Recursos educativos digitales como herramientas de apoyo para la enseñanza de patología general en cursos de pregrado del área de la salud / Digital educational resources as support tools for teaching general pathology in undergraduate health courses

Los recursos educativos digitales se han transformado en un importante material de apoyo al proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje, especialmente durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Estos corresponden a recursos de autoaprendizaje, generalmente en línea y de dominio público cuya disponibilidad inmediata a todo tipo de dispositivos electrónicos permite una rápida interacción del estudiante con materiales didácticos programados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el grado de satisfacción de cinco recursos educativos digitales, desarrollados como herramientas de apoyo para la enseñanza de la patología general, en estudiantes de carreras de pregrado del área de la salud de la Universidad Austral de Chile. Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio. Se desarrollaron cinco recursos educativos digitales donde se visualizan imágenes microscópicas correspondientes a procesos patológicos ocurridos en diferentes tejidos. Estos recursos fueron alojados en repositorios de la universidad y se encuentran actualmente disponibles en el canal de YouTube. Para conocer el grado de satisfacción, en sus aspectos pedagógicos y técnicos, se realizó una encuesta digital, anónima y voluntaria a estudiantes que cursaron asignaturas de patología, la que contempló cuatro dominios con sus respectivas preguntas: forma; control de usuario; contenido educativo y valoración global. El 94 % de los estudiantes calificaron el recurso de excelente o muy bueno y todos los dominios obtuvieron sobre el 80 % de satisfacción. Los contenidos representan lo que el recurso dice ofrecer, ayuda a resolver dudas y facilita la comprensión de la materia. El tamaño y color del texto es el adecuado y las imágenes presentan una excelente calidad y resolución. Los recursos cumplen con una alta calidad técnica y pedagógica, que asegura un gran potencial de uso para la enseñanza de la patología general, guiar el trabajo autónomo del estudiante y las actividades prácticas con el microscopio.

SUMMARY: Digital educational resources have become an important material to support the teaching-learning process, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. These correspond to self-learning resources, generally online and the public domain, whose immediate availability to all types of electronic devices allows for rapid learner interaction with programmed didactic materials. The public domain and its immediate availability to all types of electronic devices allows a quick interaction of the student with self-explanatory didactic materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of satisfaction of five digital educational resources, developed as support tools for the teaching of general pathology, in undergraduate students of the health area of the Universidad Austral de Chile. Descriptive and exploratory study. Five digital educational resources have been developed where microscopic images corresponding to pathological processes occurring in different tissues are visualized these resources were hosted in university repositories and uploaded to the YouTube channel. To determine the degree of satisfaction, in their pedagogical and technical aspects, an anonymous and voluntary digital survey was carried out among students taking pathology courses, which included four domains with their respective questions: form; user control; educational content and overall assessment. The 94 % of the students evaluated the resource as excellent or very good and all domains obtained over 80 % satisfaction. The contents represent what the resource says it offers, helps to resolve doubts and facilitates the understanding of the subject. The size and color of the text is adequate, and the images present excellent quality and resolution. The resources developed offer a high technical and pedagogical quality, which guarantees a great potential for use in the teaching of general pathology, guiding the student's autonomous work and practical activities with the microscope.

Helping medical students to learn pathology more effectively.

CONTEXT: Teaching methods in pathology for undergraduate medical students are not effective. AIMS: To document measures that can be adopted by individual teachers that can excite the interest, participation of the students and help them learn pathology in a clinical reasoning context. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Medical students in a large international medical school with class sizes of 700-900 were taught the pathology course in a period of sixteen weeks for two cohorts of students each year over a period of twenty years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Specific learning objectives were devised to achieve higher levels of cognitive domain including interpretation, analysis and problem solving of clinical data of patients related to the objectives. The teaching sessions were modified to provide for maximum active participation by students with effective feedback at multiple points. Additional learning tools like concept maps, clickers, modified essay questions, flipped classrooms, clinicopathological conferences, directed self-learning activities were included. Learning objectives and assessment tools for professional behavior and communication skills were included. RESULTS: The students actively participated in all the learning activities with enthusiasm and achieved the objectives as reflected in the performance in the in-house examinations and the USMLE step one examination which tests clinical vignette-based problem-solving principles of which around 70% are related to pathology. CONCLUSIONS: The teaching sessions in pathology were useful and effective with adaptation to interactive, clinical reasoning platforms for teaching and assessment.

