Seventeen articles were found. The consumption of alcohol was reported in association with arousal disorders, such as sexsomnia and sleep-related eating disorder; and REM sleep behavior disorder was reported during alcohol withdrawal. Cocaine abuse was associated with REM sleep behavior disorder with drug consumption dream content. Overall, we found that several types of parasomnias were very frequent in patients with addictions. To avoid accidents in bedroom, legal problems, and improve evolution and prognosis; must be mandatory to include security measures related to sleep period; avoid pharmacological therapy described as potential trigger factor; improve sleep hygiene; and give pharmacological and behavioral treatments for patients with these comorbid sleep disorders.
Subject(s)
Alcoholism , Parasomnias , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome , Humans , Parasomnias/diagnosis , Parasomnias/epidemiology , Parasomnias/therapy , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/diagnosis , SleepABSTRACT
Catatrenia (gemido nocturno) es una condición rara caracterizada por sonidos irregulares que ocurren durante el sueño. Los comportamientos ocurren intermitentemente durante cualquiera de las dos etapas de sueño, REM o NREM y se caracterizan por gemidos prolongados, a menudo muy fuertes, socialmente perturbadores, durante la expiración. Es poco conocido y espera más definición y estudios terapéuticos. Hay pocos reportes y en su mayoría de pacientes adultos. Se presentan 3 casos en pacientes pediátricos.
Catathrenia (nocturnal groaning) is a rare condition characterized by irregular sounds that occur during sleep. The behaviors occur intermittently during either REM or NREM sleep and are characterized by prolonged, often very loud, socially disruptive groaning sounds during expiration. It is poorly understood and awaits further definition and therapeutic studies. There are few reports mostly adult patients are presented below 3 cases in pediatric patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Parasomnias/diagnosis , Parasomnias/physiopathology , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/diagnosis , Sleep Apnea Syndromes/physiopathology , Respiratory Sounds , Polysomnography , CryingABSTRACT
This article is a comprehensive review of the clinical evaluation of sleep-related movement disorders. In this review, the authors present a practical approach to help clinicians identify the "pattern recognition" of movement and behavior disorders during sleep, with the process of translating a particular movement that occurs when asleep, with clinically classifying disorders, and with obtaining an etiologic diagnosis. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive review of the literature, but to concentrate on the most important symptoms, so the clinical approach can be improved and the best choices can be made during the diagnostic process.
Subject(s)
Parasomnias/diagnosis , HumansABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of sleep bruxism and its association with oral health conditions in schoolchildren. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in public schools of Tubarão, SC, Brazil with students aged 10 to 15 years. The oral examination was performed in classrooms by dental surgeons, using the WHO criteria. Data on malocclusions, caries and dental trauma, fluorosis, bleeding gums and the presence of dental calculus were collected. For the diagnosis of bruxism, the criterion of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine was adopted. The chi-square test was used to assess the association between sleep bruxism and oral health conditions. Prevalence ratios and confidence intervals were estimated by Poisson regression with robust estimator. Results: A total of 389 students were examined. The prevalence of sleep bruxism was 22.0%. Schoolchildren with malocclusion, increased overjet and dental calculus showed a statistically higher and independent prevalence of 9.0% (p=0.003), 6.0% (p=0.006) and 19.0% (p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Prevalence of sleep bruxism was 22% in the study population and was associated with malocclusions, particularly increased overjet, and the presence of dental calculus.
Subject(s)
Brazil/epidemiology , Oral Health , Sleep Bruxism/diagnosis , Parasomnias/diagnosis , Malocclusion , Students , Bruxism , Epidemiologic Studies , Chi-Square Distribution , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies/methods , Multivariate AnalysisABSTRACT
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders are frequent events in the neonate, generally transient. However, due to their intensity they can be confused as true epileptic seizures. The objective of this review is to update the concepts in relation to tremors, neonatal benign sleep myoclonus (MNBS) and hyperekplexia. The tremors are very frequent, once identified it must be determined if they belong to a hyperexcitability syndrome related to maternal or perinatal factors, in idiopathic cases a good prognosis is expected. MNBS are often confused with epileptic seizures. They are characterized by the fact that myoclonus is brief and occurs only in sleep, children are normal, and the EEG is also normal. Hyperekplexia is a rare, genetically determined disorder characterized by hypertonia and exaggerated startle reactions to a banal stimulus, which can be improved with clonazepam.