Global Pathology Training in Residency and Fellowship: A Mutually Beneficial Intervention.

CONTEXT.­: Most cancers occur in lower and middle income countries, where pathologists are scarce. Despite this, few pathology training programs offer global health electives, and trainees are not exposed to challenges associated with practicing in resource-restricted settings. OBJECTIVE.­: To implement a global health elective model aimed at exposing trainees to global health while alleviating overburdened pathologists in resource-restricted settings. DESIGN.­: For 1 year, trainees at 2 US institutions reviewed cases shipped weekly from a pathology lab serving Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana. Turnaround time, specimen type, and trainee and clinician satisfaction were assessed. RESULTS.­: Trainees reviewed an average of 16 cases per week. Average turnaround time was 6 days. There was no significant difference between the turnaround time for the US trainees and the pathologist based in the lab in Trinidad. Trainees and clinicians reported a high level of satisfaction, and the collaboration was fruitful, resulting in the publication of a case report. CONCLUSIONS.­: We demonstrate that collaboration between US trainees and laboratories in resource-restricted settings, in the form of a global health elective, is mutually beneficial.

The use of digital microscopy as a teaching method for human pathology: a systematic review.

Since digital microscopy (DM) has become a useful alternative to conventional light microscopy (CLM), several approaches have been used to evaluate students' performance and perception. This systematic review aimed to integrate data regarding the use of DM for education in human pathology, determining whether this technology can be an adequate learning tool, and an appropriate method to evaluate students' performance. Following a specific search strategy and eligibility criteria, three electronic databases were searched and several articles were screened. Eight studies involving medical and dental students were included. The test of performance comprised diagnostic and microscopic description, clinical features, differential, and final diagnoses of the specimens. The students' achievements were equivalent, similar or higher using DM in comparison with CLM in four studies. All publications employed question surveys to assess the students' perceptions, especially regarding the easiness of equipment use, quality of images, and preference for one method. Seven studies (87.5%) indicated the students' support of DM as an appropriate method for learning. The quality assessment categorized most studies as having a low bias risk (75%). This study presents the efficacy of DM for human pathology education, although the high heterogeneity of the included articles did not permit outlining a specific method of performance evaluation.

Medical students' perceptions of pathology and a proposed curricular integration with histology: a future vision of curricular change / Percepciones de los estudiantes de medicina sobre patología y una propuesta de integración curricular con histología: una visión futura de cambio curricular

Students' perceptions and feedback have a significant impact on academic progress. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of medical students regarding the cumulative effects of the first year general histology course and the sophomore pathology introductory course, in addition to their perceptions regarding the curricular integration of histology and pathology. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was given to second-year and third-year medical students in the middle of second semester. The questionnaire comprised several items on students' attitudes toward anatomic pathology, their feedback on the first year general histology and the sophomore pathology courses, and their perceptions regarding the integration of histology and pathology courses. A five-point Likert scale was used. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) v 20 software. Two hundreds and fourteen of the 236 questionnaires distributed were analyzed (response rate = 90.7 %). More than 51 % of the respondents reported that they couldn't identify the normal tissue counterpart of most practical pathology cases. Only 31.3 % thought their practical histology knowledge was beneficial for them in practical pathology. More than 87 % agreed or strongly agreed that pathology cases need to be copresented with normal tissue examples. A significant proportion of the respondents (60.7 %) were with merging histology and pathology in integrated courses. Pathology was of career choices for only 15.4 % of the participants. The curricular integration of histology and pathology in the first year needs to be tested, and much effort is needed to increase students' affinity for anatomic pathology.

Las percepciones y comentarios de los estudiantes tienen un impacto significativo en el progreso académico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las percepciones de los estudiantes de medicina con respecto a los efectos acumulativos del curso de Histología general de primer año y del curso introductorio de Patología de segundo año, además de sus percepciones con respecto a la integración curricular de Histología y Patología. En este estudio transversal, se entregó un cuestionario a estudiantes de medicina de segundo y tercer año, a mediados del segundo semestre. Asimismo, el cuestionario comprendió varios aspectos referente a la actitud de los estudiantes hacia Patología Anatómica, sus comentarios sobre la Histología general en el primer año y los cursos de Patología de segundo año. Además se incorporaron las percepciones de los estudiantes con respecto a la integración de los cursos de Histología y Patología. Se utilizó una escala de Likert de cinco puntos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el paquete Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) v 20. Se analizaron 214 de los 236 cuestionarios distribuidos (tasa de respuesta = 90,7 %). Más del 51 % de los encuestados indicaron estar de acuerdo o totalmente de acuerdo, en que no lograron identificar el tejido normal, en la mayoría de los casos de Patología práctica. Solo el 31,3 % observó que su conocimiento de Histología práctica era beneficioso para ellos durante la Patología práctica. Más del 87 % estuvo de acuerdo o muy de acuerdo en que los casos de Patología deben ser analizados con muestras de tejido normal. Un grupo importante de los encuestados (60,7 %) consideraba incorporar la Histología y la Patología en cursos integrados. Patología fue de elección en la carrera para el 15,4 % de los participantes. La integración curricular de Histología y Patología en el primer año, debe ser evaluada con el propósito de incrementar la afinidad de los estudiantes con la Patología Anatómica.

Breaking the Curse: Opening Students' Eyes to Pathology and Oncology Research.

Research is a particularly underexplored professional activity for physicians, leaving many medical students compelled to pursue a clinical career. However, the XXI century requires that physicians innovate and perform research that fuels their practice; students should have early exposure to research to explore it as a career path. It should be encouraged in the undergraduate program by having students take part in case reports, short communication presentations, and research seminars. As part of an educational strategy, students worked with faculty members to deliver a gynecologic oncology pathology case report as a poster for the Oncology Conference of Medical Students. We used a quantitative approach with a descriptive and cross-sectional design to assess the effect of poster presentations on developing student's research skills. The sample comprised 118 medical students enrolled in the Pathology courses that presented a total of 23 posters. The judges who assessed had a medical specialty in Pathology, Radio-oncology, and Gynecologic Oncology. The results show that students exceeded expectations on the use of language, as it was both formal and technical; and they used relevant bibliographic support and references. However, students performed less well in the clinical case summary. The judges found that although it was coherent and chronologically ordered, they did not include all the relevant laboratory tests and analyses, nor a full description of the diagnosis. This educational strategy has proven to be valuable in promoting Pathology and Oncology Research in students; it allowed participants to adopt a systematic approach and methodologies to document, analyze, and share knowledge.

Global Perspective on Careers in Environmental Toxicologic Pathology: The 2019 Society of Toxicologic Pathology Annual Symposium Lunchtime Career Development Session.

A wide range of career options is available globally in the environmental toxicologic pathology (ETP) arena including academia, government, contract research organizations, and the agrichemical/chemical industry. This small and specialized subset of toxicologic pathologists addresses the effects of contaminants and pollutants on human, animal, and ecological health (One Health). Veterinary students and pathology trainees are primarily exposed to diagnostic pathology and often have limited exposure to toxicologic pathology and even less so to the issues and opportunities in environmental toxicology. The speakers provided a brief overview of global opportunities in their work sector and personal perspectives of their careers in ETP. The following panel discussion provided an opportunity to discuss issues related to careers in this specialty.

Selection Criteria of Program Directors for Dermatopathology Fellows.

Dermatopathology represents a unique field at the intersection of dermatology and pathology. Although programs are approved by the ACGME, there is neither uniformity in application materials, timetables, and deadlines, nor a centralized application process. Despite the competitive nature of dermatopathology fellowships, no formal studies have thoroughly examined the selection criteria by program directors. Our study fills this gap in the literature and evaluates the impact of selection criteria for dermatopathology fellows. Applicants can now gain insight into the most important and meaningful aspects of their application.