Subject(s)
Epilepsy/diagnosis , Hyperekplexia/diagnosis , Parasomnias/diagnosis , Seizures/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , Electroencephalography , Humans , Infant, NewbornABSTRACT
Los trastornos paroxísticos no epilépticos son eventos frecuentes en el neonato, generalmente transitorios. Sin embargo, por su intensidad pueden ser confundidos como verdaderas crisis epilépticas. El objetivo de esta revisión es actualizar los conceptos en relación a los temblores, mioclonías neonatales benignas del sueño (MNBS) e hiperecplexia. Los temblores son muy frecuentes, una vez identificados debe determinarse si pertenecen a un síndrome de hiperexcitabilidad relacionado con factores maternos o perinatales, en casos idiopáticos se espera buen pronóstico. Las MNBS con frecuencia se confunden con crisis epilépticas, se caracterizan porque las mioclonías son breves y solo se presentan en el sueño, los niños son normales y el EEG también es normal. La hiperecplexia es un trastorno raro, genéticamente determinado, caracterizado por hipertonía y reacciones de sobresalto exagerado ante un estímulo banal, que pueden mejorar con clonazepam.
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders are frequent events in the neonate, generally transient. However, due to their intensity they can be confused as true epileptic seizures. The objective of this review is to update the concepts in relation to tremors, neonatal benign sleep myoclonus (MNBS) and hyperekplexia. The tremors are very frequent, once identified it must be determined if they belong to a hyperexcitability syndrome related to maternal or perinatal factors, in idiopathic cases a good prognosis is expected. MNBS are often confused with epileptic seizures. They are characterized by the fact that myoclonus is brief and occurs only in sleep, children are normal, and the EEG is also normal. Hyperekplexia is a rare, genetically determined disorder characterized by hypertonia and exaggerated startle reactions to a banal stimulus, which can be improved with clonazepam.
Subject(s)
Humans , Seizures/diagnosis , Parasomnias/diagnosis , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Hyperekplexia/diagnosis , Diagnosis, Differential , ElectroencephalographyABSTRACT
Este artigo (2/2) compõe uma revisão sobre fundamentos do sono e transtornos do sono (TS), sendo aqui considerados: 1-Incapacidade de dormir na hora desejada-atraso de fase, avanço de fase, ''jet lag'', ritmo sono-vigília irregular, sono/vigília de livre curso, transtornos dos trabalhadores em turnos; 2-Movimentos ou comportamentos anormais durante o sono. Este segundo grupo é aqui subdividido em: A1-Parassonias relacionadas ao sono NREM (Non-rapid eye movement) despertar confusional, sonambulismo, terror noturno, síndrome da cabeça explosiva, alucinações relacionadas ao sono, enurese noturna e parassonias causadas por doenças e medicações; A2-Parassonias relacionadas ao sono REM (rapid eye movement) - transtorno comportamental do sono REM, pesadelos, paralisias recorrentes isoladas do sono, promulgação sono ''dream enactment behavior"; B-Transtornos do movimento relacionados ao sono-bruxismo, síndrome das pernas inquietas, movimentos periódicos das pernas, câimbras do sono, movimentos rítmicos relacionados ao sono, mioclonias proprioespinhais do início do sono, movimentos relacionados à medicação, mioclonias em doenças sistêmicas e mioclonias benignas do sono em bebês.(AU)
This is the second part (2/2) of an article that intends to review major topics regarding sleep fundamentals and sleep disorders (SD), now considering: 1-Circadian rhythm disorders-delayed onset sleep phase disorder, advanced onset sleep phase disorder, jet lag, irregular sleep-wake rhythm, free-running type, shift work type; 2-Abnormal movements or behaviours during sleep. This second category is divided in two groups: A1-NREM (Non-rapid eye movement) parasomnias confusional awakening, sleepwalking, night terrors, explosive head syndrome, sleep-related hallucinations, nocturnal enuresis and parasomnias related to diseases or medications; A2-REM (Rapid eye movement) parasomnias-REM sleep behaviour disorder, nightmares, recurrent isolated sleep paralysis, dream enactment behaviour; B-Sleep related movement disorders-bruxism, restless legs syndrome, periodical limb movement disorders, nocturnal leg cramps, sleep related rhythmic movement disorder, propriospinal myoclonus, movements related to medication use, myoclonus related to systemic diseases and benign myoclonus of sleep.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/drug therapy , Parasomnias/diagnosis , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/diagnosis , REM Sleep Behavior Disorder/drug therapy , Clonazepam/therapeutic use , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Movement DisordersSubject(s)
Epilepsy, Frontal Lobe/diagnosis , Wakefulness , Child , Diagnosis, Differential , Electroencephalography , Humans , Male , Parasomnias/diagnosisABSTRACT
Non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders during sleep are a great challenge for the clinician. It is important to know the various clinical manifestations for appropriate differential diagnosis, since alterations in sleep, mostly motor, are part of these disorders. Our paper describes the normal sleep stages and electroencephalographic characteristics and polysomnography basic data. The confusions especially with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy are frequent and cause unnecessary drugs administered, the emotional burden of the parents or caretakers, which is the diagnosis of epilepsy. We discuss the possible causes of diagnostic errors.