Una vía para el mejoramiento de la formación del residente de Anatomía Patológica / Uma maneira de melhorar a formação do residente de Anatomia Patológica / A way to improve the formation of the Pathological Anatomy resident

Introducción: la calidad de la formación de los recursos humanos para la salud es una exigencia de la educación médica de postgrado. Objetivo: diseñar una modelación didáctica de la formación del residente de Anatomía Patológica para realizar la autopsia perinatal. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional y de corte pedagógico durante el periodo de 2016-2018. Se satisfizo el objetivo y se validó la modelación que se hizo con la participación de 7 profesores y mediante un pre-experimento con 6 residentes. Resultados: el 100 por ciento de los residentes mostraron insuficiencias para la realización de la autopsia perinatal, pero estas se corrigieron ostensiblemente después de la aplicación de un sistema de tareas docentes para este fin. El 100 por ciento de los profesores mostraron conformidad con la modelación propuesta. Conclusiones: la modelación didáctica de la preparación del residente de Anatomía Patológica para realizar la autopsia perinatal contribuye a un cambio didáctico-metodológico cualitativamente superior en el proceso de formación de estos residentes(AU)

Introduction: the quality of human resources training for health is a requirement of postgraduate medical education. Objective: to design a didactic modeling of the pathological Anatomy resident's training to perform the perinatal autopsy. Method: an observational and pedagogical study was carried out during the 2016-2018 period. The objective was met and the modeling that was done with the participation of 7 teachers and through a pre-experiment with 6 residents was validated. Results: 100 per cent of the residents showed inadequacies in performing the perinatal autopsy, but these were corrected ostensibly after the application of a system of teaching tasks for this purpose. 100per cent of teachers showed conformity with the proposed modeling. Conclusions: the didactic modeling of the pathological anatomy resident's preparation to perform the perinatal autopsy contributes to a qualitatively superior didactic-methodological change in the training process of these residents(AU)

Introdução: a qualidade da formação de recursos humanos em saúde é um requisito da educação médica de pós-graduação. Objetivo: projetar uma modelagem didática do treinamento do residente em Anatomia Patológica para realização da autópsia perinatal. Método: foi realizado um estudo observacional e pedagógico no período 2016-2018. O objetivo foi alcançado e a modelagem realizada com a participação de 7 professores e validada por meio de um pré-experimento com 6 residentes. Resultados: 100per cent dos residentes apresentaram inadequações na realização da autópsia perinatal, mas estas foram corrigidas ostensivamente após a aplicação de um sistema de tarefas de ensino para esse fim. 100 por cento dos professores mostraram conformidade com a modelagem proposta. Conclusões: a modelagem didática da preparação do residente em anatomia patológica para realização da autópsia perinatal contribui para uma mudança didático-metodológica qualitativamente superior no processo de treinamento desses residentes(AU)

Metaplasia in swim bladder epithelium of the endangered annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) results in inadequate swimming and delayed growth

Laboratory breeding of annual fish is often impaired when fish fail to inflate the swim bladder after hatching. These fish, which are known as belly-sliders, cannot swim in the water column, moving mainly on the bottom of water. Therefore, we wanted to understand the factors underlying failed inflation of swim bladder in the annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus and determine the implications of this condition on the growth of juveniles. To identify how the initial filling of the gaseous vesicle is compromised, and to determine the implications of this condition on juvenile growth, we analysed the histology of the swim bladder of both normal swimming fish and belly-sliders during their initial growth phase (first month of life). In addition to slower growth rate compared with fish swimming normally, we found that belly-sliders have metaplasia characterized by epithelium peeling of the swim bladder and the presence of haemorrhage. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that metaplasia of the swim bladder is recurrent in annual fish bred in the laboratory, which explains the large number of unviable larvae. However, its causes remain unknown.(AU)

A criação de peixes anuais é frequentemente comprometida pela ocorrência de peixes que não inflam a vesícula gasosa após a eclosão. Estes peixes não têm capacidade de se manter e nadar na coluna d'água e se locomovem no fundo da água, por isso são chamados belly-sliders. Portanto, objetivamos entender os fatores subjacentes à inflação falhada da bexiga natatória no peixe anual Austrolebias nigrofasciatus e determinar as implicações dessa condição no crescimento de juvenis. Para identificar de que forma o enchimento inicial da vesícula gasosa é comprometido, e determinar as implicações desta condição no crescimento dos juvenis, analisamos histologicamente a vesícula gasosa de peixes com natação normal e de belly-sliders durante o crescimento inicial (primeiro mês de vida). Verificamos que os belly-sliders apresentam metaplasia com descamação do epitélio da vesícula gasosa e presença de hemorragia, além de apresentar crescimento mais lento em relação aos peixes com natação normal. Concluímos que a incidência desta patologia é um problema recorrente e de grande relevância para a manutenção de peixes anuais em laboratório, sendo responsável por uma grande quantidade de juvenis inviáveis, no entanto suas causas permanecem desconhecidas.(AU)

Metaplasia in swim bladder epithelium of the endangered annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) results in inadequate swimming and delayed growth

Laboratory breeding of annual fish is often impaired when fish fail to inflate the swim bladder after hatching. These fish, which are known as belly-sliders, cannot swim in the water column, moving mainly on the bottom of water. Therefore, we wanted to understand the factors underlying failed inflation of swim bladder in the annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus and determine the implications of this condition on the growth of juveniles. To identify how the initial filling of the gaseous vesicle is compromised, and to determine the implications of this condition on juvenile growth, we analysed the histology of the swim bladder of both normal swimming fish and belly-sliders during their initial growth phase (first month of life). In addition to slower growth rate compared with fish swimming normally, we found that belly-sliders have metaplasia characterized by epithelium peeling of the swim bladder and the presence of haemorrhage. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that metaplasia of the swim bladder is recurrent in annual fish bred in the laboratory, which explains the large number of unviable larvae. However, its causes remain unknown.(AU)

A criação de peixes anuais é frequentemente comprometida pela ocorrência de peixes que não inflam a vesícula gasosa após a eclosão. Estes peixes não têm capacidade de se manter e nadar na coluna d'água e se locomovem no fundo da água, por isso são chamados belly-sliders. Portanto, objetivamos entender os fatores subjacentes à inflação falhada da bexiga natatória no peixe anual Austrolebias nigrofasciatus e determinar as implicações dessa condição no crescimento de juvenis. Para identificar de que forma o enchimento inicial da vesícula gasosa é comprometido, e determinar as implicações desta condição no crescimento dos juvenis, analisamos histologicamente a vesícula gasosa de peixes com natação normal e de belly-sliders durante o crescimento inicial (primeiro mês de vida). Verificamos que os belly-sliders apresentam metaplasia com descamação do epitélio da vesícula gasosa e presença de hemorragia, além de apresentar crescimento mais lento em relação aos peixes com natação normal. Concluímos que a incidência desta patologia é um problema recorrente e de grande relevância para a manutenção de peixes anuais em laboratório, sendo responsável por uma grande quantidade de juvenis inviáveis, no entanto suas causas permanecem desconhecidas.(AU)

Global Health Values of a Multidirectional Near Peer Training Program in Surgery, Pathology, Anatomy, Research Methodology, and Medical Education for Haitian, Rwandan, and Canadian Medical Students.