TITLE: Trastornos paroxisticos no epilepticos durante el sueño.Los trastornos paroxisticos no epilepticos durante el sueño son un gran reto para el clinico. Por ello, es importante conocer las diferentes manifestaciones clinicas que permitan llevar a cabo un diagnostico diferencial adecuado, ya que las alteraciones, sobre todo motoras en el sueño, son parte de estos trastornos. En el presente trabajo se describen las fases del sueño normal y sus caracteristicas electroencefalograficas, asi como datos basicos de la polisomnografia. Las confusiones, sobre todo con la epilepsia nocturna del lobulo frontal, son frecuentes y provocan que se administren farmacos innecesarios, asi como una carga emocional en los padres o cuidadores del paciente, que resulta del diagnostico de epilepsia. Se enuncian las posibles causas de los errores de diagnostico.
Subject(s)
Parasomnias/diagnosis , Adult , Aged , Bruxism/physiopathology , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnosis, Differential , Electroencephalography , Epilepsy/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/etiology , Hallucinations/etiology , Humans , Infant , Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome/diagnosis , Nocturnal Myoclonus Syndrome/physiopathology , Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia/diagnosis , Nocturnal Paroxysmal Dystonia/physiopathology , Parasomnias/classification , Parasomnias/epidemiology , Parasomnias/physiopathology , Polysomnography , Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/diagnosis , Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/epidemiology , Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/physiopathology , Sleep Stages/physiologyABSTRACT
This study describes the clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epileptic spasms, and more especially those that occur during the first two years of life (infantile spasms). West syndrome has been clearly defined as the association between infantile spasms with an electroencephalographic pattern of hypsarrhythmia. Although intellectual deficit appears in almost all cases in which infantile spasms are not controlled with medication, this is a developmental aspect of the condition and not a manifestation that must necessarily be present in order to define the syndrome. The analysis of the interictal and ictal electroencephalogram readings, together with the clinical characteristics of the spasms and the neurological examination of patients, provides some orientation as regards the causations. Despite the spectrum that the title of this work focuses on, the study does not cover the treatment of early infants with West syndrome. Emphasis is placed on the differential diagnoses of West syndrome with other epileptic syndromes that manifest in the first two years of life, and more especially with a series of abnormal non-epileptic motor phenomena that occur in early infants. All these last non-epileptic disorders are displayed in a table, but benign myoclonus of early infancy or Fejerman syndrome is given as a paradigmatic example for the differential diagnosis. The primordial aim is to prevent neurologically healthy early infants from receiving antiepileptic drugs and even adrenocorticotropic hormone or corticoids due to a mistaken diagnosis.
TITLE: Diagnosticos diferenciales del sindrome de West.Se describen las caracteristicas clinicas y electroencefalograficas de los espasmos epilepticos, en especial de aquellos que ocurren durante los dos primeros años de vida (espasmos infantiles). Queda claramente definido que el sindrome de West constituye la asociacion de espasmos infantiles con un patron de hipsarritmia en el electroencefagrama. Si bien el deficit intelectual aparece en casi todos los casos cuyos espasmos infantiles no se controlan con la medicacion, se trata de un aspecto evolutivo de la condicion y no de una manifestacion obligatoriamente presente para definir el sindrome. El analisis de los electroencefalogramas interictales e ictales, junto con las caracteristicas clinicas de los espasmos y el examen neurologico de los pacientes permite una orientacion respecto a las etiologias. En funcion del espectro enfocado en el titulo de este trabajo, se ha omitido abarcar el tratamiento de los lactantes con sindrome de West. Se pone enfasis en los diagnosticos diferenciales del sindrome de West con otros sindromes epilepticos que se manifiestan en los dos primeros años de vida, y muy especialmente con una serie de fenomenos motores anormales no epilepticos en lactantes. En una tabla se incluyen todos estos ultimos trastornos no epilepticos, pero se detalla como paradigmatico para el diagnostico diferencial el sindrome de mioclonias benignas del lactante o sindrome de Fejerman. El objetivo primordial es evitar que lactantes neurologicamente sanos reciban medicaciones antiepilepticas e incluso hormona adrenocorticotropa o corticoides por error en el diagnostico.