BACKGROUND: As health care delivery increasingly requires providers to cross international borders, medical students at McGill University, Canada, developed a multidirectional exchange program with Haiti and Rwanda. The program integrates surgery, pathology, anatomy, research methodology, and medical education. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to explore the global health value of this international training program to improve medical education within the environment of developing countries, such as Haiti and Rwanda, while improving sociocultural learning of Canadian students. METHODS: Students from the University of Kigali, Rwanda and Université Quisqueya, Haiti, participated in a 3-week program at McGill University. The students spanned from the first to sixth year of their respective medical training. The program consisted of anatomy dissections, surgical simulations, clinical pathology shadowing, and interactive sessions in research methodology and medical education. To evaluate the program, a survey was administered to students using a mixed methodology approach. FINDINGS: Common benefits pointed out by the participants included personal and professional growth. The exchange improved career development, sense of responsibility toward one's own community, teaching skills, and sociocultural awareness. The participants all agreed that the anatomy dissections improved their knowledge of anatomy and would make them more comfortable teaching the material when the returned to their university. The clinical simulation activities and shadowing experiences allowed them to integrate the different disciplines. However, the students all felt the research component had too little time devoted to it and that the knowledge presented was beyond their educational level. CONCLUSION: The development of an integrated international program in surgery, pathology, anatomy, research methodology, and medical education provided medical students with an opportunity to learn about differences in health care and medical education between the 3 countries. This exchange demonstrated that a crosscultural near-peer teaching environment can be an effective and sustainable method of medical student-centered development in global health.

El museo de patología como nexo integrador de la actividad docente universitaria y la extensión / The patology museum as an integrating nexus between teaching university activity and extension

El Museo de Patología de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, se caracteriza por ser un Museo científico-técnico con orientación histórica-educativa que desde sus inicios en el año 1887 intenta cumplir con tres objetivos fundamentales: docencia, extensión e investigación. La labor de divulgación científica y extensión es llevada a cabo con el objetivo de propagar de una forma fidedigna y atractiva los saberes, adaptando los contenidos científicos a un público naturalmente heterogéneo. De esta manera, el Museo cumple una de las funciones claves que es la educativa. El gran desafío se constituye en establecer un nexo dinámico entre el patrimonio museístico que data de hace 130 años con las problemáticas actuales. Planteado el escenario, el Museo de Patología deja de ser un espacio estático, un espacio de mera exposición de objetos para convertirse en un gran laboratorio de prácticas educativas en todos los niveles.

The Museum of Pathology to the School of Medicine at the University of Buenos Aires, is characterized as being a Scientific and Technical Museum – historically and educationally oriented that from its beginnings in 1887 tries to fulfill three fundamental objectives: teaching, extension and research. The work of scientific dissemination and extension is carried out with the aim of propagating in a reliable and attractive way the knowledge, adapting the scientific contents to a naturally heterogeneous public. In this way, the Museum fulfills one of the key functions, which is the educational one. The great challenge is to establish a dynamic nexus between the museum heritage dating from 130 years ago with the current problems. Raised the stage, the Museum of Pathology stops being a static space, a space of mere exhibition of objects to become a great laboratory of educational practices at all levels.

Formative and Summative Assessment in Veterinary Pathology and Other Courses at a Mexican Veterinary College.

The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) uses the Moodle learning management system for formative and summative computer assessment. The authors of this article-the teacher primarily responsible for Moodle implementation and a researcher who is a recent Moodle adopter-describe and discuss the students' and teachers' attitudes to summative and formative computer assessment in Moodle. Item analysis of quiz results helped us to identify and fix poorly performing questions, which greatly reduced student complaints and improved objective assessment. The use of certainty-based marking (CBM) in formative assessment in veterinary pathology was well received by the students and should be extended to more courses. The importance of having proficient computer support personnel should not be underestimated. A properly translated language pack is essential for the use of Moodle in a language other than English.

Patient Safety Curriculum for Anatomic Pathology Trainees: Recommendations Based on Institutional Experience.

Because of the unique systems and skills involved in patient care by the pathologist, it is challenging to design and implement relevant training in patient safety for pathology trainees. We propose a patient safety curriculum for anatomic pathology (AP) residents based on our institutional experience. The Hospital of the University of the Pennsylvania employs a self-reporting safety database. The occurrences from July 2013 to June 2015 recorded in this system that involved the division of AP were reviewed and cataloged as preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic. The distribution of these occurrences was then used to create a framework for curriculum development in AP. We identified areas in which trainees are involved in the identification and prevention of common patient safety errors that occur in our AP department. Using these data-proven target areas, and employing current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education recommendations and patient safety literature, a strategy for delivering relevant patient safety training is proposed. Teaching patient safety to pathology trainees is a challenging, yet necessary, component of AP training programs. By analyzing the patient safety errors that occur in the AP department, relevant and actionable training can be developed. This provides quality professional development and improves overall performance as trainees are integrated into laboratory systems.

Plano de curso: educação profissional técnica de nível médio: formação em citopatologia

O Curso de Educação Profissional Técnica de Nível Médio: Formação em Citopatologia é o resultado do convênio entre o Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) e a Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio (EPSJV), da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz).A EPSJV destaca-se no cenário nacional e internacional como centro de cooperação tanto na elaboração teórica quanto na articulação política no campo da Educação Profissional em Saúde, sendo a Secretaria Executiva da Rede Internacional de Educação de Técnicos em Saúde e atuando como Centro Colaborador da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para a educação de técnicos em saúde.Entre seus princípios e diretrizes, o INCA tem a atuação no campo da educação permanente em saúde, com destaque para a formação e especialização de recursos humanos dos municípios e estados para leitura dos exames citopatológicos e a qualificação dos profissionais quanto à adequabilidade das lâminas e dos laudos citopatológicos.Esse curso de educação profissional técnica está em consonância com a Política Nacional para a Prevenção e o Controle do Câncer na Rede de Atenção à Saúde (RAS) das Pessoas com Doenças Crônicas no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em especial com o controle do câncer do colo do útero, que objetiva diminuir a incidência e a mortalidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida da mulher com câncer. Da mesma forma, está de acordo com o Programa Nacional de Qualidade em Citopatologia para prevenção do câncer do colo do útero, com o objetivo de garantir a melhoria da qualidade dos exames de citopatologia oferecidos à população atendida pelo SUS.

The Professional Education Course High School Technical: training in cytopathology is the result of agreement between the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA) and the Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venancio (EPSJV), the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz ).EPSJV stands out in the national and international scene as a center of cooperation both in theoretical elaboration and in political coordination in the field of Vocational Education in Health, and the Executive of the International Network Secretariat Technical Education in Health and acting as Organization Collaborating Centre World health Organization (WHO) for the education of health technicians.Among its principles and guidelines, INCA has operations in the field of continuing education in health, with emphasis on the training and specialization of human resources of the municipalities and states for reading cytopathology and qualification of professionals regarding the suitability of the blades and cytopathology reports.This course of professional technical education is in line with the National Policy for the Prevention and Cancer Control in Network Health Care (RAS) of People with Chronic Diseases in the Unified Health System (SUS), in particular the cervical cancer control of the uterus, which aims to reduce the incidence and mortality and improving the quality of life of women with cancer. Similarly, it is according to the National Quality Program in Cytopathology for prevention of cervical cancer, in order to ensure improved quality of cytopathology exams offered to the population served by the SUS.

Academic autopsies in Brazil--a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the number and rate of academic autopsies, general organization, educational and research in Brazilian academic services. METHODS: Standardized questionnaires were sent to Brazilian medical schools (n=177) and active pathology residency programs (n=53) from March to June 2009. Data were collected for years 2003 to 2008. RESULTS: Thirty-two academic services in 11 Brazilian states answered the survey. Twenty-one (65.6%) perform less than a hundred autopsies for natural causes and less than fifty pediatric or fetal autopsies/year. Twenty-four (75%) perform less than a hundred adult autopsies/year. Many institutions (46.9%) reported a drop in the number of autopsies in a six-year period. The total autopsy count and autopsy rate in 2008 ranged 1-632 (median = 80), and 0-66% (mean = 10.6%), respectively. A steady decrease in the total count of autopsies in a pool of 19 institutions was observed (p<0.01). Median autopsy rates have fallen from 19.3%, in 2003, to 10.6%, in 2008 (p=0.07). Significant discrepancies at autopsies led to changes in institutional healthcare practice in 37.5% of the services. The low number of autopsies was a limiting factor in undergraduate education for 25% of respondents. A minimum number of autopsies is required to complete the pathology residency program in 34.6% of the services. CONCLUSION: The total number and the rate of academic autopsies have decreased in Brazil between 2003 and 2008. The number of autopsies and the general organization of academic services must be enhanced to improve medical education, research, and the quality control of patient care.